CALCULUS I

NGUYEN THI MY HANH (SHERRY)

National Central University, Taiwan

Research interests:
• Pricing strategy
• Sustainable supply chain
• Optimization
• Smart manufacturing

Email: ntmhanh@saturn.yzu.edu.tw

Office hour/office location: 1

Thu-Fri 2:00pm to 4:00pm
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 CALCULUS I

01_CALCULUS PREVIEW
Nguyen Thi My Hanh (Sherry)
Email: ntmhanh@saturn.yzu.edu.tw

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OUTLINE
1. Syllabus

2. What is Calculus?

3. Functions

4. Transformations of functions
5. Extreme values of functions
6. Modeling with functions

7. Combinations of functions
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LEARNING EXPECTATIONS
1. Understand what calculus is

2. Understand three power tools of calculus

3. Distinguish different functions

4. Apply function transformations & combinations

5. Determine extreme values of functions

6. Apply functions in modeling

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1. SYLLABUS
• Reference: Calculus of James Stewart
• Grading:
Assignments 20%
In-Class Quizzes 20%
Midterm Exam 30%
Final Exam 30%
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1. SYLLABUS
• Limits
• Differentiation
• Application of Differentiation
• Integration
• Transcendental Functions
• Differential equation
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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?
• In the real life, we are often concerned with things that change with time.
• How do radio waves propagate through space?
• Why does an epidemic spread faster and faster and then slow down?
• How can I be sure that the bridge I designed won’t be destroyed in a
windstorm?

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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?
• Algebra, geometry can not help us to give answers to questions of this type
(describing how a quantity changes).
• Calculus provides the tools for describing motion quantitatively.
• Calculus was invented independently by two mathematician Isaac Newton
and Gottfried Leibniz in 17th century. It includes two new operations called
differentiation and integration.

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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?
• Algebra, geometry can not help us to give answers to questions of this type
(describing how a quantity changes).
• Calculus was invented independently by two mathematician Isaac Newton
and Gottfried Leibniz in 17th century. It includes two new operations called
differentiation and integration.
• Less static and more dynamic.
• Concerned with change and motion.
• Deals with quantities that approach other quantities.
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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?
Speed: 25 km/h.
After 3 hours, the distance the car travels is
25 * 3 = 75 km
Road condition

How far can the car

travel in 3 hours?
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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?

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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?
Volume of a balloon? Sphere

Air out Radius changes, volume changes

How are these changing quantities

related to one another now? What
is the formula for this change?
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2. WHAT IS CALCULUS?

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Limits
Derivatives

Integrals
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Limits are the tools used

for precisely describing
how a function
approaches a value.

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Derivatives are the tools

used for describing how a
function changes.

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Integrals give us the area

underneath the curve of a
function.

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Using Limits, Derivatives, Integrals, Calculus can solve a variety of

problems like where to sit in a theater for optimal viewing, how
to make a perfect soup can.

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Derivatives are built

from Limits. An integral
can be viewed as the
inverse of a derivative.

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THE AREA PROBLEM

Let 𝐴! be the area of the inscribed polygon with sides. As n
increases, it appears that 𝐴! becomes closer and closer to
the area of the circle. We say that the area of the circle is
the limit of the areas of the inscribed polygons.

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THE AREA PROBLEM

We will approximate the desired area by areas of rectangles (as in Figure 4), let the width of
the rectangles decrease, and then calculate as the limit of these sums of areas of rectangles.
The area problem is the central problem in the branch of calculus called integral calculus.

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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Which red line is a tangent line?
(a) (b)

How to define a tangent line at a point of the graph of

a function? 22
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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Since we know that the point P lies
on the tangent line, we can find the
equation of t if we know its slope m.
The problem is that we need two
points to compute the slope and we
know only one point, P, on t.
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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

To get around the problem we first
find an approximation to m by taking
a nearby point Q on the curve and
computing the slope 𝑚!" of the
secant line PQ.

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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Imagine that Q moves along the curve toward
P. You can see that the secant line rotates and
approaches the tangent line as its limiting
position. This means that the slope of the
secant line 𝑚!" becomes closer and closer to
the slope m of the tangent line.

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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

m is the limit of 𝑚!" as Q approaches P along
the curve. Since x approaches a as Q
approaches P

The tangent problem has given rise to the

branch of calculus called differential calculus
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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Example 1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 # at the
point P(1,1).

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THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Example 1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 # at the
point P(1,1).

