!

UNIT 01

TH E EARTH ANO ITS

REPRESENTATION

--
.....

chemical

- elements
in water,
hydrogen and oxygen,
are sorne of the most
abundant elements in
the Universe and in
living things.

.. MAKE IT! Maps are important because they are

graphic interpretations of the spaces around us, and
are usually much easier to understand than spoken
Draw a simple map ofyour route to school. Remember
to think about which landmarks to include and the
proper seale when drawing it.
directions.

-..
..
 S\SAY IT!
DO YOU KNOW THE STORY OF GOLDILOCKS AND THE THREE BEARS?
SCIENTISTS DECIDED TO USE THE TERM 'GOLDILOCKS ZONE'
TO DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE EARTH. DO YOU KNOW WHY?
KEPLER-186F IS THE FIRST 'GOLDILOCKS' PLANET WITH A SIMILAR SIZE
TO THE EARTH THAT SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND.

In groups of four, imagine you are aliens who live

on Kepler-186f. Two of you are scientists who have discovered
the planet Earth using a powerful telescop e. The other students are journalists.
Act out a press conference where journalists ask the scientists to explain why
the discovery is important and why they think this new planet
will be able to support life.

p POST IT! Find out more about the planets!

In groups, you are going to look for information to make
orbit around the Sun, and how long one day is on the
planet. Include other interesring information such as if
a fa.et file about one of the eight planets of our Solar humans have sent spacecraft or probes to your planet
System. Think about the planet's size and its distance and when, where it got its name, and if there is anything
from the Sun. Find out how long it takes to make one unique about your planet. Write a short biog post.
8 UNIT 1

Ql THE EARTH: A PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The stars in the Universe are grouped into systems. Systems are made up of
celestial bodies that revolve around a star. These systems then form larger
groups called galaxies. The Earth is in the Solar System, which is part of the
galaxy called the Milky Way.

The Sun is the star at the centre of our Solar System. Other celestial bodies orbit around the Sun.
These include the planets and satellites that orbit around them.

There are eight planets in the Solar The inner planets are Mercury, Venus, The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn,
System, classified into inner and outer Earth and Mars. They are closer to the Uranus and Neptune. They are very lar ge
planets. Sun and are made up of rocks. and mainl y consist of gases.

The Earth is the third-closest planet to the Sun, at a

distance of approximately 150,000,000 km. But in terms
of size, the Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Solar Northern Hemisphere ___
System. It has a surface area of 510,000,000 km'.
The Earth is a sphere, but not a perfect one as it is flatter diameter at the Equator:
at the poles. This shape is called a geoid. The widest part 12,756 km
of the planet is the Equator: an imaginary line that divides
diameter at the poles:
the Earth in two halves called hemispheres.
12,713 km

Southern Hemisphere ____

 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 9

PLANET EARTH

Our planet is formed of solid, liquid and gas elements. They are grouped into
three spheres: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the geosphere.

ATMOSPHERE

It is the g aseous layer that surrounds

the Earth. It is formed of a mixture of
gases, water vapour and tiny particles
in the air. It is essential for life. The
main meteorological phenomena
happen in the atmosphere.

HYDROSPHERE

It is the total amount of water on

Earth. Most of the water is salt water,
like in oceans and seas. The rest is
fresh water and most of this is found
in the ice c aps. We also find fresh
water in rivers, lakes, glaciers and in
groundwater.

GEOSPHERE

It is formed by solid elements, such as

rocks and minerals. It includes most of
the planet. Its outer part makes up the
surface of the continents and seabed.

There is also a fourth sphere on Earth, called the biosphere. It includes all the
living things that inhabit the planet. The biosphere extends over the Earth's
surface from I 0,000 m above sea level to a depth of 5,000 m in the oceans.
The E arth is the only planet in the Solar System with a biosphere. Some aspects
of the planet, such as its position in the Solar System and size, provide physical
conditions that make life possible. These conditions include:
• the average temperature of the Earth's surface. It is not too hot or too cold.
This is m ainly because of its distance from the Sun.
• the existence of an atmosphere. It protects the living things from solar

s
r adiation and contains oxygen necessary for life.
• the water on the planet, which is essential for all living things.

