ENGLISH

Can you answer some following questions

about English grammar and vocabulary?
1. How many tenses are there in English?
How can you know about the number of
tenses?
There are 3 groups of tenses:
 Present Tenses:
The Present Simple
The Present Continous
The Present Perfect
The Present Perfect Continous
 Past Tenses:
The Past Simple
The Past Continuous
The Past Perfect
The Past Perfect Continuous
 Future Tenses:
The Future (Simple, Near)
The Future Continuous
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 The Future Perfect
The Future Perfect Continuous

2. Can you tell about the part of speech

in English? What type have you
learnt?
NOUN (n)
ADJECTIVE (adj)
VERB (v)
ADVERB (adv)
PREPOSITION (at, on, in, for...)
CONJUNCTION (CONNECTORS)
+ Coordinators: FANBOYs
(For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
+ Subordinators:
Although/though/even though,
because/as/since, thus, therefore, ...

ARTICLE (a, an, the)

2
 PRONOUN:
Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that,
these, those
Personal Pronoun: I, you, we, they,
she, he, it
Object Pronoun:
me, you, us, them, her, him, it
Possessive Pronoun:
mine, your, ours, theirs, hers, his, its
Relative Pronoun: (who, which,
whom, that, whose)
===================
*Possessive Adjectives:
my, your, our, their, her, his, its

2.How many types of sentences are there

in ENGLISH?
4 types of sentences:
1. Simple sentence (= 1 clause: S, V, O)
2. Compound sentence (>2 clauses)
3
 FANBOYs
(For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
3. Complex sentence (> 2 clauses)
Subordinators: Although/though/even
though, because/as/since, thus, therefore,
...
4. Compound complex sentence (> 3
clauses)
**********************
3. How do you study English vocabulary?
in CONTEXT
(at school, talking to friends, movies,
songs, writing down 5 words, learn by
heart, reading books, playing games...)
 Topics
 Memory strategy (Repetition)
 Social strategy (communication)

QUESTION WORDS:
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What, who, where, when, while, how,
which, whom, why, whose.
Whom do you meet ?
Whom did you go to Da nang with?

Whose car is this?

Whose is this book? ----- whose book is this?
Whose pen are you using?

That is your parents?

TFLAT

**************************************************************************

GRAMMAR THEORY
TENSES: Form & Use

1. PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE:

*Personal Subjects:
I, we
You
She, He, It
They
I. TOBE: am/is/are (thì, là, ở)
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(+) Positive/Affirmative:
I am (I’m)
You/We/They are (You’re)
He/She/It is (He’s)

(-) Negative : NOT after tobe

I’m not
You/We/They aren’t
He/She/It isn’t

(?) (Wh) + am I ....?

is he/she/it ...?
are you/we/they ....?

E.g. Are you a student?

Yes, I am./ No, I’m not.
Is your father a doctor? Yes, he is./ No,
he isn’t.

TO BE (Coursebook) (p.2-p.5)
6
Exercise A:
1. is
2. isn’t
is/‘s
3. am
5. is
6. are not (aren’t)
7. are
8. is/ ‘s

“PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT”

Exercise C:
1. isn’t. It’s
2. is...He’s
3. She’s
4. It’s ... We
5. ....are
Exercise D:
3. I’m Jim and this is Mary
We’re from Australia.
I’m a bank manager and she’s an artist.

*QUESTIONs:
 (Wh) + am/is/are + S ...?
 Yes/No question:
Am/Is/Are + S ...?
Yes, am/is/are
No, (I’m not) (isn’t) (aren’t)

*There is(n’t) + Singular/ Uncountable Noun

There are(n’t) + Plural/ Countable N

How many people are there in your family?

There are four people in my family.
There is some milk in the fridge.
There is one book on the table.

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*SENTENCE STRUCTURES:
+ To be interested in
+ To be good at…/ To be excel in …/ To be brilliant at…
+ To be afraid of
+ To be scared
+ To be excited about…
+ To be surprised at/ by…
+ To be angry/bored with …

GRAMMAR:
II. The Present Simple (VERB)
1. Form:
(+)Positive: I/you/we/they + V (base)
He/she/ It + Vs/es

(-)Negative: Add Auxiliary Verb

don’t/doesn’t
I/you/we/they + don’t + V (base)
He/she/ It + doesn’t + V (base)

(?)Questions:
(Wh) + do + I/you/we/they + V (base) .....?
+ does + he/she/it + V (base) .....?
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***RULE : Change V ----- Vs/es :
1. Normally, V + s : look --- looks, live -----
lives...
2. V ends in “ch, sh, o, ss, x”:
watch ---- watches, go --- goes, wash ---
washes.....
3. V ends in “y”
- before “y” is a consonant -- y ---ies
study – studies, fly – flies, try – tries....
- before “y” is a vowel -- + s
play – plays, buy – buys, stay – stays...

!!!Note: (Vowel: Nguyên âm : u, e, o, a, i ---

Consonant: Phụ âm: b, c, d, v, t, ....)

2. Use:
- regular activity (action): Hành động thường
xuyên
Adverb of frequency: (Trạng từ chỉ tần suất)
always (100%) usually often
sometimes seldom never (0%)
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E.g:
My father often takes to me the zoo at
weekend.
- Facts/ Permanent situation: Sự thật hoặc 1
tình huống lâu dài.
E.x: Water boils at 100 centigrades.
We live in Thai Nguyen city.

Homework: Write at least 10 sentences using the

Present Simple tense (Tobe & Verb). Then you are
going to speak up in front of the class!!!
********************************************
Exercise B:
1. Drink
2. Studies
3. flies
4. smokes
5. live
6. finishes
7. sell

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS/
PROGRESSIVE TENSE:
When you study a Tense, what do you have to notice??
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 Form: tobe(am/is/are) + V-ing
 Positive/ Affirmative
.....
 Negative: add “not” after “be”

.....
 Question: put “be” before subject

.....
Use:
 To express the activity
happening at the moment of
speaking.
E.g. We are studying English on Zoom.
 To express the activity
happening around NOW, but not
exactly at the moment of
speaking.
E.g. I’m taking a Chinese course because I think it’s
important today.
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 ***RULE: Change V into Ving:
 Normally, V + ing: doing, talking.....
 V ends in “e”---- drop “e” and add “ing”
Live—living, chase --- chasing, prepare ---
preparing….
 One-syllable V, ending in 1 vowel + 1
consonant
-- Double final consonant and add “ing”
Get -----getting
Swim --- swimming
Run --- running
Sit ---- sitting, put--- putting, cut --- cutting, jog
--- jogging, shop --- shopping, rub --- rubbing, …
….
!!!NOTE: Two-syllable V:
Travel---- travelling (BA: British English)
Traveling: AE ( American English)

Appendix. (....)
NOTE: Some state Verbs cannot be used in the
Present Continuous:
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 Have (possess) Admire
Like Know
Love Understand
Hate Remember
......

Time expressions
I’m learning English now.

Now, at present, at the moment,

right now....

Exercise A:
1. They aren’t working
They are sitting in the garden
2. I’m not studying music.
I’m learning Japanese.
3. He’s playing tennis.
She’s winning.
4. We are spending a day at the seaside.
The sun isn’t shining.
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 “LANGUAGE BARRIER”

English --- second language

Exercise C:

*Compare the Present Simple and the

Present Continuous:
 Similarities:
Present time
 Differences:
- Present Simple: facts, events,
timetables, weather,...; regular
activities...
- State verbs: opinion, feeling...
- Time expression, adverb of frequency:
usually, often, every day, once a
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 week, never…

 Present Continuous:
- Activity happening now or around
now.
- Can’t use state Verbs (opinion,
feeling, possession,) ....
Time expression: now, these days, at
the moment, today, this week/ month/
year
****************************

3. PAST SIMPLE TENSE:

*Personal Subjects:
I, we
You
She, He, It
They
I. FORM
1. TOBE:

15
Positive I, he , she, it, N số ít +was
You, we, they, N số nhiều + were
Negative I, he , she, it, N số ít + wasn’t
You, we, they, N số nhiều + weren’t
Question (Wh) + was/were + S ......?

2. VERB (Động từ thường)

KĐ S + V chia ở quá
khứ
PĐ S+ didn’t+ V
nguyên
Nghi vấn Wh/h + did + S +
V nguyên ?

!!!Mẹo chia động từ bất quy tắc:

Eed >> ed>>ed Ex. feed > fed > fed

Ay>> aid>>aid Ex. pay > paid > paid
d>>t>>t Ex. build > built > built
ow>>ew>>own. Ex. grow > grew > grown

***RULE : V ---- Ved (Quy tắc thêm “ed”)

1. Những từ tận cùng bằng “e” chỉ + “d”
Ex. live > lived
2. Những từ tận cùng bằng “y”, ta chia làm 2 trường hợp

16
2.1: trước “y” là nguyên âm “ue oai” thì giữ nguyên “y” và thêm
“ed”
Ex. play > played, stay --- stayed
2.2: trước “y” là phụ âm thì đổi “y”> “i” và thêm “ed”
Ex. study > studied, tried….
3. Những động từ 1 âm tiết ( tận cùng 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ
âm) ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối và thêm “ed”
- Vd plan > planned, stop > stopped
4. Lưu ý:
1 số động từ 2 âm tiết có thể gấp đôi hoặc không
Ex. travel > traveled (A.E)/travelled (B.E)

II. USE

1. Hồi tưởng quá khứ, kể lại quá khứ.

2. 1 chuỗi hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ.
3. Những sự kiện mang tính lịch sử

 Dấu hiệu nhận biết

- Yesterday( hôm qua)
- The day before yesterday ( hôm kia)
- Last night ( đêm qua); last month (Tuesday, week, year..)
- Ago ( cách đây): 2 days ago
- In + năm trong quá khứ
- Once upon a time/ long time ago ( ngày xửa ngày xưa),…
17
- When S was/ were a child/ young( khi ai còn trẻ), clause( quá
khứ đơn)…

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Pronunciation: “ed”
 -----‘id’ : visited, created
 ----‘d’: lived, shared (after voiced
sound: phụ âm hưũ thanh: b, v, d, g...)
 ----‘t’: looked, booked, stopped, ...
(after voiceless sound: phụ âm vô
thanh: k,p, t, s, ss, sh....)

Exercise: Write your own story using the

Past simple. (at least 10 sentences)

PRACTICE
Exercise A:
Regular - Ved Irregular V

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Walk -walked Take – took
Ask – asked Drink – drank
Pass – passed Give – gave
Cry – cried Meet – met
Cook – cooked Win – won
Stop – stopped Leave – left
Play – played Write – wrote
Follow – followed Swim – swam
Cross – crossed Go – went
Fly – flew
Come – came
Make – made
Drive – drove
Spend – spent
Send – sent
Find – found
Buy – bought
Eat – ate
Bring – brought

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Exercise B:
1. took
2. walked, played
3. said, didn’t hear
4. rang, opened
5. wrote, posted
6. Did you understand ...?
tried, spoke
7. Did you buy ....?
bought
8. Did you enjoy...?
didn’t rain, listened

4. PAST CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE

TENSE:
When you study a Tense, what do you
have to notice??
*Form: tobe(was/were) + V-ing
Positive/ Affirmative
I, he, she it + was + V-ing
21
 You, we, they +were + V-ing

Negative: add “not” after “be”

I, he, she it + wasn’t + V-ing
You, we, they +weren’t + V-ing

Question: put “be” before subject

(Wh) + was/were + S + V-ing….?

*Use:
 Activity happening at a specific time
(during a short period) in the past.
Ex. My mother was watching television
at 8 pm yesterday.

 Action during a period/ interrupted

action. (when/while….)
Ex. I was doing my homework when the
phone rang.
 Two parallel activities (while…)
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 Ex. My mother was cooking dinner
while we were playing soccer.

***RULE: Change V into Ving:

 Normally, V + ing: doing, talking.....
 V ends in “e”---- drop “e” and add
“ing”
Live—living
 One-syllable V, ending in 1 vowel + 1
consonant
---- Double final consonant and add
“ing”
Get -----getting
Swim --- swimming
Run --- running
Sit ---- sitting ...
!!!NOTE: Two-syllable V:
Travel---- travelling (BA: British English)
Traveling: AE ( American
English)
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 Appendix. (....)

!NOTE: Some (state) stative Verbs

cannot be used in the Continuous
tenses:
Have (possess) Know
Like Understand
Love Remember
Hate need
Admire ....
Want

Time expressions
- Specific time in the past:
E.g. At 9 p.m yesterday
- When …..(+ clause)
while …. (+ clause)

PRACTICE:
24
UNIT 12 – Exercise A (p.26)
1. The storm started while they were
driving home.
2. I saw an accident while I was waiting
for the bus
3. Mary went to serveral concerts while
she was staying in London.
4. My father was cooking the dinner
when he burned his fingers.
5. The soldiers were preparing to leave
when the bombs exploded.

5. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(10 minutes) Class, read the grammar theory and then
summarize the form and use of the Present Perfect
tense???

Can you list some words that help you to identify the
Present Perfect?
(!!!Class make your own list!)
25
 I. FORM:
I/you/we/they + have (haven’t) + Past Participle
(I’ve + PP) (Pp/Pii)
She/he/it + has (hasn’t) + PP/Pii
(She’s + PP)
(Wh) + have/has + S + Pii....?
NOTE:
***Past Participle:
- Regular V: ---Ved (xem lai Past Simple)
- Irregular V: ---- you have to learn by heart!---
tra cot 3 – Bang DT bat quy tac
Know ---knew --- known (Pii)
Buy --- bought --- bought (Pii)
See --- saw --- seen (Pii)
....