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Example 1 THE TANGENT PROBLEM

Q¹P x ¹1 Slope of secant line
x -1
2
mPQ =
x -1
Q(1.5, 2.25)

2.25 - 1 1.25
mPQ = = = 2.5
1.5 - 1 0.5 29

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From the right of x = 1

x -1
2
mPQ =
x -1

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From the left of x = 1

x -1
2
mPQ =
x -1

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Example 1 – Solution
Guess the slope of the tangent line t should be ?

point-slope form of the equation of a line

P(1,1)
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y – y1 = m(x – x1) y = 2x – 1
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Example 1 THE TANGENT PROBLEM

lim mPQ = m Secant slope

Q®P
Taking limit

x -1
2
Tangent slope
lim =2
x ®1 x - 1

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3. FUNCTIONS
Can be presented Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
in different ways
Numerically (by a table of values)
Often it is useful
to represent a
Visually (by a graph)
function in two
or more ways to
Verbally (by a description in words)
gain insight.
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3. FUNCTIONS
A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly one
element, called f(x), in a set E. (we sometimes write y = f(x))

D, E: sets of real numbers x: independent variable

D: domain of the function y or f(x): dependent variable
E: range of the function
E.g. Domain: (0,+∞), Range: (0,+∞)
Dependent variable Independent variable
(Informal) A function is a rule that describes how one quantity depends
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3. FUNCTIONS
Functions are all around us:
- Height & Weight as a function of age
- Temperature as a function of date
- Cost of mailing a package as a function of weight
- Price as a function of supply and demand
- Circumference of a circle as a function of diameter
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3. FUNCTIONS
We can visualize a function by sketching its graph.

Temperature of water from a faucet as a function of time.

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Example 2 3. FUNCTIONS
The graph of a function f(x) is
shown as follows.
(a) Find the values of f(1) and f(5) .
(b) What are the domain and range
of f?

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Example 3 3. FUNCTIONS
Find the domain of each function

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Example 4 3. FUNCTIONS
Which curves in the -plane are graphs of functions?

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Example 5 3. FUNCTIONS
Determine whether the curve is the graph of a function of x.
If it is, state the domain and range of the function

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PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS

Sometimes the rule changes over different intervals in the
domain, in which case we call the function piecewise
defined.

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Example 6
PIECEWISE DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Find a formula for the function f graphed below.

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STEP FUNCTIONS
C(w) is the cost of mailing a large envelope with weight w.

They jump from one value to the next

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SYMMETRY
If a function 𝑓 satisfies 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) for every number 𝑥 in its
domain, then 𝑓 is called an even function.

e.g. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 # is an even function

because
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)# = 𝑥 # = 𝑓(𝑥)

The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis

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SYMMETRY
If a function 𝑓 satisfies 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) for every number 𝑥 in its
domain, then 𝑓 is called an odd function.

e.g. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 $ is an odd function

because
𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)$ = −𝑥 $ = −𝑓(𝑥)

The graph is symmetric about the orgin

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Example 7

Determine whether each of the following functions is even,

odd, or neither even nor odd

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INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Function f increases on [a,b],

decreases on [b,c], increases again
on [c,d] 48
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Example 8

On what internal is f increasing/decreasing?

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LINEAR FUNCTIONS
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

Slope of the line Y-intercept

Rate of change of y with respect to x

= slope of the line = m
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Example 9
(a) As dry air moves upward, it expands and cools. If the
ground temperature is 20°C and the temperature at a height
of 1 km is 10°C , express the temperature T (in °C) as a
function of the height h (in kilometers), assuming that a
linear model is appropriate.
(b) Draw the graph of the function in part (a). What does the
slope represent?
(c) What is the temperature at a height of 2.5 km?
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POLYNOMIALS

n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , … , 𝒂𝒏

are constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.

The domain of any polynomial is 𝑅 = (−∞, ∞). If the leading

coefficient 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎, then the degree of the polynomial is n.
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POLYNOMIALS
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
A polynomial of degree 2: quadratic function.

The parabola opens The parabola

upward (convex) if a > 0 opens upward
(concave) if a < 0

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POLYNOMIALS
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
A polynomial of degree 3: cubic function.

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POWER FUNCTIONS
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒂 , a: a constant
(i) a = n, where n is a positive integer => 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒏

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POWER FUNCTIONS
Families of power functions

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POWER FUNCTIONS
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒂 , a: a constant
(ii) a = 1/n, where n is a positive integer => 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏/𝒏 = 𝒏
𝒙
=> Root function

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POWER FUNCTIONS
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒂 , a: a constant
(iii) a = -1 => 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝟏 = 𝟏/𝒙, 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏
=> Reciprocal function

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RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:

P and Q are polynomials.

The domain consists of all values of x such that Q(x) ≠ 0.

Find domain of f(x)

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ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed
using algebraic operations (such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and taking roots) starting with polynomials.
Any rational function is automatically an algebraic function.

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to
ratios of two side lengths (sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent)

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EXPONETIAL FUNCTIONS
functions of the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 , where base a is a positive
constant.

Domain: (- ∞, ∞)
Range: (0,∞)

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LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
functions of the form 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙, where base a is a positive
constant; inverse functions of the exponential functions.