SPEAK Take it in t�rns to describe a planet

and guess its name.
KEY STRUCTURES: It is nearest to I close to I far from I made of ... ;
It is(n't) hot/ cold on ... ; inner, outer
10 UNIT 1

02 J MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH

The Earth rotates on an imaginary axis that runs through its North and South
poles. This movement is called rotation. It takes our planet 24 hours to
complete one rotation around its axis.

The Earth's rotation causes the succession of days and nights. This a !so creates
the transition from day to night (sunset or dusk) and from night to day (sunrise
or dawn).

On the side of the Earth --,,,�..­ ___ On the side of the Earth
lit by the Sun, it is day. not lit by the Sun, it is night.

speed of rotation:
1,674 km/h at the Equator

_______ The axis of rotation has an angle

of 23 ° 25' in relation to the Sun.

REVOLUTION

The Earth revolves around the Sun following an elliptical orbit. This movement
is called revolution. It takes our planet 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45
seconds to revolve around the Sun. This is called a solar year. The tilt of the
Earth's axis when it revolves around the Sun produces the seasons (autumn,
winter, spring and summer). These depend on the angle of the Sun's rays when
they reach the Earth's surface. If the Sun's rays hit the planet at an angle smaller
than 90 °, they are distributed over a larger surface area. This provides less
energy than if they are perpendicular.

The tilt of the Earth's axis causes the Sun's rays not to fall on the Northern and
Southern hemispheres in the same way. That is why seasons are opposite in 0 angle of the Sun's rays on the Earth
each hemisphere.

The hemisphere that is further away from the Sun receives the Sun's rays at a
smaller angle. This causes the rays to be spread out over a larger surface area,
which produces lowertemperatures. However, the Sun's rays hit the hemisphere
which is tilted towards the Sun at a more perpendicular angle. The Sun's energy
is more concentrated on asma Iler surface area, which causes higher temperatures.

SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES

The Sun's rays hit the Equator twice a year at a perpendicular angle (90° ), during the
equinoxes. During these times, day and night last the same amount of time and both
hemispheres receive the same amount of sunlight. The equinoxes mark the beginning of
the two transitional seasons: spring and autumn.
The moments when the Sun's rays hit the Earth at the widest angle are the solstices.
They mark the start of summer and winter.
 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 11

0 EQUINOX (20-21 MARCH):

• spring in the Northern Hemisphere
• autumn in the Southern Hemisphere

f) SOLSTICE (20-22 JUNE): 8 EQUINOX (22-23 SEPTEMBER): 0 SOLSTICE (20-23 DECEMBER):

• summer in the Northern Hemisphere • autumn in the Northern Hemisphere • winter in the Northern Hemisphere
• winter in the Southern Hemisphere • spring in the Southern Hemisphere • summer in the Southern Hemisphere

I TIME ZONES

S\SPEAK
It takes the Earth 24 hours to rotate 360 ° . This means that our planet rotates
15 ° every hour. Therefore, the Earth can be divided into 24 time zones of I 5 °
each. Scientists decided to establish the Greenwich Meridian, also called the
Prime Meridian, as a reference point. It is used to determine all other time In pairs, discuss how the
zones on the Earth. The time zones are not straight lines, as they adapt to number of hours of sunlight
borders between states. affects how you feel. Do you feel
different in the summer and in
the winter? Which time of year
do you prefer?
KEY STRUCTURES: ... make(s) me feel
... ; ... affects ... ; I (dis)like ... because ... ;
In the (summer) I can ...
KEY VOCABULARY: happy, tired, bored,
excited, sleepy

O We subtract an hour every 15 °

if we f) We add an hour every 15° if we are
are moving to the west, up to a moving to the east, up to a
maximum of 12 hours. maximum of 12 hours.
12 UNIT 1

03 [ ORIENTATION AND LOCATION

ORIENTATION

Thanks to the movement of rotation, we can know our location on the Earth's

j.,
surface using the four cardinal points: east, west, north and south. The east
is the geographical point where the Sun rises, and the west is where it sets. The east
south
north and south indicate the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation.
west

To find our way using the Sun, we have to first identify the east by following
the direction the Sun travels across the horizon during the day. To identify the
north
east, we can use the shadow of an object, such as a stick, and watch it move
throughout the day. If a person then stands with the east on their right, the
north wi 11 be in front of them and the south will be behind them.