II. USES:
1. To describe activity that happened at a certain
time in the past, and may continue to the present
and the future.
**for, since, already
 for to talk about periods of time. (Khoảng thời gian)
It answers questions How long.
How long have you studied English? - I have studied English
for 10 years.
 since to talk about points of time.
26
 e.g.- We have known each other since 2010.
- My mother has already finished all the
housework. She’s taking a rest.

2. activity that happened (just) before the time of

speaking:
**just, recently, lately: gần đây, mới đây

3.activity as a result or it tells about life experience.

**so far, up to now (a period of time that continues
until now): cho đến nay
- He has read 3 novels so far.

**ever, never, before

- This is the most beautiful girl I’ve ever met.
- I have never seen that film before.
- Have you ever eaten Italian food?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.

!!!NOTE:
Yet: in negative and question
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
Has he got his driving licence yet?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
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 Been gone
Finished action unfinished action

e.g. I have been to Halong bay. I’m in Thai Nguyen now.

My brother has gone to Hanoi. He hasn’t come back
home yet.
Exercise A (p.28):
1. We have finished our work.
2. They have bought a new house.
3. They haven’t phoned the doctor.
4. They’ve gone to the cinema.
5. You’ve eaten four bananas.
6. You haven’t taken any phorographs.
7. Have you been to Canada?
8. Have you cooked our breakfast?
9. Has Jane made any mistakes?
10. Have we visited all the museums?

Exercise B (p.29):
1. done.
2. travelled/ traveled
3. visited
4. driven
5. been
6. worked
7. swum
8. eaten
9. sung
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10. made
11. met
12. taken

Exercise B (p.31)
1. I haven’t read ...
2. I’ve lost ...
3. has bought
4. I have booked..
5. I’ve made…
6. hasn’t happened
7. Have you replied …?

***The Main differences between the PAST SIMPLE and the

PRESENT PERFECT are:
Past simple Present perfect
Time Exact time in the NOT exact time
past (we know (we don’t know
when it happened) when it happened)
Relate to the Completed action Maybe
Present and NOT related to uncompleted
the present action, continue to
the present and/or
future.

Exercise B (p.35)
1. haven’t seen
2. went
3. Did you enjoy
29
4. was
5. have never heard
6. have been
7. did you do
8. stayed
9. needed
10. Have you ever won
11. won
12. Did you meet ...
13. have been

Exercise C:
Underground (B.E)
Subway (A.E)
1. started
2. built
3. went
4. pulled
5. have opened
6. opened
7. went
8. opened
9. began, have built

6. THE PRESENT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS
I. FORM: Have/has + been + V-ing
(+) Positive:
I, You, we, they + have + been + V-ing (I’ve…)
30
He, she, it + has + been + V-ing (He’s…)
(-) Negative:
I, You, we, they + haven’t + been + V-ing
He, she, it + hasn’t + been + V-ing
(?) Questions:
(Wh) + have/has + S + been + V-ing…?

I. USE:
To express activity began in the past and continues to the
present (now) (during a period of time) and even to the future.
E.g. How long have you been studying English?
I have been studying English for 10 years.
 For, since
E.g. My friend has been working with computers since she was a
small child. (since 2010)
!!!Note:
*Since + mốc thời gian cụ thể (since 1996.)
Mệnh đề chỉ thời điểm quá khứ (..since I was small…)

*For + cụm từ chỉ thời gian (period of time)

for a long time
for more than 3 years

*in the last + N: in the last two months (trong vong 2 thang)

E.g. I have been studying for the mid-term exam in the last
month/ in the last two weeks.

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Exercise D (p. 37):
1. It has been raining since three o’clock.
2. He has been playing chess since he was ten.
3. I have been working since eight o’clock.
4. Helen has been looking for another job for two months.
5. We have been waiting for two hours.

Exercise C (p. 39):

1. Queue (n + v) --- regular V
Have you been standing ….?
I’ve been queuing …
2. has had, He’s broken
3. Has someone left, I’ve been sitting,
noticed

7. THE PAST PERFECT

HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

I. FORM:
(+) Positive:
I, You, we, they, he, she, it + had + Pii (I’d + Pii)
(-) Negative:
S + hadn’t + Pii
(?) Questions:
(Wh) + had + S + Pii…?

II. USE:

32
 - To express an action happening before another action/a
certain event in the Past.
E.g. When I arrived home, my mother had gone to sleep.
*already, never, before, when, after
- She had cooked/prepared breakfast when we got up.
- I had already visited many places in Vietnam before I
came to Vn to study.

*Grammar: “Used to”*

I used to play football when I was 10.
 Positive:
S + used to + infinitive (without “to”)
 Negative:
He didn’t use to drink wine.
S + didn’t + use to + inf …..
 Question:
(Wh) + did + S + use to + inf …..
What did you use to eat when you were small?

*Use: Regular activity/habit in the past. (Hành

động thường xuyên trong quá khứ).

Exercise C (p.43):
***Complete the sentences using suggested words:
 Step 1: positive ? negative ? question? (Wh-question / Yes-
No question)

33
 Step 2: Look at the subject (1st/2nd/3rd subjects, singular or
plural?)
 Step 3: Decide what tense/ structure. (NOTE: Time
expression)
 Step 4: Write the sentence, notice the number of clauses
(How many verbs?), linking words.
 Step 5: Check the sentence, notice punctuation between 2
clauses.

8. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Had + been + V-ing
I. FORM:
(+) Positive:
I, You, we, they, he, she, it + had + been + V-ing
(-) Negative:
S + hadn’t + been + V-ing
(?) Questions:
(Wh) + had + S + been + V-ing…?

II. USE:
To express an action happening during a period of
time, before another action/a certain event in the
Past.
- The past perfect continuous emphasizes the activity
in progress, before another action in the past.

34
 E.g. My sister had been working very hard before
she got the master diploma.

Check the homework on Google classroom from the

Websites (QUIZZIZ.com and liveworksheet.com)

9. THE FUTURE TENSE

9.1. NEAR FUTURE:
Be going to + Vinfinitive/base
I. FORM:
(+) Positive:
I am (I’m)
+ going to + V infinitive/base
You/we/ they are (We’re)
He/ she/ it is (He’s)

(-) Negative:
I am (I’m) not
You/we/ they are not + going to + V infinitive/base
(We aren’t)
He/ she/ it is not
(He isn’t)

(?) Questions: To be before S

(Wh) + am I
35
(Wh) + are + you/we/ they + going to + V infinitive/base..?
(Wh) + is + he/ she/ it

II. USE:
- To express an intention, or a plan, or an event that
is sure to happen in the future.
E.x. – I’m going to take a Progress Test next week.
- Look at that cloud! It’s going to rain!
- He’s a student at TNUT. He’s going to graduate in
four years.

*Time expression:
- tomorrow
- tonight
- this evening
- in 2022
- next Friday/month/week/ year/ summer…
- in the future

9.2 SIMPLE FUTURE:

I. FORM:
(+) Positive:
I, You, we, they, he, she, it + will + V infinitive/base
(Viết tắt: I’ll, he’ll)
(-) Negative: NOT after “will”--- will not = won’t
S + won’t + V infinitive/base
36
 (?) Questions:
(Wh) + will + S + V infinitive/base…?

II. USE:
- To express an action that may or may not happen in
the future/ make predictions.
- Offer/ Suggestions
E.g. I’ll help you with your homework.
Shall I open the window?
Will you go shopping this weekend?
Yes, I will.
No, I won’t.

*Shall I…? --- offer

Shall we….? ---- suggestion
Let’s + Vbase
***Distinguish “Be going to” and “Will/Shall”

Be going to Will/shall
Intention/plan Something at the
moment of speaking
Activity is sure to Activity is not sure to
happen. happen.
Make offer/suggestions
E.g. I’ll go with you.
Shall we go out
37
 tonight?

6. Are you going to a disco?—— PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Are you going to go to a disco?

Exercise D.

1. They are going to watch a film

2. She’s going to have a swim.

3. She’s going to play the piano.

4. They are going to eat a pizza.

5. They aren’t going to play tennis.

6. It’s going to rain.

7. He isn’t going to win the race.

EXERCISE A:
1. We’ll be late
We’ll take a taxi.
2. He’ll be
3. She won’t win, She’ll make
4. Will Steve finish...?
He won’t have enough time.

EXERCISE B:
38
 1. I’ll open a window.
2. I’ll give you some money.
3. I’ll make you a sandwich.
4. I’ll give you the name of a language school.
5. I’ll help you to look for it.
6. I’ll phone for a taxi.
7. I’ll ask her to phone you tonight.
8. I’ll go with you.

The present continuous (be + V-ing) is used to express a

future activity in your plan.
E.g. I’m travelling to Hanoi tomorrow.
We’re doing an English exam next Monday.

NOT: They are winning the game. (INCORRECT)

---- They’ll (will) win the game.

******************************************
10. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Form: will be V-ing
S: I, you, we, they, she, he, it
(+): S + will be + V-ing
(-): S + won’t be + V-ing
(?): (Wh) + will + S + be + V-ing....?

2. Use:

39
 - To express an action happening at a
specific time/over a period of time in
the future. (We’re in the middle of
action).
E.x.
Andrew can’t go to the party tomorrow.
He’ll be working all day tomorrow.
We are going on holiday. We will be
sitting on the beach at 3 p.m tomorrow.
- I will be having an English class at 7a.m
tomorrow morning. (=I will be studying
English at 7a.m tomorrow morning).
- At 9 a.m. on Tuesday, Lam will be giving
a presentation.
- Manh won’t be staying at home at this
time tomorrow.
- I won’t be watching a movie tonight.
- We won’t be playing games after 11 a.m.
tomorrow.
- I will be going on a camp next weekend.

40
11. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
1. Form: will + have + Past Participle
S: I, you, we, they, she, he, it

(+): S + will have + Past Participle

(-): S + won’t have + Past Participle
(?): (Wh) + will + S + past Participle...?

3. Use:
- to express an action completed/finished
before a specific time or another action in
the future.
- Adverb: before, after, by
E.x.
+ I will have done all the homework by
10 p.m. this evening.
+ All the K55AP students will have got
TOEFL score of 500 before they graduate
from Thai Nguyen University of
Technology (TNUT).
41
 + I will have gone to sleep by the time
my parents come home.
+ I will have graduated from TNUT/ will
have completed my study at TNUT in 4
years.
+ My mother will have gone to buy some
apples at the market by 8 a.m tomorrow.

12. THE FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE ---Sefl-study
*************************************

ENGLISH VOCABULARY
How do you study English vocabulary?
in CONTEXT
(at school, talking to friends, movies,
songs, writing down 5 words, learn by
heart, reading books, playing games...)
42
  Topics
 Memory strategy (Repetition)
 Social strategy (communication)

STRATEGIES
 Low level:
- Memorize (Learn by heart),
- Imitate (pronunciation)
- Repetition (Practice)
* Taxonomy: understanding

 Medium-High Level:
*Taxonomy : applying, critical
thinking
- Application
- Authentication (put the word in
real-life context)
43
- Social-affective (interactive)
- Communication
(English is a Communicative tool)
***
Discussion about your
Strategies in learning
English vocabulary!
Hung’s idea:
- write the word over and over again
- listen to music
- watch videos, movies:
Hoang’s idea:
- play games, sport,
- similar to Hung’s
Giang’s idea:
- listen to music
- watch videos, movies on Youtube -
read the subtitles.
44
Huy’s idea:
- Do exercises in books, hear English news,
..
Khanh’s idea:
- Check up the word in dictionary right
now.
- Translate E-Vietnamese.
- “Writing down” costs too much time!
Study the word in CONTEXT (video, …)
Uyen’s idea:
- Talk to foreigners (use the word)
- read books
- using flashcards; Drawing pictures
Ly’s idea:
- Talk to foreigners
- Read the word in Ads; listen to US or UK
music
- watch American films
- write words over and over again
Dung’s idea:
- Learn the word by heart
45
 - Write words in a small notebook, bring it
everywhere.
- Listen to podcasts (online news channel)

Duc’s idea: problem of memorizing new

words.

Quyen’s idea:
- write words in notebooks.
- Read the words aloud.
- Practise words with roommate and
foreigners.
Duy’s idea:
- watch TV programmes in English
- read books and highlight the word.
Phuc’s idea:
- listen to English music
- watch movies in English: Harry Porter,
Friends, Kungfu, Boss Baby,…
- use the word to speak ; repeat the
word- communicative approach
Vuong’s idea:
46
 - read books (fiction
/non-fiction/detective story)
- listen to music : (e.g. Attention,….)
Van Minh’s idea:
- write words in notebook -- traditional
way -kinaesthetic approach
- do more exercises in books
- watch movies
Quang Minh’s idea:
- play video games in English: vocabulary
in games: game over, doublekill, ….
- listen to music, watch movies…

**************************

*Low-level strategies (Memorize, Imitate, Repeat)

Memorize: Read/Say ‘it’ over and over!

