We need to understand some basic concepts before we delve into the article.

Economic growth :an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the
population over a period of time.

Why an economy needs to grow?

It needs a greater amount of goods and services for better satisfaction of wants of an existing
population.

With rise in population, a larger quantity of goods and services needs to be produced. Thus an
economy needs to grow.

Two kinds of economic growth

Exclusive growth: growth process is bypassing certain segments of population

Inclusive growth: growth process is covering all segments of population within its ambit.

Growth of a particular kind is development.

Economic development implies economic growth plus progressive changes in certain

important variables which determine the well-being of the people,

Economic development is the process through which economies

are transformed from ones in which most people have very limited
resources and choices to ones in which they have much greater
resources and choices.

A poor economy (with majority of population at subsistence level) does not need to grow
alone. It needs to develop. Population in the economy needs to move above subsistence level
so that they can save a part of their income and finance investment. Economic development
is a complicated process. There is no unique process of development. Each country has
followed its own process of development, depending on its strength and weaknesses, while
the starting point is same for all, characterized by vicious cycle of poverty. Poverty is an
extreme form of lack of development. A vicious cycle of poverty is constellation of forces
acting and reacting on each other to keep an economy in a perpetual state of
underdevelopment

Vicious cycle of poverty on the demand side

Low production leads to low income leads to low consumption leads to low demand leading
to low production

Vicious cycle of poverty on the supply side

Low production leads to low income leads to low saving leads to low capital formation or
investment leading to low production

How does population of a country impact its economic growth and development?

If population grows, but production does not, per capita availability of output falls. Growth rate will
be negative.

If population rises faster than rise in output, same scenario will prevail. If the distribution of
increased income out of expanded production becomes more unequal, then development process
gets adversely influenced. In a such a situation, rich will richer, while poor will get poorer. If
increased income gets distributed more in favour of poor people, it will create a positive impact on
the process of economic development.

One may look at the relationship between population and economic growth in the following way.

Production needs four factors of production: land, labour, capital and organization

Land is free gift of nature., whose supply is perfectly inelastic.

Capital formation is a result of saving of past income to produce more

output in future.

Labour is a component of population who are capable of contributing to

production. Children and aged people are not part of labour force in an
economy. They need to be supported by the labouring population. A larger
population needs creation of more infrastructural facilities, leading to
diversion of scarce resources away from direct production, which in turns
leads to lowering of growth rate.

Organisation is the factor which combines the above three factors so that
some value addition takes place in an economy.

How does population impact economic development. ?

Population is very closely linked to the economic development of a society. The

quantity, quality, composition, structure, and movement of a population can help or
hinder the rate of economic development. A developed country with low population
density and a low percentage of employable people needs an increase in population
in order to keep up with economic development. On the other hand, for an
underdeveloped country with high population density and a high percentage of
employable people, any increase in population will be detrimental to its economy.
Man is a producer as well as a consumer, and in order to balance the rate of
production and the rate of consumption, a certain poulation level must be
maintained.

How does economic development influence population growth?

There is a two way relationship between economic development and population growth

Structure: The arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something
complex.

Composition :The distribution of people in a population according to

designated demographic traits (e.g. age, sex, country of birth,
marital status).
Composition : the way in which a whole or mixture is made up.

Composition of air

IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION STRUCTURE

If populations are subdivided, they can evolve apart, somewhat independently.

Population structure allows populations to diversify. This is the reason why
population structure is a very important part of evolutionary genetics.

A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

Gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in
a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage.
Population structure ( genetic structure/ population stratification) is the presence of a
systematic difference in gene frequencies between subpopulations.In a population, where
marriage takes place randomly, gene frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between
groups. However, marriage tends to be non-random to some degree, gene frequencies between
subpopulations will be different, causing structure to arise. For example, a barrier like a river can
separate two groups of the same species and make it difficult for members of two subpopulation
with different jeans to marry, leading to similar gene frequencies between subpopulations. In a
country like ours, where marriage is traditionally restricted within the same caste, religion and
geographical arera, it is quite natural, a systematic difference between in gene frequencies
beween subpopulations in a subpopulation will persist.

Demography is the statistical study of human populations.

Demography examines the size, structure, and movements of
populations over space and time.

Salient features of growing population of India.

The population of the country is going through a rapid transition along many
other demographic metrics

The study of population trends is based on the calculation of a certain number of standard
indicators which make it possible, in particular, to apprehend the probabilities of the occurrence
of demographic events (birth, death, marriage) and the average ages of occurrence of these
events: fertility rate, marriage rate, average age at marriage, life expectancy, etc.

When demographers attempt to forecast changes in the size of a population, they

typically focus on four main factors: fertility rates, mortality rates (life expectancy),
the initial age profile of the population (whether it is relatively old or relatively young
to begin with) and migration.

What are the common demographic metrics?

Demographic information examples include: age, race, ethnicity, gender, marital

status, income, education, and employment.

The model has four stages: pre-industrial, urbanizing/industrializing, mature

industrial,
. In the pre-industrial stage, crude birth rates and crude death rates remain close to
each other keeping the population relatively level.

Economic development is a process of structural transformation with continuous

technological innovation and industrial upgrading, which increase labor productivity, and
accompanied improvements in infrastructure and institution, which reduce transaction costs.

Industrial policy is essential for the government of a middle-income country to prioritize the
use of its limited resources to facilitate technological innovation and industrial upgrading by
overcoming inherent externality and coordination issues in structural transformation.

Theory of demographic transition

The status of the economy determines the appropriate level. Population policy must
be developed according to the following guidelines: 1) it must be based on the
society's economic development; 2) since economy and population are closely
related, they must both be worked on at the same time; and 3) both the quantity and
quality of life of the population must also be worked on at the same time. Dealing
with the relationship between population and the economic development of a
society properly can bring about rapid improvement in the economic development
and standard of living of that society.

rapid population growth adversely affects development, 2) governments must adopt

policies to reduce fertility, and The adverse impact on development of rapid
population growth is due to several factors.

1st, resources which could be used for investment must instead be used to fulfill the
consumption needs of an increased number of people.

2nd, increases in the labor force must be absorbed by the agricultural sector, and this
reduces agricultural productivity.

3rd, rapid population growth increases management problems.

The adaption of policies by governments to reduce fertility is a necessary step in halting
population growth. For poor families, children provide economic security. Therefore,
governments must act to improve the economic conditions for poor families if they hope to
reduce population growth. Education and job opportunities must be expanded and social
security provided for the elderly. In the past it was assumed that fertility would only decline
when urbanization, industrialization, and income reached a certain level. It is now known that
appropriate policies can effectively reduce fertility even in the absence of economic
advancement. Fertility declines are more closely related to increases in literacy and life
expectancy than to increases in the gross national product. Family planning programs in
China, Colombia, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Korea, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia have reduced fertility
far below the level normally associated with the income levels prevailing in those countries.

The model has four stages: pre-industrial, urbanizing/industrializing, mature

industrial, and post-industrial. I

Pre-industrial stage: mainly agricultural economy: high birth rate due to need of manpower in
agriculture,low chance of survival due to near absence of medical facilies. In the pre-industrial
stage, crude birth rates and crude death rates remain high enough and close to each
other keeping the population relatively low level.

urbanizing/industrializing :High birth rate but low death rate tending to be low
because of advent of medical facilities resulting in a rising rate of growth in
population.

mature industrial,

Post industrial