LOCATION

The cardinal points help us determine the direction. However, to locate a

geographical point on the Earth's surface, we use imaginary lines that divide
the Earth into a grid. These imaginary lines are called meridians and
parallels.

MERIDIANS North Arctic

Greenwich Pole Circle Tropic
These lines are drawn on the globe from north to south and pass
Meridian of Cancer
through the two poles. The diameter of these circumferences is the
Earth's axis of rotation.
Although all meridians have the same longitude, the Greenwic h Meridian
or Prime Meridian (zero meridian) is used as a reference point.

PARALLELS

T hese circumferences are perpendicular to the meridians that surround

the Earth. They are not all the same size due to the Earth's shape.
The Equator is the maximum possible circum ference. It has been
established as the zero parallel.
These are some important parallels:
• T he Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. During solstices,
the Sun's rays fall perpendicularly on these parallels.
Equator

s
• The Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle. The Sun's rays do not fall Tropic of
on these areas during solstices. Capricorn

SPEAK The compass was invented in China and was first used by people building
houses. Talk to a partner about why you think it is important to know which
direction the house is facing when it is being designed.
l:Fli'liii\lrijtl)il:f:91f the front/ back of the house faces the Sun, it will ...
 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 13

I GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
We can use parallels and meridians to find an exact point
on the Earth's surface. To do this, we use geographic
coordinates: latitude and longitude.
• Latitude is the angular distance between any point on
the Earth's surface and the Equator. If the point is
located on the Equator, the latitude is 0° and increases
towards the poles. It follows the lines of the parallels,
until reaching 90° north or south.
• Longitude is the angular distance between any point
on the Earth's surface and the Greenwich Meridian.
Longitude is 0 ° if the point is located on this meridian.
Longitude is measured as an angle east or west from the
Prime Meridian. It follows the lines of the meridians,
until reaching 180 ° east or west.
To ind icate the exact location of a point, we have to specify
its degrees of distance and orientation. We first mark the
latitude and then the longitude.
For example, the city of Beijing is located at a latitude of
39 ° 54' north and at a longitude of I 16° 23' east (Beijing:
39 ° 54' N 116° 23' E).
,..,..

40'1

30'1

60'S
OU THI RN OC A�

·. AN ARfTICI\ •

O Arctic Circle: 66 °
33' N 8 Tropic of Cancer: 23 °
27' N 8 Tropic of Capricorn: 23
°
27' S 0 Antarctic Circle: 66
°
33' S
 14 UNIT 1

04 I REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH

When we a re standing at one spot on the Earth, we ean only see a part of the
Earth's urface. This is because our senses only perceive what is closest. If we
* We can make a quick drawing of a
space without considering the real
want a more general view or need to describe and interpret phenomena in a dimensions of the territory we want to
larger geographical space, we use maps. represent. This is called a sketch.

A map i a representation of the Earth, or a part of the Earth, on a flat surface

or plane. Cartography is the study and making of maps with the help of
cartographic resources and projections.

CARTOGRAPHIC RESOURCES

Today, advances in cartography help us represent the Earth's geographical

spaces with high accuracy. The most commonly used techniques are photo
interpretation, remote sensing and geographic information systems or GIS.

PHOTO INTERPRETATION

It uses high-flying planes to take photos

of landforms and other elements like
rivers, mountains or cities from different
angles.

REMOTE SENSING

It obtains information from satellite

photo. It allows us to measure the Earth's
surface exactly. As it is very sensitive, it
can capture elements that are not visible
on photo, such as temperatures.

GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

It uses information technology to connect

territorial data with thematic data, such
as statistics or graphs. Through this
process, we can get more detailed maps
for analysis and weather forecasting.

CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
IT'SAFACT!
The Earth has an irregular shape, called a geoid. This means it is difficult to be THE OLDEST KNOWN MAP IS
represemed on a flat surface, as the shape and space get distorted. We use A BABYLONIAN CIRCULAR MAP
projection systems 10 represent the Earth on a flat surface with as li1tle MADE OF CLAY. IT DATES BACK
distortion as possible. TO AROUND 2400 ac.
 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 15

I MAIN CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

CONIC PROJECTION

The surface of the Earth is projected on an imaginary cone. Its axis

coincides with the axis of the Earth's rotation.
This system is mainly used to represent temperate and polar
regions because the further we move down the map, the more
distorted and less accurate the image becomes.