Low-level strategies (Memorize, Imitate, Repeat)

*High-level strategies (application, authentication
-- put the words in CONTEXT)
*Social-affective strategies: (relationship)
47
+ Ask your teacher!
+ Have a close relationship/interaction with the people around
you! (family, friends, ...)
+ Occasionally social relationship (native speakers, event
participants: FIT, AP night, English Festival , Golden Bell...)
Joining Club: English TNUT club, AE Club...)
*Communication strategies:
Speak English as much as possible!!!
Using the word as much as possible!!!

***Vocabulary Units in our curriculum:

(In “English Vocabulary in use” Book)
UNIT 1, 2, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
25, 26, 27, 29, 30--60.

UNIT 1 & 2: Learning Vocabulary

- Vocabulary Noteboooks.
- Topic/ Word family
- Mind-mapping; Net

Exercise 2.5:
FURNITURE:

48
chair, desk, lamp, bookshelf, table, armchair,
sofa, mirror, door, cup,
Fridge/refrigerator/freezer, vase, washing
machine, dishwasher, cooker, bed, wardrobe,
air-conditioner, fan/ceiling fan, light,
cupboard, carpet/rug, curtain, .......
=========================
UNIT 11: Phrasal verbs
You can know exactly the meaning of a
phrase verb by putting in CONTEXT.

get up = wake up
(get out of the bed)

get on/along with sb (somebody) = have a good

relationship with sb

get over = recover (get better)

go on = continue
go off = ring, explode

put sth on = wear

49
take off = get the clothes/something out of your body
take off = the plane gets into the air

put off = delay, cancel (stop sth, continue later)

Come on! — when you want to encourage sb

do up = make
paint

YOU SHOULD WRITE down Some common phrasal

verbs in your VOCABULARY notebook!!!

Homework: UNIT 12, 13.

Prepare to talk about what you do everyday
(about 6-15 sentences).
Next class you can tell your class about your
day.

UNIT 25:
!!!REMEMBER: Some subordinators:

50
 When, while, before, after, until, as soon as....

After these words, the clause is used in the Present

Simple or the Present Perfect tense.

E.g. - When we graduate from the university, we’ll try

to get good jobs.
- I’ll go out with my friends after I have finished the
exam.
Make your own examples!

Exercise B:
1.I’ll wait, arrive
2. I’ll see, go
3.I’ll phone, I know
4.I’ll do, have
5.You’ll enjoy, get
6.I’ll tell, see
7.I’ll wait, he comes
8.We’ll book, go
9.I’ll do, get
10. Will you see/Are you going to see, are
I’ll phone, arrive

!!!NOTE: Arrive home

51
 Arrive at + N ( small place: the market, the shop, the
builiding...)
Arrive in + N (big place : city, country)

*Lend sb sth:
Borrow sth from sb:

Prepositions: in, on, at

*Place:
in : in the house, in the classroom, in Paris
at : at home, at the supermarket, at school
on: on the table, on the wall, on the top of the mountain
*Time:
in : in + year/month/ season
in 2021, in October, in autumn/fall
in 2 weeks (future)
in the morning/afternoon/ evening

at + hour (giờ)
at 9 o’clock in the morning = at 9 a.m.
at night/midnight
at the weekend(s)
on + date
on Tuesday
on Wednesday, October 27th, 2021.
on weekdays
Manner
in : in English, in ink, in pencil
52
with + tool (công cụ) : with a knife
I cut the paper with a knife.

*Wh-word: 8 question Words

What
Where
When
Who
Why…? Because…
To ….
How (How much/how many/how long/how tall/how
often/ how old/ how far/ how big/how deep/ …)
Whose +N
Which

Who did you talk to last night outside our house?

What...like?
What’s she like? (appearance + personality)

She’s pretty.
She’s very nice.

What does he look like? (appearance)

He looks very handsome.
53
He’s very good-looking.

#35. WHOSE is this? ----- shows POSSESSION.

***NOTE :
- This is my book. (my : Possessive adjectives)

Subjec I you We they She He it

t
Po.Adj my your our their her his its

Possession Adj + NOUN/Noun phrases.

- This is my book.

- This book is mine. (mine: Possessive Pronoun)

Possessive Pronoun = Possessive Adj + N

Subject I you We they She He it

Po.Adj mine yours ours theirs hers his its
54
  Possession: ‘s
is used for the 3rd person singular, the third person
plural subject.

 3rd person singular: proper noun or a noun

phrase:
- This is Jim’s car.
- My brother’s son is eighteen years old.
- What’s your father’s job?
He’s a doctor.

3rd person plural, irregular plural N:

men’s clothes
International Women’s day
Children’s day

3rd person plural, ending in “s”

‘s = s’
Vietnamese Teachers’ day
The Simpsons’ series
*QUESTIONS:

Whose + Noun+ is + this/that?

are + these/those?

55
 E.g. Whose car is this?
It’s mine. (=This car belongs to me)

!!!REMEMBER: Next Tuesday

We are going to do “PROGRESS TEST 1”
The test is about all the tenses we have
learnt.
NO Reason for absence on the day of test.
UNLESS you have a doctor’s paper!!!

*************************************
GRAMMAR (Cont’)

56
UNIT 25: Present tense: When, before,
after, until, etc.
(Self-study)

UNIT 26: FUTURE meanings

 Future simple: Will
 Near future: Be going to
 Present Continuous: Be + V-ing
 Present Simple: (Timetable, schedule,
when…)
E.g. When he arrives, we’ll have dinner.

UNIT 27: Part of Speech: Nouns, Verbs,

Adjectives, etc…
NOUN (n)
ADJECTIVE (adj)
VERB (v)
ADVERB (adv)
PREPOSITION (at, on, in, for...)
CONJUNCTION (CONNECTORS)
57
 + Coordinators: FANBOYs
(For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
+ Subordinators:
Although/though/even though,
because/as/since, thus, therefore, ...

ARTICLE (a, an, the)

PRONOUN:
Demonstrative Pronoun: this, that,
these, those
Personal Pronoun: I, you, we, they,
she, he, it
Object Pronoun:
me, you, us, them, her, him, it
Possessive Pronoun:
mine, your, ours, theirs, hers, his, its
Relative Pronoun: (who, which,
whom, that, whose)
===================
58
 *Possessive Adjectives:
my, your, our, their, her, his, its

UNIT 28: Word order: Subject (S), Verb

(V), Object (O)
---Understand components in the
sentence.
How many types of sentences are there in
English ?
Câu trần thuật, nghi vấn, câu mệnh lệnh và
câu cảm thán
Câu phủ định ,câu khẳng định

4 types:
 Simple sentence ( 1 clause): S, V
 Compound sentence (2 clauses: S1,
V1...S2, V2)
Conjunctions (Coordinators)
FANBOYS (For, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so)
59
  Complex sentence (2 clauses: S1,
V1...S2, V2)
Conjunctions (Subordinators)
Cause: because/as/since
Concession: Although, though, even
though, despite
Result: Thus, therefore, hence….
 Compound complex sentence
(>= 3 clauses: S1, V1…(S2), V2…S3, V3…)
UNIT 29: ‘Yes/No’ questions
 Notice auxiliary verb ( be, do, does, did,
have, has, can, will….)
 The subject in the question and short
answer.

UNIT 30 -- UNIT 35: Wh- questions

- Self-study
Where, when, why, how, who, what,
which, whose
60
*How ….?

*What…like?
 What + tobe + S + like? (ask about
both physical appearance and/or
character)
 What + do/does + S + like? (ask
about appearance)

*Whose + N….?
Whose book is this? It’s Tom’s.
Whose shoes are those? They’re mine/his.

UNIT 36:
QUESTIONS TAGS
Read the grammar theory in your book and
then answer the questions (10 minutes):
61
1. When do we use the question tags?
(the purpose)
2. How many cases are there in question
tags?
(Tobe, verb...)

ANSWERS
“It’s NOT WHAT you learn, It’s HOW you
learn”
======================
1. In communication (1 speaker and
1/more than 1 listener), we use the
question tags to emphasize/clarify the
information, or to show our attitude!!!
(LIKE or not like)
E.g: The teacher asks the class:
“You have done the homework,
haven’t you?”
(the teacher wants her students to do
the homework)
2. Cases you use question tags:
(Balanced tag)
62
 Positive..., negative?
(question tag)
Negative..., positive?
Form: S + V..., auxiliary S?
Tobe
!!!NOTE: Auxiliary Verb (depends on the
subject, tense of the verb): to be, do,
does, did, (not), have, has, had
Modal verb (can, can’t, should, must..)
Imperative

***EXCEPTIONAL CASES:
(*1) Adverb: negative meaning (never, rarely,
hardly, barely, scarely) (unbalanced tags) or
“no + N”
E.x.
He never came again, did he?
She can rarely go out in the evening, can she?
They had no choice, did they?

(*2) Demonstrative Pronoun:

this, that, these, those
63
This is a book, isn’t it?
These are some plastic flowers, aren’t they?

!!!NOTE:
“There”:
There is a photo in your bag,
isn’t there?

(*3) DON’T use “am not I” ----aren’t I

E.x. I am the first to come, aren’t I?

(*4) Nobody, no one, someone, somebody

------ they (question tag)
Nothing, everything, something ------ it
(question tag)

Nobody is ready to go, are they?

Nothing is wrong, is it?
Someone gave you the gift, didn’t they?

(*5) Imperative (Câu mệnh lệnh):

Stay here until I come back, will/won’t you?
64
Do listen, will you?
Don’t you go out, will you?
- Warning, reminder:
Be careful, will you?
Take care, will/ won’t you?
- Suggestions, offers:
Let’s eat out, shall we?
I’ll make a coffee, shall I?

EXERCISE B: (p.79)
1. ..., can’t I?
2. ..., will it?
3. ..., was he?
4. ..., did I?
5. ..., will it?
6. ..., wasn’t it?
7. ..., can you?
8. ..., didn’t they?

EXERCISE C: (p.79)
65
 1. ...,isn’t it?
2. ...,haven’t you?
3. ...,can you?
4. ..., don’t they?
5. ..., won’t I/ Shall I?

EXERCISE D: (p.79)
1. A: You can speak French very well, can’t
you?
2. A: You haven’t heard this story, have
you?
3. A: You went to Frank’s party, didn’t you?
4. A: It isn’t very far from here, is it?
5. A: She won’t be angry, will she?
6. A: You’re not going to leave now, are
you?
7. A: You’ll be at home tonight, won’t you?
*************************************
UNIT 37: Short answers (p.80-81)
-- SELF-STUDY

66
You read the example in your book and
notice the way to answer in short answers.
(for YES/NO questions)

67
*************************************

UNIT 38: So am I, I am too, Neither am

I, etc

1. Positive statement----same positive

idea (Câu khẳng định ---- Either, too:
cùng nghĩa khẳng định)
So + auxiliary + S = S + auxiliary + too

So am I = I am too/ I am, too :

!!!CHÚ Ý: Câu sử dụng “so”, hoặc “too”

phải có trợ động từ tương đương và thì
(tense) giống như câu khẳng định thứ
nhất.
E.g. She likes roses. So do I/ I do too.
He has finished all the homework.
68
 So have I
I have too.
My mother is very beautiful.
So am I/I am too

2. Câu phủ định ----Neither, either:

cùng nghĩa phủ định
** Neither am I --- positive form but
negative meaning! (dạng ở khẳng định
nhưng mang nghĩa phủ định)
e.g. I don’t like fish. Neither do my
children ----- Same negative meaning

**I am not either: ---- negative form and

negative meaning! (dạng phủ định và
mang nghĩa phủ định)

E.g. I am not at home now. My husband

isn’t either.
= I am not at home now. Neither is my
husband.
---
69
 Neither + Auxiliary (positive) + S
= S + Auxiliary (negative) + either.

!!!CHÚ Ý: Câu sử dụng “neither”, hoặc

“either” phải có trợ động từ tương
đương và thì (tense) giống như câu phủ
định thứ nhất.

------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE A:
1. Neither do I
2. Neither have I
3. So does mine (my father)
4. Neither have I
5. I do too
6. So have I (=I have too)
7. So will Jane
8. Neither can my sister
9. Robin did too
10. I’m not either
11. So did I
12. neither did I
70
 EXERCISE B:
1. So are we.
2. Neither does mine.
3. Neither have I.
4. So was mine.
5. So has Frank.
6. Neither did George.
7. Neither can I.
8. Neither am I.
9. So did John.
10.So have I.
11.So are we
12.So is mine (my car).
*********************************

TEST D: SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS

EXERCISE B:
1. How many...?
2. How....?
3. Who...?
4. Do ...?
71
 5. How...?
6. What type of.... ?
7. What...?
8. Why...?
9. Do...?
10.Were you born...? (Passive voice)
11.What ...?
12.Who...? (3rd person singular S: Ngôi
thứ ba số ít)
13.Do/ Will
14.Why....?

EXERCISE D:
1. How far is that?
2. How old is it?
3. How often are you going to use it?
4. How far do/would you go?
5. How much does it cost?
= How much is it?

EXERCISE A:
1. Do you normally take the bus home?
72
 2. No, I don’t.
3. Is your wife coming home soon?
4. Yes, she is.
5. Does she travel by bus?
6. No, she doesn’t.
7. Was she tired yesterday?
8. Yes, she was.

EXERCISE C:
1. so do I
2. so can he
3. So have I
4. neither does he
5. so did I
6. neither will he
7. neither have I

EXERCISE E:
1. ...,did you?
2. ...,isn’t he?
3. ...,doesn’t he?
4. ...,has he?
73
5. ...,can you?
6. ...,isn’t it?
7. ...,will he?
8. ...,should he?
9. ...,was he?
10..., did you
11...., weren’t they?
12...., isn’t it?

