① H' £ Carnot ① la b) Isothermal

expansion b- c adiabatic
expansion T, To
MmaxH.is tycarnot
'
__ - →

steam engine Resorvoir )

g@3oounigfien.i
.

66mn'gañEow(
.tl/pnQH---W
°
≤
on
Mitt -

yearn 0000
/
" "

¥=(¥ /
" int"
◦ oooo
Q" "°""" •a
IQ / =/ Q, / / WI / WI fpdv 1ms
yµ.t.=
•
+
w=
% %"
&
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% %
f.
Q" ' " " '•
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,

lwt-lo.at/ac1
•

• •
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:
=/ ¥ )
,
Heat Engine ' w •

frogman.at/sibWtiuwooWN9
e •
Boiler b- c) adiabatic
②
µ,
1- (
=
expansion c

Qc
IQ / '
d adiabatic
gw nnw%ÑwÑÑm9bÑU2
, → a
compression To → TH
¥iÉ
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\ :-(=/ )
pump ~ Q = RT " luka
7am " -1-1*4%1
-

1%1=1%1
-
,
boañsiunoioas v, "
%,
2ⁿᵈ Me
"¥a ¥
Q
nod
Fin;) ③ di Isothermal compression
=
H
condenser "
1C
-10*1
-

9h +
÷ > O QH °

✗?
e ✓
Te TH
v
◦◦◦ ◦
Qc
Melnik
= "

÷ ÷:|
-

00000
y,
" ¥
"" "" " ,
IQ
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,
no, , > ° gjygejoi.gg
Ésñ.com/ri--lwl-=lQi-il-lQcl-- a. py.eu ye

-1,4¥
"

%
=
I
***
Yue
-_

Vc
④ id ,aiñ÷,
.

.in
IQH / ÑsñYñIN 10-1-11 , > a
To -1-11-1 IQ /
f- ) > Oil" > To "

" The enthalpy and entropy of saturated

vapor
of ①

!%% ¥
-1,, .to

:ASiˢ=KÑsln¥
1

ÑoÑhnTsiN7NVnbWÑuwoÑwnnw8own%Uan isobutane at 0°C and 1.273bar

:ssiˢ=Lip%ln¥ _
21753J / not
* ñivconst
Klug
ñitconst -
Rlnp -
1- are

%
respectively Find
entropy and Jlmolk the
. .

nnhtnspnwfowfwpnwfowoiwowbook-oinoc.vn'9fñnna%Wl source )
t.si?--RenE P¥;=¥
.
> a. 64
Ex
.
.

ÑoNUgÑnggm'Ñw "=ʰ¥KGÉ )
1-isobutaneat2ooi.EE
⑤ enthalpy As , -1} ) and of saturated

{ {
Kun :6dÉuwmw%VbÑwñw lsotionnsrroasñiounoo 1- =P
1000
ñnpconst :sÉ=Lip%lnI -
Rlnp and 70bar .

A'
Ñ % ?

dniowrjuurigownnwfowlsinkln.co,mugÑmI3ookd9ÑnfoÑi7nr≈wowmsÑ"
'
to T,=2ooÉ
-

Sol ? I
'

"=ln¥ / cut
Give T,
-

:O
Cp :( v -112
( Ci? As 13=31.630×10-3
)sln¥
=

a. g. µ ,
13=1.273 bar 13=70 bar
N%ÑnUÑnn -0809 Carnot Tun TH 1000k mibWÉuwbbNn9 entropy -9.873×10-6
.
(
ideal
④
-_ =

v09
gas 1-11=21753%01 >
He ?
=\
,W, ↓ rip > 3bar
=
w-ao.io >
rfcaruot
= 1- To
NH t
Gi, book ] JU ideal
③
JQ -12W dW= PJV
- -

non
-

gas 51=7%04%01
- -
. -

Si
-

In ?
_

:
To :L, / 9. ok
dU=2Q PJV dxy :-/
d) +
ydx
9/1 MIXTUV
-

residual
= '
?÷◦ TWI property ss=ssi%s? Ii
-

"J 17=40 -2bar

aQ=zu+pwDH :/ iii. IT =Q=cpcñ -71
-

" ◦
superheated steam -

;÷
I
_

HK-H-ti.sk?--.-Pr(Y3=i-iwdj;I)--ssi---o.osm--.p
y
(11%441,5+41317314-1)=>1-1,1-303 .s¥
Q=mcST 1 Atm ◦

◦ ◦ "
Tc -300k JH :( pistil
◦
-

on H=U+PV 00% "

,
=L -0-3 "
1-1=1-1%+1-1
,

JPV
É→
- - ◦
= o.gg 21-1=20 +
ideal gas PV=RT →
→ ◦ → ooo
◦
273-15=0-650 Tv ,2= 473.15=1.13
¥
O Tv , ,
i o

1¥
-
=
"
_

= 0.7
21-1=20-1 PJV + V21? ideal
entropy v09 non -

gas 20°C 100°C gllmix 100°C T > 100°C

, 419-6 419.6
Ta Pre
4%2--1.741
"
1-1=1-119+1-1 Sat Pry -17--1.273 0-032
-
= :