PLANE PROJECTION

The image is obtained from a flat surface placed on one of the

polar regions. In this type of projection, also known as 'azimuthal',
we obtain a circular representation with one of the poles in the
centre.
Consequently, it is mainly used to represent the polar regions. )

CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

The Earth's surface is projected on an imaginary cylinder that

surrounds it. This type of projection is most often used to
represent the whole planet. However, it does misrepresent
proportions at the Equator and the poles.
The best-known cylindrical projection is the one made by the
cartographer Gerardo Mercator. The Mercator projection was
developed in the 16th century. However, this projection distorts
the areas farthest from the Equator. To solve this problem, in 1974,
Arno Peters devised a mixed projection based on the cylindrical
version to show the actual size of the continents.

0 Peters projection 0 Mercator proJectIon

 16 UNIT 1

•
.. Maps are the main instrument used by geographers to describe and interpret * TYPES OF SCALE
phenomena on the Earth's surface. To make maps. we must consider the size of Fractional scale. In this scale,
the area and the information they represent. the proportion is exp ressed using
a fraction. The numerator indicates
I SIZE OF THE AREA REPRESENTED: SCALE the units of measurement on the map
and the denominator represents the
To make sure the representation is correct, we have to follow the cartographic actual dimensions of the space
scale. Scale is the proportion between the actual dimensions of a geographical represented.
space and how it is represented on the map.
j 1:250,000 I
The scale depends on the size of the area represented:
1111
Graphic scale. This scale is a graduated
.. • A small scale is used to represent large areas that need huge reductions and line in numbered segments. When this
little detail. line is transposed onto the map, we
•
can find out the actual dimensions
• A large scale is used to represent much smaller spaces that need more
of the geographical space.
detailed information. When a scale is very large and represents a very small
territory, for example a city with a lot of detail, this is called a plan. j 2.5 km o 2.5 5 7.5 10 km J

TYPES OF MAPS ACCORDING TO THE AREA REPRESENTED

1:71,600,000
0 10,000 km

Maps of the Earth or world maps represent the entire surface

of the planet.

Specific or small-area maps

represent the surface of an
autonomous community,
a country, etc.

s
1:8,000,000
0 100 km
Maps of large areas represent hemispheres or continents.

SPEAK
of the class.
Discuss in small groups the advantages and disadvantages of using a map
_
and a GPS. Which one do you prefer? Share your opinions with the rest

l:H'.liia'lii(l )il411 The ( dis)advantages of using a ...; (Maps) let you ... ; You can/ cannot ...
 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 17

I INFORMATION REPRESENTED: T HE KEY

As well as spatial information, maps provide us with other information
about the geographical space shown on them. These data are represented in
the map's key. The key is a set of symbols and colours used on a map. It is
placed on one side of the map to explain the information it provides about
the area.
According to the information represented there are different types of maps.

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS PHYSICAL MAPS

On topographic maps, the land surface is represented in They show geographical coordinates (parallels and meridians)
detail. The places with the same height are linked with lines and landforms. Toponymic names might be written on the map.
called level curves.

Altitude

;SOO
,. soo
1,000 r,--f>::i;;:t#:M�1'L����W�f-l-:�-,
700
400
200
o rr---r=b���rl"ff(-q:T-t-<ct?°q-
21,905, 25
250 km

THEMATIC MAPS

They show the distribution of a feature in the territory through information such as colours,
lines, graphs, etc. This information is explained in the key.
There are several types of thematic maps (geographical, historical, economic, road,
population, etc.). These are some of the best-known and most commonly used maps.

Political maps. They use colours to Climate or meteorological maps. Population or demographic maps.
represent political and administrative They depict the weather. They show population variables.
divisions.
 18 UNIT 1

' INTERPRETING A MAP

To interpret a map and the information it prov ides, as well as use it as a

geograph ica l instrument , we have to consider the fol low ing:
* We can use a piece of string to
measure distances between two points
which are not in a straight line, for
• Identify the map. We have to know what type of map it is, depending on the example, a distance by road. First place
information that appears on it. the string on the route and then
• Look at the scale. To find out the ac tual d istance between any of the points stretch it out to measure the distance.
represented on the map, we need to look at the scale that appears on it. It can
be graphic or frac t ional.