**********************************

UNIT 39: MODAL VERBS

CAN/CAN’T, Could/Couldn’t
1. Form:
MODAL VERB + Vinfinitive without “to”
Vbase form

S:I, you, we, they, she, he, it

(+) positive:
S + modal V + Vbase form
74
 (-) Negative: NOT after the modal V
S + modal V (can’t/couldn’t) + Vbase form
(?) Question:
(Wh) + modal V + S + Vbase form....?

2. Use
- Ability in present: can/can’t
- Ability in the past:
Could/couldn’t
Was/were able to
Managed to
- Ability in the future:
Will be able to + Vbase form

Exercise A (p.86)
1. couldn’t play
2. can’t cook
3. can’t give
*give sb a lift: cho ai đi nhờ xe
4. couldn’t see
5. can do
6. can play
75
*To be good at sth/V-ing: giỏi về cái gì/việc gì
To be excel in sth/V-ing: .....
--- STRUCTURE NOTEBOOK (You should write
down English structures in your notebook, so
you can remember and use them correctly).

7.can’t find
8. couldn’t understand
9. couldn’t go, couldn’t afford
10. couldn’t do
11. can’t talk
*to be in a hurry: đang vội
(You’re about to do sth in a few minutes)

Exercise C:
1. ...we were able to/ managed to ....
2. They managed to/ were able to buy...
3. I was able to/ managed to....
4. Our friends are able to/manage to ....
5. ...is able to/manages to...
6. ...were able to / managed to
76
 UNIT 40: Can I/Could I? May I?
Can/Could you?

 Offer: Can I/Could I...., please?

May I........., please?
 Request: Can you..., please?
Could you/Would you..., please?

Exercise A (p.88):
1. May I have a glass of orange juice,
please?
2. Can we listen to your new CD?
3. Can I use your mobile, please?
4. May I borrow your camera tomorrow?
5. Could you pass the menu, please?
6. Can you post this letter for me?

UNIT 41:
Must/Mustn’t
(phải/ko phải)
1. FORM:
77
 S: I/you/we/they/she/he/it
(+) positive:
S + must + Vbase form...
(-) Negative:
S + mustn’t + Vbase form...

**‘Must/mustn’t: NO question form!!!

2. USE: “Must” is used to show obligation

or something is very necessary to do at
present or in the future.
- It also shows recommendation.
E.g. You must read this book. It’s
fantastic!

 “Mustn’t” is used to show that you are

not allowed to do/ BANNED (prohibited).
E.g.
- I must finish all of my homework by 11
p.m.
- You mustn’t step on the grass.
78
 (= You are not allowed to step on the
grass).

Exercise C (p. 91):

Exercise D (p. 91):

1. You mustn’t tell lies. It’s bad.
2. Passengers mustn’t open the door ….
3. You must come for dinner…
4. All staff must show identity cards (ID) when they enter the
building.
5. You mustn’t eat so much unhealthy food.
6. You must follow the instructions when using this machine.

UNIT 42:
HAVE TO (phải)
Are there any differences between the form
and uses of “have to” and other Modal
verbs?

1.Use:
1.1. Present:
79
 (+) Positive:
I/you/we/they have to + V (base form)
She/he/it has to + V (base form)

(-) Negative:
I/you/we/they don’t have to + V (base form)
She/he/it doesn’t + have to + V (base form)

(?)Question:
(Wh) + do + I/we/you/they + have to +
V (base form)....?
does + she/he/it + have to +
V(base form)..?

1.2. Past: obligation in the past

(+) : S + had to + V(base form)
(-) : S + didn’t have to + V(base form)
(?): (Wh) + did + S + have to + V(base form)...?

1.3. Future: obligation in the future

(+) : S + will have to + V(base form)
(-) : S + won’t have to + V(base form)
80
(?): (Wh) + will + S + have to + V(base form)...?
2. Use:
“have/has to” shows obligation/rule in
the past, at present or in the future.

!!!NOTE: Have/has to = have got/has got to

(only at present time &in speaking!)

E.g. Students have to wear school uniforms

on Monday.
* Negative: “don’t/ doesn’t have to” shows
something is not necessary to do.

E.g. You don’t have to get up early at

weekends.
- You will have to go to school next Tuesday.
- I have to study harder because my parents
want me to become a good student.
- I had to do a lot of homework last night.

Exercise B (p. 93):

81
 1. I didn’t have to work....
2. Do I have to do...?
3. I had to run...
4. I had to go ...
5. Did you have to show...?
6. Will I have to pay...?
7. ....have you got to have..?
do you have to have?
8. You don’t have to decide...
You haven’t got to decide...
9. I had to wait..
10.A: Do you have to work..?
B: ...but I had to work...

Exercise C (p. 93):

1. You have to fill in an appplication form.
2. Do I have to give you a photograph?
3. No, you don’t have to give.../
you haven’t got to give...
4. We had to do...
5. How many questions did you have to
answer?
82
 6. We had to anwer...
7. I had to think....
8. Did you have to write...?
9. We will have to do....

----------------------------------------------------
UNIT 43: Distinguish
Must/Have to, Mustn’t/Don’t have to
Exercise A (p.94):
1. ..have to finish,…don’t have to …
2. ..don’t have to…mustn’t take…
3. mustn’t, don’t have to
4. have to, have to.

EXERCISE B (p.95):
1. Don’t have to
2. mustn’t
3. don’t have to
4. mustn’t
5. mustn’t
6. don’t have to
7. mustn’t talk
8. don’t have to
9. don’t have to pay
83
10. mustn’t

EXERCISE C (p.95):
1. has
2. Does she…?
3. have to
4. she has to pack
5. must
6. does she..?
7. mustn’t

********************************
UNIT 44: Must, can’t, may, might, could
Possibility Impossibility
must can’t
can (ability) couldn’t
may (≈will + Vinf) may not
might (not 100% to might not CC
happen) (≈will + Vinf)
could

EXERCISE A:

84
1. must like
2. can’t come
3. can’t belong to (thuộc về)
4. can’t live
5. must have
6. must remember
7. can’t want
8. must spend

EXERCISE B:
1. can’t be, could be
2. can’t be, must be

EXERCISE C:
1. might go to Portugal
2. must cost a lot of money
3. might come this weekend
depend on/upon: phụ thuộc
4. can’t take much interest in them
5. must work long hours.
6. might be at the gym or he might also be at the shops.

********************************
UNIT 45:
SHOULD / SHOULDN’T
1. Form:
(+) S + should + V (base)
(-) S + shouldn’t + V (base)
(?) (Wh) + should + S + V (base)...?
85
 2. USE:
We use “should” to talk about
something good to do or give advice to
others.
- The students should learn hard to get
good marks/scores .
- I should obey my parents.
- You shouldn’t stay up late. You should
get up early and do morning exercises.
That’s good for your health.
Liver can’t get the toxic components out of
your body. You’ll get some diseases.

!!!NOTES:
“I think you should/I don’t think you should”
-----to show your opinion and you want
someone to do better things.
86
 Should Ought to Had better
(+) Positive: + Positive: + Positive: + V(inf)
V(inf) V(inf) (You’d better)
(-) Negative: (-) Negative: (-) Negative: had
shouldn’t + Vinf ought not to + better not + Vinf
Vinf
(?) (Wh) + (?) (Wh) + (?) (x)
should + S + ought + S + to
Vinf…? + V inf…?
USE: give USE: ask sb USE: give advice
advice to do more in a certain
strongly. situation.
(relating to
duty or law)
E.g. I think you should study English
vocabulary everyday.
*******************************
UNIT 46: Should, Ought to, Had better

*OUGHT TO: (phải, nên)

(+) S + ought to + V (base)
(-) S + ought not to + V (base)
(?) Ought + S + to + V (base)...?

87
USE: to give advice a bit more strongly, but
normally it is a duty/law.
E.g. You ought to drive on the right in
Vietnam.

*HAD BETTER: --- to give advice in a certain

situation.
(+) S + had better + V (base) ---
He’d better
(-) S + had better + not + V (base) ...
e.g. He had better stop smoking.
You’d better revise all English tenses!

Exercise B:
1. Well, they’d better clear ....
2. Yes, we’d better take...
3. Yes, I’d better go to bed early.

Exercise C:
1. ought to
2. shouldn’t
3. had better not
88
4. ought not
5. had better
*************************************
UNIT 47: Need, needn’t, needn’t have

NEED : cần
1. Form:
*Present
(+)Positive:
I,you, we, they need to V (base)
He,she, it needs to V
(-) Negative:
S + needn’t + V (base)
!!!Note: NOT “needn’t + N”

I, you, we, they + don’t need + to V (inf)

He, she, it + doesn’t need + to V (inf)

(?) (Wh) + do + I, you, we, they + need +

to V (inf)…?

89
 (Wh) + does + he, she, it + need + to V
(inf)…?
*Past:
(+): S + needed to V (inf)
(-): S + didn’t + need to V (inf)
(?): (Wh) + did + S + need to V (inf)…?

*Perfect: = hypothesis (gia thuyet)

need have + V (past participle)
needn’t have + V (pp)
---- It was not necessary to do something in
the past.

E.g. I needn’t have taken a raincoat. It didn’t

rain at all. (=But in fact I took a raincoat).

Unit 48: Had to do/ go, should have

done/gone

90
*Had to: obligation in the past (the past of
“Have to”).
(+) S + had to + V (base form)
(-) S + didn’t + have to + V (base form)
(?) (Wh) + did + S + have to + V (base form)…?

*Should have + V (pp) : --- to criticize sb.

Shouldn’t have + V (pp):
---- It was not good to do something in the
past.

E.g. You shouldn’t have gone out late last

night.
- She should have turned off the light before
leaving the building yesterday.
(In fact, she didn’t turn it off.)

Exercise A (p.104):
1. didn’t have to translate, had to
2. What did you have to do?
I had to prepare…
3. Did you have to wear…?
91
 had to make sure..
4. What did you have to do…?
I had to show, I didn’t have to
5. Did they have to help…?
didn’t have to make.., had to help

Homework: Do the other exercises in your

book and TEST E: Modal Verbs

Exercise B (p.105):
1. should have bought
2. shouldn’t have gone
3. shouldn’t have eaten
4. should have locked
5. shouldn’t have borrowed

TEST E: MODAL VERBS

Exercise A:
1. ought to
2. I have to
3. must
4. Should
92
 5. don’t need to
6. Will I be able to…?
7. I managed to…
8. I should
9. I may
10.Had I better …?
11.must
12.must

EXERCISE B:
*Can: có thể (Present, Past)
*To be able to: có thể (Present, Past, Future)
*manage to: có thể (Present, Past)

(9) had to get a taxi

(5) managed to
(8) couldn’t pay
(1) was able to borrow
(7) ought
(2) should have arrived
(6) needn’t have taken
(3) had to find

Exercise C:
1. The hotels might be full.
93
 2. We have to sleep in the car.
3. It must be the sun cream …
4. We needn’t have bought it.
5. Should we take it with us this time?
6. We can’t make the sun shine.
7. You had better take a rest.
Exercise D:
1. Do I need to use…?
2. should really
3. could you pass….?
4. don’t need to
5. mustn’t forget
6. I’ve got to finish
7. we’d better start
8. might not
9. should have started
Exercise E:
1. 
2. can’t be
3. had to
94
 4. 
5. could have/ must have
6. / must be
7. 
8. don’t have to
9. Shall I/ Will I

*************************************
VOCABULARY (Every Friday class)
Unit 15: Conjunctions
??? How many types of sentences are there
in English?
There are 4 types:
1. Simple sentence ( 1 clause)
2. Compound sentence
(Coordinators/coordinating
conjunctions: FANBOYs) (2 or more than
2 clauses) (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
3. Complex sentence (Subordinators/
subordinating conjunctions:) (2 or more
than 2 clauses) :
95
 Because, when, if, as soon as, although,
before, after, until….

4. Compound complex sentence

(Coordinators and/or subordinators)
(2 or 3 or more than 3 clauses)
***1 Clause = 1 subject + 1 verb...

Homework: Do exercises in UNIT 14, 15, 16,

17, 18
-----------------------------------------------------

ARTICLES, NOUNS, PRONOUNS

Unit 49: Articles: a, an, the
(?)Questions:
1. How do you know “articles”? The
function and position?
- Article: Mạo từ
- Define and come before Noun/ Noun
phrases.
2. How many types of article are there?
96
2 types:
+ Definite articles: the
+ Indefinite: a, an
***********************
I. Indefinite articles: a, an (một)
1. Uses:
- “A”: is used before a consonant
sound. (the pronunciation of the first
letter in the word after “A”).
A one-way street
/w n/
a book, a pen, a house, a door…
a wonderful trip, a beautiful girl…
a university, a uniform, a European, …
/j/

- “An”: is used before a vowel sound.

(the pronunciation of the first letter in
the word after “An”).
an apple, an eraser, an elephant, an
umbrella…
97
 an ugly woman, an expensive car, an easy
exam…
an hour, an honor, an heir…
(silent)

2. Contexts:
2.1. Before N when talked about at
the first time.
E.g. I had a sandwich and a juice
for lunch.
I saw a man and a woman near
the office.
2.2. Before singular N about job:
E.g. My mother is a doctor.
2.3. Before the quantity word
(hundred, thousand, million) or ratio.
a hundred people, …
a great many, a lot of/lots of, a
dozen, a large number of, a pair of shoes,
a glass of milk…
½: a half
98
 ¼: a quarter
1/3: a third …
2.4 Before prices, frequency ,speed
$2 a kilo
twice a day
20 miles an hour

2.5. Before singular N in

expressions/exclamation:
What + a/an + adj + N!
E.g: What a nice house!

