Name: Boston, Joshua V.

Course: BSOA
Year & Section: 2-B
Activity No. 2
Direction: Research the following topics and Click Turn-in for
submission.
 Nature and Purpose of Management
● The nature of management refers to the fundamental characteristics and
principles that define the role and functions of management. It includes
aspects such as goal orientation, adaptability, problem-solving, decision-
making, interdisciplinary knowledge, and the focus on people. The purpose
of management is to coordinate and organize an organization's many
operations so that those actions may contribute to the company achieving
its goals.
Sources:
https://www.knowledgehut.com/blog/others/what-is-management
https://limbd.org/nature-and-scope-of-management/#:~:text=The%20nature
%20of%20management%20refers,and%20the%20focus%20on%20people.

Significance of Management
● Management organizes the disorganized resources of men, machines,
money, and so on into productive enterprise. These resources are
coordinated, directed, and controlled for the enterprise to achieve its goals.
Optimum utilization of resources- Management makes efficient use of all
physical and human resources.
Source: https://www.vedantu.com/commerce/nature-and-significance-of-
management

 Difference between Effectiveness and Efficiency

● Efficiency versus effectiveness defined. Efficiency is the ability to produce
an intended result in the way that results in the least waste of time, effort,
and resources. Effectiveness is the ability to produce a better result, one
that delivers more value or achieves a better outcome.
Source :https://www.betterup.com/blog/efficiency-vs-effectiveness

 Productivity
● Productivity means the efficiency of an organization or its employees to
convert inputs, such as capital and labor, into outputs, like services or
products. Project managers employ incentives, goals, and communication
strategies to boost employee performance and increase productivity.
Source: https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-productivity-and-how-to-
define-and-measure-it-article#:~:text=Productivity%20means%20the
%20efficiency%20of,employee%20performance%20and%20increase
%20productivity.

 Managerial Skills
● Management skills can be defined as certain attributes or abilities that an
executive should possess in order to fulfill specific tasks in an organization.
They include the capacity to perform executive duties in an organization
while avoiding crisis situations and promptly solving problems when they
occur.
Source:
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/management-
skills

 Roles of Managers
● The role of managers is organising and overseeing a particular group,
project or sector within a business. The extent and scope of a manager's
responsibilities can vary depending on their position in the company. The
job title of manager can mean that somebody is managing a team or
managing a certain function. For example, a senior manager can be a
hugely different role from a business development manager.
Source:https://uk.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/role-of-
managers

 Management: SCIENCE OR ART – Debate

● It is considered a science because it has an organized body of knowledge
containing certain universal truths. It is called an art because managing
requires certain skills which are personal possessions of managers. Science
provides knowledge & art deals with the application of knowledge and
skills.
Source:
https://en.m.wikiversity.org/wiki/Is_management_a_science_or_an_art
%3F#:~:text=well%20as%20art.-,It%20is%20considered%20a%20science
%20because%20it%20has%20an%20organized,application%20of
%20knowledge%20and%20skills.

 Systems Approach to Operational Management

● By a systems approach to management is meant the study of a firm in its
totality so that the men and material resources of the firm can be organized
to realize the firm's overall objectives as efficiently as possible.
Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jors.1968.3#:~:text=By
%20a%20systems%20approach%20to,objectives%20as%20efficiently%20as
%20possible.
 Inputs – Process – Outputs – Reenergizing the system
● Managing input resources – Operations managers must ensure that the
right resources, such as people, equipment and materials, are available in
the right quantity at the right time for the operation’s needs.
● Managing processes – All operations managers are responsible for
processes. Processes are defined as a series of interlinked activities or steps
that consume resources to meet a goal or output.
● Managing outputs – The operations function is responsible for meeting
customers’ needs by delivering required products or services. The
effectiveness and efficiency of the operation dictates how much resource is
needed and this feeds straight through to unit cost and (where relevant)
profitability.
Source: https://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-business/business-
strategy-studies/introduction-operations-management/content-section-2

 Functions of Management
● There are four generally accepted functions of management: planning,
organizing, leading and controlling. These functions work together in the
creation, execution and realization of organizational goals.
Source: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/basic-
functions-of-management#:~:text=There%20are%20four%20generally
%20accepted,and%20realization%20of%20organizational%20goals.