NOW YOU TRY!

To calc ulate the act ual distance between two point s on a map, we have to do the
following cal culation:
distance on the map x ac t ual length of space represented
unit of measurement on the map

For example, if we measure a distance of 15 c m on a map with a scale of 1 :250,000 c m,

the calculation will be:
15 X 250,000
37.5 km
100,000

In this example, it is divided by 100,000. This is because the unit of measurement used
on the map is in centimetres, and we want to know the size of the ac tual space in
kilometres (1 k m= 100,000 cm) .

I GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS
An atlas is a volume that contains a set of maps. To locate a specific point in
the atlas, we need to use its toponymic index to find the name of the place or
• geographical element we are looking for. Next to this, there is a code
representing the number of the page or the map where it is found, and
coordinates made up of a letter and a number. If we find the point where the
letter and the number meet on the map, we can find the place we are looking for.
 THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 19

ACT
THE EARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION
TIES
1 THE EARTH: A PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 8 Read the following problems related to time zones. Explain your
answers.
1 Look at the physical conditions below. How do they make the
a You are in London and it's 10 p.m. You want to call your friend
Earth a habitable planet?
in Mumbai to tell him you got a job! Do you think it's a good
Itemperature, atmosphere, water I idea to call at this time?
b It's 12:00 in Moscow but in Vladivostok, another Russian city, it
2 Define the following concepts. is 22:00. How is this possible?
• Milky Way • atmosphere • geoid • biosphere
9 Find out what a leap year is.Write a short description in your notebook.
3 Classify the planets into inner or outer planets.
10,. Listen to the news about the International Date Line and
• Saturn • Mars • Mercury • Neptune match the places to the descriptions in your notebook.

4 Find out the name of the Earth's natural satellite. a the Pacific 1 The Greenwich Meridian passes near here.
Ocean
S ,. Listen to the aerospace museum guide and identify if the
b Zaragoza 2 This is the first place to celebrate New Year.
sentences are true or false.
c Kiribati 3 The International Date Line passes through here.
a You can see the real Voyager 1 spacecraft in the museum.
d Sydney 4 This is the very last place to celebrate New Year.
b Voyager 1 is now 20 million kilometres away from the Earth.
e Baker's Island 5 This is the first big city to celebrate New Year.
c Voyager 1 was launched in 1977.
d The signals from Voyager 1 take a whole day to reach I ORIENTATION AND LOCATION
the Earth.
e The golden disk only contains American music. 11 What are the four cardinal points? How does the Sun help you
identify them during the day?
t MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH 12 In your notebook write the missing words to complete the texts.

6 In your notebook, match each word to its meaning. • These imaginary lines are called (a) ..... and run from (b) .....
to west. The longest line is the (c) ..... and it divides the Earth
a solstice 1 beginning of spring or autumn into the Northern Hemisphere and the (d) ..... Hemisphere.
b sunset 2 point at which the Sun reaches the horizon • These imaginary lines run from (e).......... to (f)..... ..... .
c equinox 3 point at which the Sun passes above the horizon They are called meridians and are the same length.

d sunrise 4 beginning of summer or winter 13 Correct these false sentences in your notebook.

7 Read the sentences and identify if they are true or false. a The Greenwich Meridian is the longest meridian.

a The intensity of sunlight varies in each season of the year. b Parallels are numbered from 0° to 180°.

b It gets darker in countries to the west of Spain before it does c Longitude is the angular distance between any point on the
in countries to the east. Earth's surface to the Equator.

c The Equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into two d Tropic of Cancer is in the Southern Hemisphere.
different time zones.
14 What do latitude and longitude refer to? What are they
d The Earth takes 24 days to complete one rotation. measured in?
20 UNIT 1

19 Which types of maps are the following images?

15 Look at the map of geographic coordinates in the unit and find
out the cities following these references.
a 41 ° 23' N 2° 9' E c 39° 54' N 116 ° 23' E
b 25° 46' N 80° 11' W d 33 ° 52' S 151 ° 12' E