!!!NOTE: NOT uses of a/an before:

 Before plural N.
 Before uncountable N.
 Before N about meals. (breakfast/
lunch/ dinner).

Exercise A (p.108):
1. an 2. a
99
 3. a 6. a
4. an 7. an
5. an 8. a
Exercise B:
1. Tokyo is a Japanese city.
2. Heathrow is an English airport.
3. The Ganges is an Indian river.
4. Oxford is a university town.
5. A Mercedes is a German car.
6. Spain is a European country.

II. Definite article: the

1. Use:
- “the” is used with singular N, plural N
when talked about at the second
time.
- with countable/ uncountable N.
2. Context:
2.1. before the only thing/person:

100
 the sun, the moon, the Earth, the
world, the Queen, …
2.2. before musical instrument:
the guitar, the piano, the violin…
2.3. before the N defined by a Relative
clause:
E.g. The girl who is standing over
there is my friend.
2.4. The + Adjective --- about a group or a
class of people:
The young, the rich, the poor, ….
2.5. The + Nationality: (nói về 1 dân tộc)
!Note: a Frenchman. ---- the French

2.6. Before united country, or the group of

parts, of islands:
- the Netherlands, the Philippines, the
United States of America (The USA), the
United Kingdom (The UK), …
- the Northern Ireland,…
101
2.7. Before proper N:
The Simpsons (the Simpson family)
The play Hamlet, the poet Nguyen Du,…

2.8. Before N for direction, ordinal

number:
- The North, the South, …
- The first, the second, ….
!Note:
The North of Vietnam # Northern Vietnam
*North America, West Africa, …

2.9. Before ocean, sea, river, canal,

islands, long mountain, desert.
- the Atlantic, the Pacific,…
- the Dead Sea, The Red Sea, …
- The Nile, the Amazon, the Thames, …
- The Suez canal, the Panama canal, …
- The Bahamas, the British Isles….
- The Andes, the Himalayas…
102
- The Sahara (Desert)…

2.10. Before organization, party, or places:

- The United Nations, The Communist
party…
*Hotel/restaurants/ pubs:
the Station Hotel, the Grand Hotel, the
Ship Inn…
* Theatres/ cinemas: the Palace theatre,
the National theatre…
*Museums/ galleries: the British museum,
…
*Other buildings: the Empire State
Building, the White House,…
*Famous monument:
the Eiffel Tower, the Great Wall, …
*Newspapers:
The Washington post, the Independent, …

!!!NOTES: *
103
  N phrases: …of…
*The Statue of Liberty
The Bank of England
The House of Parliament
The Gulf of Mexico
The Tower of London
…
 Other phrases:
- in the city centre; in the army; at the
end of, at the bottom…
- the sky, the sea, the countryside,…
*Expressions: “Stay the same”
(Hãy là chính mình)
in the morning, in the afternoon, …., in the
year 2021, in the last 10 years.
- the day before, the day after, all the
year around…
- on the left, on the right, …

III. NO ARTICLE “THE”:

104
1_ Before plural Nouns about general
things/ concepts:
E.g. He likes action films.
Have you ever tasted Chinese food?
2_ Before material, colors/colours, art,
science, meal, relationship in a family
E.g. Wood is useful.
Baby wants to see Mother.
What time is dinner?

3_ Before time, date, season, weekday,

some holidays
My birthday is on September 5th.
Spring is a beautiful season.
We often wear new clothes on Tet holiday.

4_ Before N+number:
Size 20, page 45, Room 9, Gate 3…

5_ Before Proper Names:

105
Mr. John/ Captain Jack/ Princess Anna…
President Ho Chi Minh

+ Mount / Lake + Name:

Mount Everest, Lake Taho…
+ Continents: Asia, Europe, …
+ Countries: France, Japan, …
+ States, Regions: Texas, Central Europe..
+ Islands: Corsica, Bermuda…
+ Cities: New York, Paris…

6_ Before names of streets, squares,

parks, universities, zoo, palace, station
Cowley Road
5th Avenue
Times square
Ba Dinh Square
Hype park…
Cambridge university
Princeton University
106
London zoo, Chicago zoo, …

7_ Before names of hotels, restaurants,

church by the creator:
Mc Donalds
Hilton Hotel
St Paul’s cathedral
- Organization, air, brand
Kenedy Airport, British Airways, Sony,
IBM…

8_ Expressions No “The”:
- next time, last year, at night, by day,
on television…
- bed: to be in bed, go to bed…
- work: go to work/ be at work/ start
work/ finish work, ….
- home: go home/ come home/ arrive
home/ leave home/ be at home
- go to sea/ be at sea…
107
 - go to prison/ go to hospital/ go to
school…
!!Note: I go to the hospital to visit my
friend. (---a certain purpose).
-------------------------------------------
UNIT 49:
Exercise C (p. 109):
1. a 10. an
2. a 11. a
3. a 12. a
4. the 13. a
5. a 14. The
6. an 15. the
7. a, 16. an
8. the 17. a
9. the 18. at the bottom

Exercise D (p. 109):

1. 
2. the, the
3. a
4. a
108
5. , a
6. a
7. the

UNIT 50:
Exercise A (p.110):
1. a, 
2. ,
3. a, the
4. , a
5. an, the
6. a, 
7. , an, the River Seine/ River Seine
8. a, 

Exercise B (p.111):
1. , the
2. the
3. a, the
4. 
109
5. , 
6. a, the
7. 
8. 
9. , the
10. the, the
11. the, the, the
12. 
Exercise C (p.111):
1. an
2. a
3. 
4. the
5. a
6. a
7. 
8. a
9. the
10. a
11. the
110
12. 

Exercise D (p.111):
1. a
2. the
3. a
4. the
5. the
6. a
7. a
8. the
9. the

**********************************
UNIT 51: NOUNS
PLURAL NOUNS, One and Ones

I. What are the functions of NOUN?

1. Subject of the sentence
111
2. Object of tobe, verb…
3. Object of preposition
He’s looking for a new flat.

Types in terms of meaning/context: (4)

- Common noun: student, job, …
- Proper Noun: Vietnam, Stacy, Mai…
- Abstract Noun: patience, love,
courage, beauty…
- Collective Noun: group, family, team,
flock …

Types in terms of grammatical issue:

+ Singular Noun
+ Plural Noun

Types in terms of quantity:

- Countable Noun
- Uncountable Noun

112
Gender: male – female reference
actor – actress
hero – heroine
host – hostess
heir – heiress
waiter - waitress
steward – stewardess
policeman – policewoman
salesman – saleswoman…

II. Singular Noun – Plural Noun

***RULES: (7 rules)
1. Normally, N + s = Ns
book – books, cat – cats…
2. N ends in : “s, ss, sh, ch, x, z” + es
box – boxes, watch – watches, glass –
glasses, …
3. N ends in “o” --- + es
potato – potatoes
tomato – tomatoes…
113
!!!NOTE:
 Before “o” is a vowel--- + s:
bamboos, radios, studios,…
 Some words borrowed from other
languages:
pianos, photos, kilos…
 Some Ns have 2 plural forms:
mango -- mangos – mangoes
mosquito -mosquitos – mosquitoes

4. N ends in “y” :
+ Before “y” is a vowel --- + s
play – plays, toy – toys, …
+ Before “y” is a consonant ---“y” -
“ies”
party – parties; country – countries …
5. N ends in “f / lf/ fe” -- “ves”
self --- selves; shelf -- shelves
knife --- knives
wife – wives
114
 wolf – wolves
leaf – leaves
loaf – loaves

!!!NOTE:
 Some Ns end in ‘f’ --- + s
cliffs, chiefs, proofs, roofs,
handkerchiefs, dwarfs…

 Ns have 2 plural forms:

Scarf --- scarfs, scarves
staff --- staffs, starves
hoof --- hoofs, hooves
wharf --- wharfs, wharves

6. Irregular form of plural N:

child – children
man – men
woman – women

115
 tooth – teeth, foot – feet, mouse –
mice, goose – geese, criterion – criteria,
phenomenon – phenomena…
*fish – fish
sheep – sheep
deer – deer

7. Some Ns are always in PLURAL form:

trousers, glasses, earrings,
arms (lực lượng vũ trang)
mumps, measles (bệnh sởi)..
billiards : bi-a
series, means (phương tiện), species (loài,
nhóm)…

***NOTES: One --- Ones

One ---- replaces a Singular N
Ones ---- replaces Plural N

Exercise C (p.113):
116
1. Would you like one?
2. But the strawberry ones are nicer.
3. I like the one with the red door.
4. This time I want a green one.
5. There isn’t an easy one.
6. Do you mean the ones that we took in
Turkey?
Exercise D (p.113):
1. ones 7. one
2. ones 8. one
3. one 9. ones
4. one 10. one
5. one 11. ones
6. one 12. one

********************************
UNIT 52: Demonstrative Pronoun
This, that, these, those

Examples:
117
This is my book.
S
This book is interesting!
Adj
I like those dresses!
Adj

Exercise A (p.114):
1. this bus
2. These questions
3. These sandwiches
4. This is…
5. These are
6. those
7. that
8. That taxi
9. Those
10. That

********************************
SELF-STUDY UNITS:
118
Unit 53 – Unit 58(p. 116 – p. 127)
UNIT 53
COUNTABLE NOUNS & UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS

I. COUNTABLE NOUNS
Nouns refer to something we can count or
know its quantity.
Use a, an, some, many.....

A book, two books

Many flowers

I. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
About something we can’t count the exact
number, for example, nouns about a
general thing (education, traffic, health,
love...), about material (wood, glass,
leather...), about liquid (water, milk,
juice...), about metal (gold, silver....)...

119
 !!!NOTES: money, furniture, equipment,
Fish, sheep...

***To count the exact number of

uncountable N , add the phrase:
a cup of tea, two cups of tea
a glass of...
a bottle of..
a kilo of...
a litre of...

EXERCISE A (p. 116):

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
advice
bread
coffee
cheese
news
toast (bread) / a toast
tea
luggage
sugar
120
money
milk
snow
homework
water
rain
information

EXERCISE B:
1. a slice of cheese
2. two pieces of advice
3. a bottle of milk
4. a difficult piece of homework
5. a glass of water
6. pieces of luggage
7. spoonfuls of sugar
8. forty litres/ liter of petrol
9. a piece of information
10. a kilo of coffee
-------------------------------------

UNIT 57: What is the difference between

possessive adjective and possessive
pronoun?
121
E.g. My house is in a beautiful
neighborhood. Yours is in a modern area.
He doesn’t care about your ability. Mine is
worth discussing.

possessive Adj + N ——— S, O

Possessive pronoun —— S, O
Possessive Adj + N = Possessive Pronoun
-------------------------------------
UNIT 58: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Subject Reflexive Pronoun

I myself
you yourself/yourselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
they themselves
122
  each other (between 2 people)
E.g. Tom and I are talking to each
other about Sarah.
 one another (among more than 2
people)
E.g. The students are discussing with
one another about a new topic.

****************************
UNIT 59: Direct and indirect Object

- Direct object modifies directly the

main verb in a sentence.
- Indirect object (person) adds more
information and modifies the verb
indirectly.
 Structures:
give sb sth = give sth to sb
send sb sth = send sth to sb
123
 show sb sth = show sth to sb
lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
offer sb sth = offer sth to sb

*cook sb sth = cook sth for sb

fetch sb sth = fetch sth for sb
get sb sth = get sth for sb
buy sb sth = buy sth for sb

Exercise A (p.128)
1. She offered Jim a cigarette.
2. He showed Mary his holiday
photographs.
3. Have you sent them an invitation?
4. Did you buy her a birthday present?
5. I gave a friend some of my CDs.
6,…., could you get me some stamps?