 Evolution of Management
● The origin of management as a discipline was developed in the late 19th
century. Over time, management thinkers have sought ways to organize
and classify the voluminous information about management that has been
collected and disseminated. These attempts at classification have resulted
in the identification of management approaches. The approaches of
management are theoretical frameworks for the study of management. Each
of the approaches of management are based on somewhat different
assumptions about human beings and the organizations for which they
work.
Source:https://theintactone.com/2018/05/17/mpob-u1-topic-2-evolution-of-
management
 Recent contributions
● Among the contributors management thought are public administrators,
business managers, and behavioral scientists, whose important works are
discussed throughout this book. We will mention only a few here. Peter F.
Drucker has written on a variety of general management topics. Keith Davis
helped us understand the informal organization. The late W. Edwards
Deming and Joseph M. Juran, two Americans, did much to improve the
quality of Japanese products. The late Laurence peter suggested that
eventually people get promoted to a level where they are incompetent and
no further promotion is possible. Unfortunately, this may result in
organizations with incompetent people. William, Ouchi, who wrote the best-
selling book theory Z, should how selected Japanese management practices
may be adapted in the United States. Finally, Thomas Peters and Robert
waterman discussed characteristics of excellent companies. Most of these
works are discussed in greater detail in other parts of this book.
Source:https://freebusinesstraining.weebly.com/recent-contributors-to-
management-thought.html
  Various Approaches to management and their contributions and
limitations
● Some of the approaches to management are:-
● 1.Quantitative Approach 2. IT Approach to Management 3. Systems
Approach 4. Contingency or Situational Approach 5. Scientific Management
approach 6. Management Process or Administrative Management Approach
7. Human Relations Approach 8. Behavioural Science Approach.
1. Quantitative Approach:
Morale and productivity though are closely related, there are other factors as
well that impact productivity. Quantitative approach explores the linkage
between man and machine with a focus on fine-tuning the principles of
management. The ownership and management is separated. The hired
management professionals are given more control and this has resulted in the
wider use of scientific methods of management.
2. IT Approach to Management:
The current trend is that every manager embraces Information Technology (IT)
solutions for delivering quality services with improved administration. IT
empowers everyone to perform effectively and efficiently, for instance, retailers
adopt new technologies, such as – the self-scanners; Indian Railways adopt
surge pricing wherein the railway tickets cost more when there is heavy
demand – if the demand is less, the tickets cost less.
3. Systems Approach:
One of the modern approaches to understand management is the systems
approach. Here, the organisation is viewed as a system. Every department of
the organisation is considered as a sub-system. It is also possible that every
department can be viewed as a system and every section in the department can
be viewed as a sub-system. Thus, systems approach helps to study the basic
features and functions of the organisation to its minutest detail.
4. Contingency or Situational Approach:
Organisations behave as situation demands. In other words, decision making is
contingent on situations. As situation changes, the solutions also differ. This is
the latest approach to problem solving. Case study approach which is widely
followed in today’s premier business schools across the world has emanated
from this thinking. Management problems vary with situation and require to be
handled differently as situation demands. Where the problems are of repetitive
nature, this approach proves very useful.
5. Scientific Management Approach:
The industrial revolution in England gave an immense impetus for the
scientific management approach. It brought about such an extra ordinary
mechanisation of industry that it necessitated the development of new
management principles and practices. Bringing groups of people together for
the purpose of working in the factory posed problems for the factory owners.
6. Management Process or Administrative Management Approach:
The advocates of this school perceive management as a process consisting of
planning, organising, commanding and controlling. In the words of W.G. Scott,
“It aims to analyse the process, to establish a conceptual framework for it, to
identify principles underlying it, and to build a theory of management from
them”.
7.Human Relations Approach:
The human relations approach is concerned with the recognition of the
importance of human element in organisations. Elton Mayo and his associates
conducted the world famous Hawthorne Experiments and investigated the
myriad of informal relationships, social cliques, patterns of communication and
patterns of informal leadership. As a result of these experiments, a trend began
which can be phrased as ‘being nice to people’. This trend was eventually
termed as ‘the human relations movement’.
8.Behavioural Science Approach:
The ‘behavioural science’ approach utilises methods and techniques of social
sciences such as psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology for
the study of human behaviour. Data is objectively collected and analysed by
the social scientists to study various aspects of human behaviour.
Source:
https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/management/approaches-to-
management/approaches-to-management-classical-modern-scientific-and-
system-approach/19527
Prepared by:
Dr. Rhandale M. Alojado, LPT
College Instructor (Principles of Management)