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Direct and Indirect Specch

This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words someone said. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes verbs and pronouns to report what someone said without using their exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place need to be adjusted. Questions are changed from question word order to statement order and the question mark is removed.

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Bertha Mwanza
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84 views17 pages

Direct and Indirect Specch

This document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words someone said. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and changes verbs and pronouns to report what someone said without using their exact words. When changing from direct to indirect speech, tenses, pronouns, and references to time and place need to be adjusted. Questions are changed from question word order to statement order and the question mark is removed.

Uploaded by

Bertha Mwanza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIRECT AND

INDIRECT SPECCH
MR LIWALE

BA EDU.
DIRECT SPEECH

• This is when you report a message using the exact words the speaker used.
• When writing it is indicated by enclosing the words in quotation marks. For
instance,
• Mr. Liwale said, “I love working out.”
• Ticacia asked,“Why do you love working out?”
Actual
Speech tag
words of the
They let us know who
speaker
said the words
PUNCTUATION OF SENTENCES IN DIRECT SPEECH

• The quotation must begin with a capital letter, even if the speech tag comes
first.
• Ethel said, “Help me solve this equation.”
• There must be a punctuation mark (A full stop, comma, exclamation mark or
question mark) at the end of the quotation and it must be placed inside the
closing inverted commas.
• The girl shouted, “I don’t need your help!”
PUNCTUATION OF SENTENCES IN DIRECT SPEECH
CONT…
• Set off the speech tag from the quotation using a comma when the speech tag comes
before the quotation.
• Mr. Liwale said, “I love working out.”
• When the speech tag comes after the quotation, set off the speech tag from the quotation
by placing a comma after the quotation.
• “I love working out,” Mr. Liwale said.
• EXCEPTION: If the quotation ends with a question mark or exclamation, the Punctuation
mark is left unchanged.
• “Where can I find the drums?” Vanessa asked.
• “Get out of here!” Vernice shouted.
PUNCTUATION OF SENTENCES IN DIRECT SPEECH

• The speech tag can also be placed in the middle of the quotation. In this case,
place a comma after the first part of the quotation and another after the
speech tag. Let us consider the following examples:
• (a) “Let us go,” Joyce said,“and see what is happening outside.”
• (b) “I was wondering,” he said,“if we could start over.”
• (c) “I had a good harvest last year,” said the farmer. “The seed I used was of
good quality.”
PUNCTUATION OF SENTENCES IN DIRECT
SPEECH…
• When a title is mentioned in the quotation, punctuate
as follows:
• “I have read ‘Things Fall Apart’,” said Tracy
• “Last week we watched ‘Better Than Us’,” said Gerard
REPORTED SPEECH

• Reported speech also known as indirect speech refers to the change from the exact
words (Direct speech) that the first person used to the words that the second person
uses to transmit the same information.
INDIRECT SPEECH

• When changing from direct to reported speech, the


following must be taken into consideration:
• (a) Tense Changes
• (b) Pronoun Changes
• (c) Expression of time and place
TENSE CHANGES

DIRECT INDIRECT
1. Past Simple Tense [sang, was, had]
1. Present Simple Tense [sing, is, have]
2. Past Continuous Tense [was singing]
2. Present Continuous Tense [is singing]
3. Past Perfect Tense [had been singing]
3. Present Perfect Tense [has been singing]
4. Past Perfect [had sang, had played]
4. Past Simple Tense [sang, played]
5. Past Continuous/ Past Perfect Cont…
5. Past Continuous Tense [was writing]
[was writing, had been writing]
6. Future Tense [will]
6. Conditional [would]
MODAL VERB CHANGES

DIRECT INDIRECT
1. Can 1. Could

2. May 2. Might

3. Shall 3. Would or shall


4. Must/ had to
4. Must
CONT….

• The imperative form of the verb is changed to the infinitive. E.g


• “Submit the books before you knock off,” the teacher said to
the pupils.
The teacher told the pupils to submit the books before they
knocked off.
• “Close the doors as you leave,” she said to the unruly boy.
She told the unruly boy to close the door as he left.
QUESTIONS

• To change questions from direct to indirect speech, take note of


the following:
• The statement order is used (subject + verb) is used instead of
the question order (verb + subject)
• The question is mark is dropped.
• Questions not beginning with an interrogative word like why,
who, when, what require the addition of if or whether,
QUESTIONS CONT…

DIRECT INDIRECT
1. “Why were you absent 1. The teacher asked the
yesterday?” the teacher boy why he had been
asked the boy. absent the previous day.
2. “Have you been to 2. The boy asked Cynfred
Singapore?” the boy
if he had been to
asked Cynfred
Singapore.
PRONOUN CHANGES

DIRECT INDIRECT
1. I 1. He/she
2. Me 2. Him/her
3. You 3. Her/she/them/they
4. We 4. They
5. Us 5. Them
6. Ours/ our 6. Theirs/ Their
7. My 7. His/hers
EXPRESSION OF TIME AND PLACE

DIRECT INDIRECT
• Today • That day
• Tomorrow • The next day/ the following day
• Yesterday • Day before/previous day
• Last night • Previous night/night before
• Ago • Before
• Now • Then
• This • That/the
• These • Those/the
EXERCISE
1. “ I am going to address your concerns today”, said the human resource officer.

B. The human Resource officer assured them that ………………………….

2. “Carry an umbrella in case it rains today,” said my mother.

B. My mother advised me ______________________________________________


3. A. “Keep your money in this tin until tomorrow,” said my, mother.
B. My mother told me _____________________________________________
THANK YOU

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