**********************************

124
 VOCABULARY
Time expressions
Prepositions of time:
*at: at 2 o’clock at weekend
at 5 p.m at night
at Christmas
*on: on Monday
on Thursday afternoon
on December 4th ,2020
on Tet holiday
on Thanksgiving day
*in: in July
in 1998
in (season): in summer, winter...
***Talking about time:
5.15 : two fifteen am/pm
a quarter past two. (past : hơn)
a quarter = 15 minutes
half = 30 minutes
-6.30: half past six o’clock
125
 six thirty a.m./p.m.
- 4.50: four fifty am/pm
fifty past four
ten to five. (5 giờ kém 10phút)
( ten minutes and the it’s 5 o’clock )

--------------------------
* NOTE: Pronunciation of YEAR
1996: nineteen ninety six
1908: nineteen oh eight
2020: two thousand and twenty
1800: eighteen hundred

Direction/Prepositions of movement
From...to
On/in/at
In front of ------ behind
Under
Between/ in the middle
On the left/right
Next to/near
*************************
126
 UNIT 25
PREFIX: the letters at the beginning of a
rootword to make a new word.
Interesting ### uninteresting
Polite ### impolite
Regular ### irregular
SUFFIX: the letters at the END of a rootword
to make a new word.
Move ----- movement
(v) (noun)
economy ------ economic
Homework: Do exercises in UNIT 27, 29, 30,
31, 32

UNIT 27: Words you may confuse

*Similar sounds:
quite (adv) ---- quiet (adj)
lose (v) ---- loose (adj)
fell (v-past) --- felt (v -past)

cooker (n) --- for things

cook (n) --- person
127
cook (v)

*Structures:
*lend sb sth / lend sth to sb: cho ai mượn cái
gì

*borrow N/N phrase: mượn ai cái gì

borrow sth from sb:

*VOCABULARY TOPICS:

UNIT 28: Birth, Marriage, Death

UNIT 29: Family/ Family relationship
(possessive: ‘s )
UNIT 30: Parts of a body
UNIT 31: Clothes
Noun about clothes
Plural Noun: trousers, socks, shorts, glasses…

*get dressed >< get undressed

put clothes on >< take clothes off
128
*wear clothes/ a hat/ earrings/ glasses/
shoes…

UNIT 32: Describing people

Appearance:
- height: tall, short…
- looks: beautiful, handsome, good-
looking…
- age: old, young, middle-aged
- Long/short hair, dark/fair skin, blue eyes,
fair complexion, beard, moustache, …

!!!NOTE: pay attention to cultural issues

when you describe others:
E.g. NOT saying “You look so fat!”
---- “You look so chubby!”

************************************
GRAMMAR
129
 UNIT 60: Much, many; How much/How
many; more…

Many + Countable N, plural form

Much + Uncountable N

?: How many + Countable N, plural form

…..?
How much + Uncountable N …..?

*Note: Normally use “many”, “much” in

negative sentences or questions.

*more + uncountable
countable N, plural form

E.g. Do you want some more orange juice?

He doesn’t want any more problems.

READ UNIT 61-UNIT 64 in advance!!!

130
 Some any
in positive
sentence in negative and question

both with countable and uncountable nouns

**********************************

UNIT 61: A lot of/lots of; a little; a few

- We often use “a lot of/lots of/ a plenty

of ..” in positive sentences.

a lot of/ lots of + Countable N; plural N

+ Uncountable N

Quantifiers
a few +
few Countable
a number of N
a little +Uncountable
131
 little
N
an amount of

*few/ little : used in a positive sentence,

but negative meaning.

E.g. Few students volunteer to take part

in this activity. (a small number of
students…)
There is little milk left in the fridge.
(We have almost run out of it. / not
enough milk to drink).

Exercise D (p. 133):

1. wrong (travels --- travel)
2. right
3. wrong (a little --- some/ a few)
4. wrong (are --- is)
5. right
6. wrong (a few --- a little)
7. right
8. wrong (a little --- a few)
132
 ---------------------------------------------------
UNIT 62: Something, anybody, nothing,
etc.
*Something/ anything
Somebody/anybody/someone/ anyone
Somewhere/ anywhere
----- (in positive sentences, positive
meaning)
!Note: anybody/ anyone/ anywhere ---
used in negative sentences or Yes/No
questions.
E.g. Is there anybody here?

*Everything = all things

Everybody/ everyone = all people
everywhere = all places

*Nobody/no one
Nothing

133
Nowhere ----(in positive sentences, but
negative meaning)

!!!NOTE: “Somebody/something….” are used

like the 3rd person singular subject.
E.g. Something made her upset.
Somebody gives me a letter every
weekday.
Everyone is happy for her success.
Nothing is impossible.

*********************************
UNIT 63: Every/each;
one/another/other/others

1. Every/each:
- Every/each + singular -- 3rd person
singular Subject
E.g. Every/each person has to wear a mask
when he/she goes out.

134
*Each + of + the + plural N:
E.g. I revise each of the lessons every day.

!!!NOTE:
…each (ticket) costs the same.
Tickets each cost the same.

*One of + the + plural N:

E.g. One of my friends is from Hanoi.

*Another + singular N = another one

Other + Plural N = other ones
E.g. Give me another book, please.
I still have many other collections.

*The/possessive/quantifier other + singular N

(mentioned before)
The/possessive/quantifier other + plural N
(not mentioned before )
*The others = other + plural N: (the other
people/things)
135
 *each other ----- one another
(2 people) (more than 2 people)

e.g, - Sam and Mary often help each other

do the housework.

The people in the team are talking to one

another about the upcoming show.

*Read UNIT 64: All, most, some, none

----- Self-study

EXERCISES:

TEST F: Articles , Nouns, Pronouns…

Exercise A:
1. the piano
2. an hour
3. the book
136
4. Friends, music
5. a free CD of piano, the world

Exercise B:
1. nothing
2. everywhere
3. somewhere
4. everyone
5. nobody
6. anybody

Exercise C:
1. a
2. the
3. the
4. an
5. #
6. #
7. #
8. the
9. the
10. #
11. the
12. a
13. the
137
Exercise D:
1. P
2. How much luggage
3. P
4. How much is it…?
5. any presents
6. some
7. P
8. P
9. a few things
10. some advice
11. P
12. a few
13. a little
14. much

Exercise E:
1. that
2. there’s
3. yours
4. me
5. yourself
138
6. some
7. them
8. ones
9. there
10. mine
11. them
12. one

*********************************
UNIT 65: ADJECTIVES (Order)
What is the use and form of ADJ in
English?
You should have an overview of what
you have learned so far.

OVERVIEW

1. USE
Adjs are used to express
----- state, quality, appearance,
characteristics/personality, sb’s
feeling, manner (Adv)
139
2. FORM
Root word Adj suffixes
Verb -ful/ less
Noun -al
-ive
-able (probable)
-ible (incredible)
-y
-ly
-ic

E.g. beauty (n) -- beautiful (adj)

3. Adjective order
- Adjective order is used when many
adjectives come before a NOUN.
E.g. This is an old Italian car.

NOT: This is an old and Italian car.

140
 - It’s a new and blue bag.
---incorrect
Correct--- It’s a new blue bag.

Correct--- This bag is new and blue.

You should take a photo of Adjective

order so that it’s easier for you to
remember!

size + age + colour + nationality + material

a small new brown Italian leather handbag

*State Verbs + Adj:

look
feel
taste + Adj
smell
sound
141
seem/appear to be

Exercise B (p.142):
1. long time
2. tall
3. old
4. free
5. Be careful! (Watch out!)
6. busy
7. valuable possessions
8. good
9. late

Exercise C (p.143):
1. sounds
2. smell
3. looked
4. feel
5. look
6. sounds

Exercise D (p.143):
142
1. green cotton, P
2. modern Spanish
3. P, large black
4. young Polish
5. new Japanese
6. correct

**********************************
UNIT 66: ADJECTIVES: -ed or -ing

Adj - ed Adj - ing

express how you express your
really feel. opinion, comment,
attitude towards
somebody or
something.

E.g.
He’s a very boring man. That’s the reason
why he hasn’t had a girlfriend yet.

143
 I feel very excited when I take part in
volunteering activities.

---------------------------------------------------
UNIT 67: CARDINAL and ORDINAL
NUMBERS
*Cardinal Numbers:
168: one hundred and sixty eight
4629: four thousand six hundred and
twenty nine.

*Ordinal Numbers:
What’s the date today?
Today is December, 7th 2021.
(two thousand and twenty one)
(twenty twenty-one)
1905: nineteen oh five
1999: nineteen ninety-nine
1800: eighteen hundred.

************************************
144
 UNIT 68: COMPARISON
Equal Comparison (So sánh ngang bằng)
Adjective:
S1 + am/is/are (not) + as adj as + S2
was/were

E.g. My car is as expensive as hers.

I’m not as rich as him.

Adverb:
S1 + V(present/past) + as adv as + S2
E.g. I don’t run as fast as John.
(he does).

*as many + Plural, Countable N + as

as much + Uncountable N + as

E.g. She doesn’t have as many friends as me.

He didn’t earn as much money as his
friends.
**********************************
145
 UNIT 69: Too and Enough

Too & enough

(quá) (vừa đủ)
- Too + adj/adv: too hot, too slowly,…
too many + countable N, plural: too many cars,
….
too much + uncountable N : too much noise
- Adj/adv + enough: warm enough, quickly enough
- Enough + N: enough time/money

Structures:
*Be + too + adj + for somebody (object) + to-
infinitive
We can’t go out and play games because it’s too
cold.
= It’s too cold for us to go out and play games.
= It’s not warm enough for us to go out and play
games.

*Be + adj + enough + for sb + to-infinitive

The room is big enough for them to have a party.

UNIT 70: So and Such

*So + Adj/Adv:
146
E.g. This girl is so beautiful!
He speaks English so well/fluently!

*so many + countable N; plural form

so much + uncountable N

*Structure:
S + be + so + Adj + that + clause: đến nỗi mà
S + V + so + Adv + that + clause…

E.g: It was so cold that we couldn’t go out.

*such + N/ Noun phrase

*Structure:
S+ be + such + N/N phrase + that + clause

E.g. It was such a wonderful trip that we

won’t never forget.

*such + a lot of + Countable/Uncountable N.

147
Exercise A (p.152):
1. such
2. so
3. such
4. so
5. such
6. such
7. so
8. so

Exercise D (p.153):
1. She worked so slowly that she didn’t finish
the exam.
2. The camera was so expensive that we
didn’t buy it.
3. Paul was so tired that he didn't go out.
4. The holes were so small that Peter couldn't
see them.
5. There was so much food that I couldn’t
finish it.
*************************************
148
UNIT 71-72: Comparative Adjectives
Superlative Adjectives

Grammar 1:
*Comparative and superlative adjectives:
(Tính từ So sánh hơn và so sánh nhất)
Comparative Superlative
Short adj: Adj-er …than the Adj-est
(1 syllable)
Long Adj: more + Adj …than the most Adj
(2-3 syllables)
*RULE: Change Adj ---- Adj-er/ the Adj-est
1. Normally, Adj --- +er/ + est :
tall --- taller, cheap ---- cheaper, tall --- the tallest…
2. One-syllable Adjs end in “e” ---- + r/ +st
nice – nicer, large – larger ; nice --- the nicest
3. One-syllable Adjs end in 1 Vowel (u, e, o, a, i) + 1 consonant:
--Double final consonant ---- + er/ + est
big – bigger, thin—thinner, hot---hotter, fat --- fatter…
big --- the biggest,….
4. Two-syllable Adjs end in “y, et, le, ow, er” ---- + er/ est
happy – happier ; --- the happiest
easy – easier ; ---- the easiest
noisy --- noisier
quiet – quieter
simple – simpler
narrow – narrower
clever – cleverer

5. Irregular: Comparative Superlative

good ---- better --------the best
149
 Bad ----- worse ------- the worst
Many/much ---- more ----- the most
Little --------- less ---------- the least
Far ------ farther/further ----- the farthest/furthest

!Note: use some words before comparative or superlative

adjectives.
A bit, a little, much, far, a lot
E.g. much/far/ a lot faster !NOT very faster

*one of the Superlative Adjs

He’s one of the most intelligent students in
my class.
This is the most delicious food I’ve ever
tasted.

Exercise B (p.157):
1. the worst hotel
2. the funniest
3. the tallest
4. the best
5. the most beautiful

150
Much
How much------ uncountable N

Many
How many --------- countable N

A lot of/lots of -------- both Countable N

(plural Ns) and uncountable N

A few --------- countable N

A little ----------- uncountable

Something, somebody, anything, anybody

Someone/anyone ------ the verb is changed
like after the third singular SUBJECT
(She/he/it)
E.g. Somebody/someone was at the meeting.
Something is burning in the kitchen!

Nobody, no one, nothing in positive sentence

and with third person singular Verb.
151
Everybody,everyone, everything with third
person singular Verb.
E.g, Everyone is excited to see the film star.

***Distinguish(find the differences)

Every/each; one/another/other/others

Every/each + singular N
Each of + plural N: each of the students
One of + plural N: one of the most interesting
things

*Another + singular N: another paper

*other + plural N: other subjects

another one; other ones

*the other one
*the others: the other people/things

*********************************

UNIT 73: ADVERBS (1): Adj and Adv

152
 ADVERBS = Adjectives + ly

Some types of adverbs:

 Adv of frequency: never, sometimes,
often…
 Adv of place: here, there
 Adv of direction: upwards, down, out,
inside, outside, abroad, ahead, away....
 Adv of sequence: first(ly), second(ly),
third(ly), finally…
Then, next, afterwards, after that

***NOTE: Rule Adj + ly = Adv

1. Some adjs + ly = Adv
careful --- carefully
quick --- quickly
2. Adjs end in “y” --- ily
happy --- happily
3. Adjs end in “ble” --- bly
comfortable --- comfortably
4. Irregular:
153
(+) Same Adj – Adv: fast – fast; hard – hard
(+). good – well

*The comparison forms of Adverb are similar

to the comparison forms of Adjective:
the most quickly
good ---well --- better
bad --- badly --- the worst
fast --- the fastest
hard --- the hardest
UNIT 74: ADVERBS (2):
Adverbs of frequency
(0%)
never – hardly ever – rarely/seldom –
sometimes/now and then – often – normally
– usually – always (100%).

*Position of Adv of frequency in the

sentence:
after “to be”
before verb in positive sentence
154
after auxiliary verb, before verb in negative
sentence.
“sometimes”: can be at the beginning of the
sentence.

*Expressions of frequency:
every…
once a day/month
twice ---------
three times a month….