16 " Listen to a conversation about Spain and match the Spanish

places with other cities in the world from the box. There are two
extra world cities.
20 Which scale would you use for each map below?
1 Palermo 3 London 5 Aberdeen a world map b street map c province
6 Paris-
--=------------
2 Liverpool 4 New York ---' 21 " Listen to a conversation in a tourist information centre and
a Estaca de Bares Point (Galicia) c Cape Touriiian (Galicia) choose the best option to complete the sentences.

b Tarifa Point (Andaluda) d Cape Creus (Cataluiia) 1 The tourist needs a map / taxi / hotel room.
2 This morning the tourist went to the bank / museum / castle.
REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH
22 Copy and complete the table in your notebook. Look at the
17 Justify this statement: / would use a photo interpretation scale in each case to find out the real distances.
technique to study the course of a river.
15 30 45km
18 Identify the type of projection described in each sentence.
straight line distance real distance
1 The surface of the Earth is projected on an imaginary cone.
2cm
2 The surface of the Earth is projected on an imaginary cylinder.
9.6 cm
3 You can't see a good image of the whole planet.

UNIT REVISION 6 How many types of cartographic projections are there? What
are their names?
1 Find out why the Earth is called the 'blue planet'.
7 Define these concepts.
2 Explain the difference between rotation and revolution and their
• scale of a map • geographic coordinates • biosphere
effects on the Earth.
8 Look at the map to answer the questions below.
3 Which one is more accurate: Peters projection or Mercator
projection? Justify your answer.

4 Choose the correct sentence about time zones.

The lines dividing time zones on a map are straight to adapt

to borders between states.
The lines dividing time zones on a map are irregular to adapt
to borders between states.

5 Draw an image in your notebook to show the two movements a What type of map is it?
of the Earth. Make sure you reflect these concepts:
b How many kilometres correspond to 1.5 cm on the map?
Equator North Pole and South Pole c Can you travel by train between Granada and Motril 7
Greenwich Meridian Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle What types of roads can you find between Adra and Almeria7
Northern Hemisphere Tropic of Cancer and Tropic e Which road would you take to go from Motril to Almeria?
and Southern Hemisphere of Capricorn Explain why.
 THE E ARTH AND ITS REPRESENTATION 21

R READ AND REFLECT

''
''

J
''
''
''
''

[I-IOW DOES A GPS ''

RECEIVER WORK?

In the past, if people didn't know how to get somewhere,

they used a map. Today, many people no longer use
maps because they have a GPS, or a satnav, as it is
usually called in the United Kingdom.
Using the data transmitted to it, the receiver
But what exactly is GPS? GPS stands for Global calculates how long the message took to arrive as well
Positioning System. It is a satellite navigation system as the distance to each satellite. These distances and
which provides information about location and time the location of the satellites are used to calculate the
anywhere on the Earth. The system consists of a position of the receiver. This position is then shown,
group of 20 to 30 satellites. The navigation system sometimes with a map or with latitude and longitude.
needs a direct line of sight to at least four satellites
in order to give correct data. Although GPS was originally used for military
purposes, it has many applications in everyda y life.
So what does it do? The GPS receiver calculates its For example, emergency services can use it to locate
position by timing the signals sent by the GPS the site of an accident or a disaster area almost
satellites. The satellites transmit messages. These immediately. It has also made life much easier for
messages include the time the message was cartographers - using GPS and other technologies,
transmitted and the position of the satellite when the they can create their maps accurately based on the
message was transmitted. data and images they get from these applications.

\ ANSWERIT!
1 Discuss with a partner potential probl ems that could come from relying entirely
on GPS.
2 Why do you think a GPS n e eds to be conn ected to more than one satellite to give
the correct location of the device?
3 In the sentence 'These distances and the l ocation of the satellites are
used to calculate the position of the receiver', which of the following
statements expresses the same idea?
, The position of the receiver depends on the location of the satellites.
b The position of the receiver is calculated depending on the location and
distance of each satellite.
c The receiver will only work if the distances and locations of the satellites
are correct.
4 Have you ever used a GPS? Can you think of any other ways GPS is used in
everyday life?