Domain: (0,∞)
Range: (- ∞, ∞)

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Example 10
Classify each function as a power function, root function, polynomial (state its
degree), rational function, algebraic function, trigonometric function,
exponential function, or logarithmic function.

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4. TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
Vertical Shifting

Horizontal Shifting

Reflecting

Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking

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VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL SHIFTING

Suppose c > 0

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VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL SHIFTING

Suppose c > 0

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Example 11

Sketch the graph:

(1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 + 6
(2) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 + 3
(3) 𝑦 = −2 𝑥 − 3 ! + 1

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REFLECTING

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Reflecting in y-axis
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Reflecting in x-axis
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VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL STRETCHING AND

SHRINKING
c>1

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VERTICAL STRETCHING AND SHRINKING

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Vertical stretching and shrinking Horizontal stretching and shrinking 74

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5. EXTREME VALUES OF FUNCTIONS

An extreme value of a function is the largest (or smallest) value of
the function on some interval.

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A quadratic function is a function of the form

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 # + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.

The graph of any quadratic function is a parabola and hence

must have an absolute minimum or maximum.
Find extreme values of the functions.
(1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 8
(2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 + 23
(3) 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 ! + 𝑥 + 2 77

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Property: Any quadratic equation can be expressed in the form

!
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑎 𝑥−ℎ +𝑘

by completing the square.

• If a > 0, the absolute minimum value of f occurs at x = h and is

given by f(h) = k. The graph opens up.

• If a < 0, the absolute maximum value of f occurs at x = h and is

given by f(h) = k. The graph opens down.
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Theorem: If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 # + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, then an absolute value

'
occurs at 𝑥 = −
#(

'
• If a > 0, 𝑓(− ) is the absolute minimum.
#(

'
• If a < 0, 𝑓(− ) is the absolute maximum.
#(

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6. MODELING WITH FUNCTIONS

Finding a function that describes the dependence of one quantity
on another is called modeling.
Example: A cereal company is designing new packaging. For
aesthetic reasons, the box must have the following proportions:
width is three times the depth and height is five times the depth.
- Find a function that models the volume of the box in terms of its
depth.
- Fine the volume of the box if the depth is 1.5 inches.
- For what depth is the volume 90 cubic inches?
- For what depth is the volume greater than 60 cubic inches? 80
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GUIDELINES FOR MODELING WITH FUNCTIONS

1. Think about the problem, expressing the model in

words and pictures.

2. Choose the variables(s). Express relationships.

3. Set up the model.

4. Use the model.

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Example 12

A hockey team plays in an arena with a capacity of 15,000. With a

ticket price of $14, the average attendance is 9,500. A survey
suggested that for each dollar the ticket price is reduced,
attendance increases by 1,000.
a) Find a quadratic function that models revenue.
b) Find the price that maximizes revenue.
c) What is the maximum revenue? 82

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Example 12

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Example 12

a) x is the unit price lowered

𝑦 = 14 − 𝑥 ∗ 9,500 + 1,000𝑥
= 133,000 + 4,500𝑥 − 1,000𝑥 #
' ),+,,
b) − =− = 2.25 => Optimal prize (Vertex) = 14 – 2.25
#( -#,,,
= 11.75

c) f(2.25) = $138,062.5 84

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Example 13

The demand for a certain type of cosmetic is given by:

𝑝 = 500 − 𝑥, where p is the price in dollars when x units are
demanded.
a) Find the revenue R(x) that would be obtained at a price p.
b) Graph the revenue function R(x)
c) Find the price that will produce maximum revenue
d) What is the maximum revenue? 85

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Example 14

A owner has found that his revenue from producing x pounds of

vegetable cream cheese is given by R x = −𝑥 # + 30𝑥, while
the cost in dollars is given by C x = 5𝑥 + 100.

a) Find the minimum break-even quantity.

b) Find the maximum revenue.

c) Find the maximum profit. 86

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7. COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
Two functions f and g can be combined to form new functions f + g, f – g, f.g ,
and f/g in a manner similar to the way we add, subtract, multiply, and divide
real numbers.

𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 𝑓. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 𝑓/𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 /𝑔 𝑥

Suppose the domain of f is A, domain of g is B => domain of f+g, f-g, f.g is A ∩

B, domain of f/g is {x ϵ A ∩ B | g(x) ≠0}. 87

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Example 15
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥$, 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

a) Find f + g, f – g, f.g, f/g, and the domain.

b) Find (f+g)(4), (f-g)(4), (f.g)(3), and (f/g)(1)

Example 16

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 #

Find f + g, f – g, f.g, f/g, and the domain. 88

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7. COMBINATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

The domain of f.g is the set of all x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the
domain of f.

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Example 17

a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 # , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3. Find the composite functions f.g and

g.f, and their domains.

b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥. Find f.g, g.f, f.f, g.g, and their

domains.
!
c) If h x = 𝑥 + 9, find f and g such that h = f.g
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