UNIT 75: ADVERBS (3):

Place, direction, sequence
 Place:
here, there, over there, over here
 Direction:
abroad, ahead, away, back, downstairs,
upstairs, in, out, inside, outside, nearby,
forwards/backwards, sideways.
*Direction to a place:

155
 straight, along, turn right/turn left, across,
on the left/right, to the left/right, as far
as…
 Sequence:
First, second, third…
Firstly, secondly, thirdly, …
Next, …
then,…
Afterwards, …./ After that + clause
Finally, …
Lastly, ….

HOMEWORK:
READ UNIT 76 – 77. Next time tell me or give
me examples of adverbs based on what you
have read.

*********************************

PREPOSITIONS
 Recognize prepositions in English:
156
 - 1 part of the sentence or clause or phrase.
- Position:
 in the middle of sentence (after verb);
 in/of the object,
 near the subject/ prepositional phrase
of the subject
 time/place expression at the
beginning/end of the sentence;
 at the beginning of the whole
sentence/clause (inverted clause)
E.g. On the table is a new laptop.

 Context to use prepositions:

Prepositions of time, place, movement, verb
+ prep, adj + prep (structures), phrasal
verbs…

“You have to classify or distinguish different

contexts to use prepositions so you can use
prepositions correctly!!!”

157
  Preps of place: in, at, on, near, in front
of, behind, under, above....
 Preps of movement: into, out of, off,
from, to, past, across, through...
 Preps of time:
In 2020, in December, in winter
At 3 p.m; at night; at Christmas; at
weekends
On Tuesday; On July 1st; on a holiday
On time: He’s on time for the meeting. (He
was here at 6.50, the meeting is 7.00)
In time: He’s in time for the meeting. (He
was here at 7.00, 7.02, the meeting is
7.00)

READ the list of prepositions and examples

in Units 78, 79, 81, 82 and do exercises.

*****************************
UNIT 80: As/like; as if/ as though
*As + noun (job/role/function):
He works as a teacher.
158
*As + noun:
I use it as a bag.
*As + clause:
As I told you, I’ll apply for that job.
*Collocation:
- As usual, …
- such as + N/N phrase
- the same as…

*Like/Unlike + Noun/ pronoun:

+ Like her mother, she is very good at
cooking.

*look, sound, taste, feel like + Noun/ pronoun

- He looks like his brother.
- It tastes like a famous dish.

*As if/As though + clause: như thể là (unreal

hypothesis – giả thuyết ko có thật)
- He talks as if/as though he were my father.
- She acted as though she had known how to
use this machine.
159
- John says as if he would buy everything.

UNIT 81: In; with; Preposition + V-ing

 In + clothes
E.g. She looks beautiful in a long dress.
In + manner (N phrase)
E.g. My mother told me to try to study in
an encouraging way.
In + material/ substance
E.g. The letter was written in ink.
In + language
E.g. She could speak in four languages
fluently.
Mary can read and write in Spain.

 With + part of a body

E.g. John looks stronger with a nice body.
He looks manly/handsome with a beard.
With + part of something
E.g. The car looks so big with their wheels.
I have a smart phone with a storage
of 64/128/256 GB.
160
 With + a tool/machine
E.g. I wrote that letter with a fountain
pen.
!!!Note: I opened that tin by hand.
 By + V-ing
E.g. By looking for the resources on the
internet, he could complete the report.
 Without + V-ing/ N
E.g. They left without saying goodbye to
everyone.

UNIT 82: Other uses of Prepositions

 Collocation (fixed phrases):
at the beginning/end of
at last
at once

by + means of transport: by car

on sb’s bike
in one’s car
by cheque
161
by credit card
in cash
by phone
by post/ email/ fax
by mistake/ by chance/ by accident

for sale # on sale

for example/ for instance
for ever (forever)/ for good/ ever and ever
in advance
in a hurry
in fashion…

on business/ on holiday
on strike
on fire
except for + N/V-ing
instead of + N/V-ing
…….
EXERCISE B:

162
1. in
2. in capitals (ABCE…)
3. by post
4. by credit card, by cheque, in cash
5. by email

EXERCISE C:
1. at once
2. For example
3. in charge
4. by mistake/ by chance/ by accident
5. At first,
6. on holiday
7. forever / for ever

EXERCISE D:
1. In
2. on
3. in (To be/fall in love with)
4. except for (but)
5. on

UNIT 83: VERB + Preposition

PHRASAL VERBS:
163
wait for
listen to
belong to
apply for
depend on/upon

*discuss sth
*discuss with sb about sth:
*ask sb for sth
*agree with sb on/upon sth

arrive at/in (= reach)

E.g. I’ve just arrived at the library.
He arrived in a new city after graduation.

look at
look for
look after:

*talk to sb about sth

*pay sb for sth
pay for sth
164
pay the bill

Exercise A (p.180):
1. for
2. to
3. for
4. about
5. x
6. for
7. x
8. on
9. x
10. with
11. for
12. to

UNIT 84: ADJECTIVE + Preposition

(Structures)
- To be interested in
- To be fond of
- To be excited about
165
- To be good at --- To be keen on
- To be excel in sth
- To be brilliant at sth
- To be afraid of --- To be frightened of
- To be angry with sb
- To be annoyed with sb
- To be busy with N/ To be busy doing sth
- To be careless with
- Be careful of sth
- To be cruel to
- To be famous for
- To be full of
- To be grateful to sb for sth
- To be kind to
- To be lucky at N/V-ing
- To be proud of sb/sth
- To be certain/sure about
- To be surprised at/by
- To be sick of
- To be tired of/from

166
*To be/get used to + V-ing: quen với việc gì
To be familiar with N/V-ing
To be accustomed to N/V-ing

!!!NOTE: No preposition
To be busy + V-ing:

*It’s no good/no use + V-ing: làm gì là ko có

tác dụng/ ý nghĩa
It’s not worth + V-ing:
There’s no point in + V-ing:

167
Do you prefer living in the city to living in the
country side?
Song: Old Mcdonald had a farm (animals)

TEST H: Prepositions
(45 minutes)
(70 questions * 0.15 point = 10 )
Each of you finish all the exercises in the test.
Then you will exchange your exercises (peer-
reviewed work)
I’ll give the answers to you, so you will mark
your partner’s exercises.

168
169
170
***********************************************************************

VERBS

UNIT 85: Have and Have got

171
- We use have got in spoken and informal written English. We
don’t use have got in American English.
- We don’t use have got in the Past simple -- use have in the
Past Simple.
I had a bike when I was young. (NOT I had got a bike when
I was young.)

Have --- in formal written English and

American English
Have got --- in spoken English

Form HAVE HAVE GOT

Positive I/you/we/theyI/you/we/they have
have got (I’ve got)
He/he/it has He/he/it has got
(He’s got)
Negative I/you/we/they I/you/we/they
don’t have haven’t got
He/he/it doesn’t He/she/it hasn’t got
have
Questions (Wh) + do + (Wh) + have +
I/you/we/they + I/you/we/they +
have…? got…?
(Wh) + does + (Wh) + has +
he/she/it + he/she/it + got…?
have…?
172
 E.g.
– My mother has/has got a new phone.
- We don’t have much free time. (Present)
= We haven’t got much free time.
(Present)
- Do you have a big umbrella?
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
= Have you got a big umbrella?
Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.

*************************************

UNIT 86:
Common verbs: Make, do, have, get

COLLOCATIONS (Fixed phrases)

MAKE

Make a phone call

make a mistake (mistakes)
make noise
173
make the bed (=arrange things on the bed in a tidy
way)
make friends

make a sandwich/breakfast
make a fire
make a cup of coffee

DO
do exercises
do aerobics
do the washing-up/some (the) shopping
do the housework
do (my) homework

HAVE
have breakfast/lunch/dinner
have a shower
have a cold/flu/a headache/a sore throat….
(diseases)
have an exam = take an exam
have a meeting

GET
get tired/worried
174
get excited
get better = feel better
get dressed = put on clothes
get angry with sb/sth
get wet
get hot/cold
get lost
get married = marry

*STRUCTURES:

Make + sb/sth + adj: khiến cho ai/việc gì trở nên…

His final results made his parents very happy.

Have/Make + sb + do sth: = ask sb to do sth: yêu cầu

ai đó làm gì

Our manager had made us finish all the work before

we went home.
= Our manager had asked us to finish
-------------------------------------------.

Exercise A (p.188) :
1. gets
2. get
175
3. do
4. made
5. did
6. got
7. gets
8. Could I make a quick phone call, please?
9. make
10. made
11. are getting
12. got.

VOCABULARY * UNIT 41: TRAVELLING

Homework: at the beginning of the next class, I will
call one or two of you to talk about this topic
(5minutes):
How do you prefer travelling, by train/bus or by
plane or other types of transport?
I prefer traveling by bus for some reasons.
First, ......
Next, .....
176
....

UNIT 43: FOOD AND DRINK

Homework: at the beginning of the next class, I will
call one or two of you to talk about this topic
(5minutes):
What is your favorite food and drink? Tell about it.
*******************************************

UNIT 87:
PHRASAL VERBS (1): meanings and types
3 types
= verb + 1 preposition/adverb
(separated)
= verb + 1 adverb (not separated)
= verb + 1 adverb + preposition

Meaning:
Guess the meaning of phrasal verbs
through CONTEXT (ngữ cảnh).
---- Study phrasal verbs in contexts or in
177
sentences.

Bring up = take care of/grow

E.g. They brought up two children.

calm down --- Calm down! you shouldn’t be so angry!

cross out = delete sth

fill in (a form/paper)

Find out = discover

give in = submit, surrender (accept to lose)

give up = stop doing sth/not continue

give out = display

look up = check, find (look up new words)

pick up = take sb (pick me up at 6p.m)

point out —— He points out that water pollution is a

serious problem in our city.

178
pull off = restrain (stop doing sth, but you want to
continue)

put away = throw away

put through = make connection (telephone)

take off —— The plane has just taken off.

I took my coat off.

try on —— Try clothes on at the shop!

turn off the light >< turn on

work out = try your best to do sth / do exercise

strongly

break down = destroy, turn sth into small parts, not

working
E.x. My car broke down yesterday.

get off = get out of sth – get off the car

go on = continue, happen

179
*go out ---- We often go out at the weekend (go
somewhere).
---- He went out with a beautiful girl last month.
(loved) = dating

hang about = hang around ---- Let’s hang about for a

few minutes! (wait and do some unnecessary thing)

look out ---- Be careful!

set off --- start a trip/journey

show up --- appear

stay up ---- Don’t stay up late! You should go to bed

before 11 p.m! Your liver works from 11p.m to 1 a.m
so that toxic things come out of your body!

turn out --- He turned out to be a rich man after the

wedding.

turn up --- turn up the volume! I can’t hear anything!

>< turn down the volume

*Look forward to sth/doing sth

180
*do away with sb ---- murder sb/kill sb
sth ----- destroy sth

face up to --- try to face/solve a problem

run out of ----- do not have anything left.

e.g. We ran out of sugar! I’ll go to buy
some.

look up to ---- try to figure out / find out sth

---- admire sb/respect sb
e.g. They looked up to their teacher who
taught them a lot of new knowledge.

give out = distribute/deliver

Keep off ----- avoid (Keep off the grass!!!)

call in = visit

come about ---- happen

cut down --- reduce
drop in ----- distribute/ pass/ visit
(Drop in my house for a few minutes!)
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hang on ---- hold on (you wait to meet sb on the
phone)

stay in ---- stay overnight

put up with ----- stand sth/sb

pay in ------ put some money in the bank (deposit)

sort out ---- arrange/ classify

come up with ---- invent, find out

come out ---- appear

call off ------ delay, postpone

take after ----- like, similar as

see sb off ----- say goodbye (at the station)

go up ----- increase, rise

*get along with = get on well with = to be in harmony

with sb : -------(have a good relationship with sb)
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UNIT 88: Phrasal Verbs (2): separability
1. Separated Phrasal verb:
Verb + 1 adverb/preposition
= Verb + object/pronoun + 1 adverb/preposition

E.g. He put on a suit and a hat.

= He put a suit and a hat on.
= He put them on.
Examples:
break off, carry on, draw out, get off, give up,
know down, lay off, let out, make up, pay in, put
on, rub out, set up, shut down, sort out….

2. Not separated Phrasal verb:

= Verb + 1 adverb
= Verb + 1 adverb + 1 preposition
Examples:
call in, come about, cut down, drop in, go on,
hang on, look out, stay in…
put up with, do away with, face up to, get away
with, look forward to…
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---------------------------------------------------------------
VOCABULARY
Describe something/place
Describe a living room
(at least 5 sentences)

There is a/an/some.....
There are .....

*Prepositions of place:
in, at, on, under, above, between,
opposite, near, next to, in front of,
behind, in the middle of ..., in the
corner .....

-----------------------------------------------
184
UNIT 89 & UNIT 90:
PASSIVE SENTENCES (PASSIVE VOICE)
Read the theories in your course book, and
then make a table of passive voice in all the
tenses you have learnt.
I. USE:
- We use passive voice to emphasize the
object of the action.
passive voice appears a lot in technical
writings. e.g. how a machine is produced,
…
E.g.
We did all the work yesterday evening. (Active)
S O
All the work was done yesterday evening (by us).
(passive)
S O

II. FORM:

Tenses Active Passive

1.Present V/Ves Am/is/are + Pii(past participle
simple
185
2. Present Am/is/are + Am/is/are + being + Pii
continuous V-ing
3.Present Have/has + Have/has + been + Pii
Perfect Pii
4. Past Ved/ Was/were + Pii
Simple irregular V
5. Past Was/were + Was/were + being + Pii
continuous V-ing
6. Past Had + Pii Had + been + Pii
Perfect
7. Future
Will/shall + Will/shall + be + Pii
- Simple
V(base)
Future Am/is/are + going to + be + Pii
Am/is/are +
- Near
going to + V
future
(base)
8. Future Will have + Will have + been + Pii
perfect Pii
9. Modal Can/could/ Can/could/
verbs may/ may/ might/must/
might/must/ should/ought to + be + Pii
should/ought
to + V (base)

***NOTE: NO PASSIVE voice for these tenses:

186
 The present perfect continuous
The past perfect continuous
The future perfect continuous
The future continuous

Exercise A (p.194):
1. are held
2. is spoken
3. was written
4. are checked
5. was built
6. are sold
7. were produced
8. was founded

Exercise C (p.197):
1. are made
2. was being built
3. must be finished
4. have been cleaned
5. were broken
6. has been stolen

****************************
UNIT 91:
187
*STRUCTURE: have / get something + Pii
(somebody does/did/ has done/ will do
the action, not you)

- I’ll get/have my hair cut tomorrow.

(Tomorrow somebody will cut your hair).
- We had our house painted last Monday.
(We asked somebody to paint our house)

************************************************

VOCABULARY * UNIT 50: HOLIDAY

Homework: at the beginning of the next class, I will
call one or two of you to talk about this topic
(5minutes):
Tell about yout last holiday.

Where did you go last holiday?

Who did you go with?
How did you go there?
What did you do there?
How long did you stay there?....
******************************************

UNIT 92-Unit 94-Unit 96:

188
Infinitive with/without to
*Verb + to Infinitive:
want, agree, forget, hope, arrange, decide, promise,
offer, plan, try, learn, afford, deserve, seem,
pretend, arrange, dare, mean, … + to + infinitive

UNIT 96: Verb + object + (to) infinitive

*STRUCTURES:
1. To infinitive:
Ask sb to do sth: —— make a request
want sb to do sth
would like to do sth
tell sb to do sth
help sb to do sth
advise sb to do sth
allow sb to do sth
invite sb to do sth
forbid sb to do sth
remind sb to do sth --- remind sb of sth/N
teach sb to do sth
encourage sb to do sth
persuade sb to do sth

189
2. Infinitive (without “to”):

make sb V(base): == force sb to do sth

let sb V(base) = allow sb to do sth

FEEL, HEAR, SEE, WATCH

*See sb V (infinitive without “To”)
*See sb Ving
E.g . I saw him move his big table into my room.
(I saw all of his action of moving the table, I
saw from beginning to the end of the
action)

I saw him falling from the ladder.

(I happened to see him falling, in the middle
of the action).
———————————————————
UNIT 93 & Unit 94: Verb + -ing; like and
would like
*Verb + V-ing:

190
like, dislike, enjoy, love, keep, finish, stop, mind,
hate, avoid, practice, give up, imagine… +
V-ing form.

*would like + to infinitive

would love
would hate
would prefer

E.g. request/invitation
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?
Yes, I’d love to.
No, thanks.

*go + V-ing: (Collocations)

go shopping/swimming/dancing/skiing/cycling/..

3. To infinitive & Infinitive (without “to”):

begin/ like/ continue/ love/ hate/ prefer/

intend/ start + to V/V-ing

191
TRY, REMEMBER, FORGET + to V/ V-ing
 TRY to do: cố gắng làm gì
TRY doing: thử làm gì
E.g.
- I tried to study English hard. (= I made an
attempt to ….)
- He tried cooking spaghetti. (He did it and saw
what happened/ to test the result)

 Remember to do: nhớ để làm (chưa làm)

Remember doing: nhớ đã làm gì

 Forget to do: quên chưa làm gì

Forget doing: quên đã làm việc gì

———————————————————
UNIT 95: Purpose: for + V-ing
Question: (Câu hỏi về mục đích)
What…for?
Answer: - To infinitive
- For V-ing

E.g. What is this tool for?

192
 It’s for cutting grass.
What do you study English for?
To get a good job.

*Purpose: To V (mệnh đề chỉ mục đích)

- We go to the supermarket to buy some clothes.

****************************************

UNIT 97 – UNIT 99 (p.212-216):

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
4 Types of conditional sentences:

*Group 1: REAL conditional

(something can/may happen...;
possible hypothesis)

1. Zero conditional:
If clause Main clause
Present simple Present simple

E.g: If you stay up late too much, you get

tired.
193
 2. First conditional :
If clause Main clause
Present simple Simple future
(will/can/may/might) +
V (base)

E.g: If I have free time, I will go out with my

friends.
If my father has a day off, he will take us
to the zoo.

*Group 2: UNREAL conditional

(something can’t happen...;
impossible hypothesis)

3. Second Conditional: something is not

real/contrast to the present.

If clause Main clause

Past simple: Would/could + V
Ved/irregular V (base)
S + Were/weren’t

E.g. If I were you, I would not marry her.

194
 If he had a lot of money, he would go
abroad. (= In fact, he doesn’t have much
money).
4. Third Conditional: something is not
real/contrast to the past.

If clause Main clause

Past Perfect: Would/could/should
Had + Pii have + Pii

E.g. - If I had come to the meeting early, I

wouldn’t have missed the chance to talk to
him.
(In fact, I came to the meeting late)
- If you had finished all the homework, you could
have got better scores.
(In fact you got low scores because you
didn’t finish your homework.)

!!!NOTE: WISH
1. “Wish” in the present:
main clause: Past simple (Ved/irregular V;
Were/weren’t)
- I wish I were a billionaire.
195
 2. “Wish” in the past:
main clause: Past perfect (had +Pii)

- She wished she had won the first prize.

(In fact, she won the second prize)

3. “Wish” in the future:

main clause: would/could + V (base)
- I wish I would be on holiday tomorrow.

****************************************
UNIT 100 – UNIT 102 (p.218-222):
REPORTED SPEECH (Indirect Speech)
What is the rule to make a reported speech?
To change a direct speech into an indirect (reported) speech:

REPORTED VERBs: say, tell, state, speak, reply, notice,

insist, think, report, allege, ....

1. Reported verbs in present tense:

Mary: “I like going shopping in my free time”—direct
speech

Mary says she likes going shopping in her free time.

196
 ***RULE:
 Change the subject (I---- he/she)
 Possessive adjective (my ----- his/her)
 Time expressions:
today --------- that day
now ---------- then
yesterday -------- previous day
tomorrow --------- next day/ the following day
this week ------- that week
ago ---------- before/earlier
here ---------- there
last ---------- previous
this ---------- that
these --------- those

2. Reported verbs in the past:

***RULE: Change the subject, possessive adjective,
time expressions, TENSE of the sentence.
“ONE TENSE BACK” !!!
E.g.
Tom: “I have been to many countries in the world”
--- Tom said that he had been to many countries in the
world.
My sister: “I am going to graduate from the university
next month”
--- My sister told that she was going to graduate from the
university the following month.
Sarah: “I’ll help you with your housework”.
--- Sarah said that she would help me with my housework.
197
 The dentist: “I can check your teeth next time when you
come again”.
---- The dentist insisted that he could check my teeth the
following time when I came again.

!!!NOTE:
“Could, might, ought to, should, would” NO CHANGE
The past perfect, past perfect continuous

3. DIRECT Special sentence: Request, offer, advice, imperative

...
 Use structures to write the reported/indirect speech.
The teacher says to the students: “Sit down, please”
--- The teacher asks the students to sit down.

My parents told me: “ You should go to bed early and get up

early.”
--- My parents advised me to go to bed early and get up early.

4. Questions in Reported Speech:

*** RULE: Change the subject, possessive adjective,
time expressions, TENSE of the sentence.
“ONE TENSE BACK” !!!
 The order of question : …to be/auxiliary + S + V…?
 The order of the question in reported speech:
…wh-word + S + V +…
… if + S + V +…
4.1. Wh-questions:

E.g. Tom: “Where are you living now?”

198
--- Tom asked me where I was living then.
Jenny asked her boyfriend: “How often do you go to the
gym?”
--- Jenny asked her boyfriend how often he went to the gym.

4.2. Yes-No Questions:

E.g. My mother asked me: “Do you like shopping at weekend?”

--- My mother asked me if I liked shopping at weekend.
The teacher asked: “Have you done all your homework yet?”
---- The teacher asked if we/I had done all our homework.

*RULE : ONE TENSE BACK

Direct speech Indirect speech
1. Present simple (do) Past simple (did)
2. Present continuous Past continuous
(am/is/are doing) (was/were doing)
3. Present Perfect Past Perfect
(have/has done) (had done)
4. Present Perfect continuous Past Perfect continuous
(have/has been doing) (had been doing)
5. Past simple (did) 1- Past (did)
2- Past Perfect
(had done)
6. Past continuous 1- Past continuous
(was/were doing) (was/were doing)Past
2- Perfect continuous
(had been doing)
7. Near future Future in the past
199
(am/is/are going to do) (was/were going to do)
8. Simple future Future in the past
(will/shall do) (would do)
9. Future continuous Future continuous in the past
(will be doing) (would be doing)
10. Future Perfect Future Perfect in the past
(will/shall have done) (would have done)

Homework:
Exercises P.217 – P223
Test J: Conditionals and reported speech (p. 224-225)

****************************************
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_mFlafGyy8

UNIT 107 – UNIT 109 (p.234-238):

RELATIVE CLAUSES

How many types of relative clauses are there?

2 types of Relative Clause:

 Defining relative clause
 Non-defining relative clause

200
Which, that, who, whose, when, and where clauses
- A clause: S, V, O
- A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun.
- Relative pronouns:
For person: who, that, whom, whose (possession)+N
For thing: that, which
For time/ place: when, where (adverbials)

Subject who that which

Object whom that which

- This is the man who works in a foreign company.

(defining relative clause)
- My brother, who is interested in rock music, has just joined
the school band. (non-defining relative clause)

There are 2 types of relative clauses:

1. Defining relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)

It gives necessary/essential information to clarify the noun.
E.x: He is the man who gave me the present.

2. Non-defining relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ ko xác

định):
It gives extra information to help us know more.

E.x: Mary, who is a high school teacher, usually goes to the

market in the afternoon.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEFINING/NON

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

201
Defining relative clause Non-defining relative
clause
- Can’t be omitted. - Can be omitted.
- No commas - Use commas. ,…,
- Relative pronoun: - Relative pronoun: who,
who, which, whose, which, where, when,
where, when, why. why.
- That/who/ which NOT ‘that’.
- We can omit that/ - Use “which” to replace
who/which if it is the main clause.
the object, E.g. The e.g. He got a job in a
book (which/that) I big company, which
bought yesterday made his parents very
was 125.000 dongs. happy.

*Steps to combine simple sentences/clauses into complex

sentences including relative clauses:
Các bước kết hợp 2 câu đơn thành câu phức có mệnh đề
quan hệ:
 Step 1: Xác định thành phần trùng lặp của 2 mệnh đề.
 Step 2: Xác định mệnh đề nào đóng vai trò là MĐ chính
(chủ ngữ cần làm rõ hơn/hoặc đã rõ thông tin), MĐ còn
lại là MĐ quan hệ.
 Step 3: Xác định thành phần trùng lặp trong MĐ quan
hệ đó đóng vai trò là Chủ ngữ, hay tân ngữ
+ Nếu là chủ ngữ:-- dùng Who, which, that
+ Nếu là tân ngữ:  dùng Whom, which, (that)
 Step 4: Ghép 2 MĐề thành 1 câu, lược bỏ thành phần
trùng lặp trong MĐề được xác định là MĐề quan hệ và
thay bằng Đại từ quan hệ.
202
 !!!LƯU Ý: vị trí của MĐ quan hệ có thể xen giữa vào MĐ
chính, và Đại từ quan hệ đứng ngay sau danh từ chủ
ngữ/tân ngữ của MĐ chính mà nó làm rõ.
Examples:

1. Her book was published last year. It became a best seller.

= Her book, which became a best seller, was published last
year.

Chú ý:
Trong trường hợp đại từ quan hệ đóng vai trò tân ngữ thì có thể
lược bỏ trong mệnh đề quan hệ khi ghép 2 MĐề.

2. Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her.

= Brenda, whom I went on holiday with, is a friend.
Brenda, with whom I went on holiday, is a friend.
Brenda, I went on holiday with, is a friend.

3. The letter (which/that) I wrote yesterday was about my

house.
= The letter was about my house.
I wrote the letter/it yesterday.

4. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you for three hours

ago.
= Someone who looked for you for three hours ago is
phoning you.

5. This is the place. I grew up in this place. (nơi chốn)

= This is the place where I grew up.

203
6. The man is talking to my father. His son is a brilliant student.
= The man whose son is a brilliant student is talking to my
father.
-------------------------------------------------

Exercise A (p.234):
1. The dog which/that bit me belonged to Mrs Jones.
2. The womand who wrote to me wanted my advice.
3. The bus which/that crashed was twenty-three years old.
4. Ann talked to the man who had won a lot of money.
5. Mary was wearing the red dress (which/that) she wears for
parties.
6. He’s the architect who designed the new city library.

204