= "
② dH=2Q+VdP T2
sat
.liq vapor Fc

Entropy 5 40-2
'gouÑ9 Dstotatfmcdt 1-1=(1-18%11-1) -11-1
"

mines
Ññ¥en=ñ+nl
4/5=1 dB°=
CÉJT=2Q+RT2P
m y 130--0.083-0.422 -0.756 0.675 2.061
TT
= =
" ✗
Ti
1-1=11-10%+1%4,2 -11+1-1
,
'"
Tri ;°
,
dTr Tr
p Vicinity )
s e g ÷TiCÉdT= + Rap
=mc
) -1,2T " " "" " """ " " " "
"
nl.me
"
UIKJ/ kg )
B, -_
0.139-0-172 = -0.905 dB
"
=
0.722 = 6.730
Ti " "" ✓
n
P
" -2
JTR Trs -2
mole fraction ; ✗ Tr
=

T
Ice eiqwater viper ÷R ;
25--4%1,1-4,21
R
'
=mcln( ¥;) g "= g-
gig
gi9
" Sis -

5%+15's
n'+ ne HIKJ / t.gl

ÑSlkJ/kg.k )
Pr 1.5
1.74

↓ 2
bñ%ÑnÑow

;✗✓= mY- me
R
-

g Pr
[
g. =
V7 A 1.74 Tr -1.10
-

fraction
- -

Pr -2.203^-0-2.965
-

Sice <
Stig < s
vapor / ( Poto ) > ( P -1,
,
,
) non -
ideal
@
AS ( PII ) non - ideal mass
" "" "
1-10
-
2. qgg -
( -2.2oz , =
A -
( -2.2oz,

www.fonoewawmoatbrinatwtoiofs
%_=§¥)slnT÷ lnPj Tpr
54 1.74 l 5
SS > 0 ; or ? I -19
④ 2- 1.5
-

-1.719
Vcmolar volume )
-2.479
-

s
Nimmo
Isentropic process
-

ideal or • ideal
A- = -2.475
Asio
15=0 ;
Jiangnan Ñcadiabartic reversible )

n.hn?vl+ri.vV-:n;V--nfn.vt+vnI.vlM--u,v,H,S9/lmixtuve
°
IP , -11 ( P ,V , )

Yi¥)s=A -11151+4-12+-11;) / Pr
-1-15,17--1.74
, ◦
" " " -11 UIB
( RTT /
bÉwñw "

1540 ; noewxsmibrint.is/aiJoioog ,
; lnt
DH
His sHi9 His =) -2.479-(-1-719)=13-(-1-719)

Law of Thermodynamic T=¥ go.jo Agis •gis Apr 2- 1.5 1.74-1.5

V=-xÑ=m 've -1mV ,Ñ+xñ

.

IP , -11 ( PND

041
① AS ideal 13=-2.084
nodes ,FnÑ gas 5=5%+5
"

097 C Pr -

1.
74,17=1.13
( RTT )
sun
-

② entropy :oÑwÉwboᵈouhsno:wowmoñiñnÉw1ñ =( Ci? > sent

ln¥ 5--15%+151+5 E-
"

Superheated
o
steam at Prandtl
originally expands B-A C- A
-

,
' =

③
qnoeiisoo.is'sñ -1=0 K R To .
non - ideal
gas 5--15%-1 / < cp%lnI%+Rln¥ ) ) -15 "
through nozzle to exhaust Spr
1- 13-1-10

pressure B. Assuming
t.is -1.10
a an

15--44? )slnT
f
-2.278
,mooNÑowooNm entropy
(

Rln¥
=
As Moan
"a=n°d
-

1-1,500910 Énriooosisobutanend 300k

or
)°=
- -

the reversible adiabatic determine the

"
E- 6.3 ñ ,
process
is
( H

¢4,2T
To , -2.2 > a
9/1 mixture
.

mJbAÉ0Wnᵈvogaw SH honoring.AT GGNE 17=15.41 bar non ideal

dowstreamstatoofthe Itc
-

steam and SH for the

-

following
_

①
'

Mann Tngñ 15=0,

/
ref state 300K bat
T To Ñmwnfññ'qn -_
,
/
gj9= 295.976J /not conditions :P, -

- 1000hPa ,t -523.15k ,P, -200hPa ,

-
-

a an

AH :( ciit.AT 1-1%-18115 J/mo1ooNEH"= -2841.3%01 66N :S "= -5.734J/mo /

P, -1000hPa P, -200hPa
mJbaÉownᵈvo9pzwPow
-
-

②
1.74%-1-10
> '

¥+¥?T;D
i 15--0
games Cipa ) :( T.TT -111+17
GÉs=A+( ,Xl
"
( A Ti -523 / 5K
-113%17+11+1,7 Sol " BT :( SH '
-

< ) ×
MA Pr
-

't -1
-

1,1¥:/
- .

" -

, -

2 12 -12 1000hPa 240

A B 12 R dnt 250 260
6-9253=11 111-5301 ) -17.1268£ -1.261-(-0-617)=1--1-0.617 )
irreversibility friction
-

-1=100 É -1=804 ③ '

1-+113%-17-11 ] H 2920<62942.92%5.2
"" " " "
=
"
, g. , For ideal with constant heat capacities " " " Spr 1.5 1.74-1.5
undergoing
g. a "
2.0
an
gas ' " " " "" "
-

" "
lil
15=0
42--1-1%+1.it
}÷
\

:o)
↓ no :mwm9A : -1=100%-904 reversible adiabatic Land therefore isentropic process (1.677+137.853×10-311300) A- -0.926
-

15--0--752-51=0 52=51
=

grinning
a
,
-1=808 qooc
= .

1-12=904.489/0.0361+2706-310.964 )
B : →

show that this i

CP
eq result
r 51=6-9253--52 1-12--2627.035 KJ / kg Pr -1.7417--1.15
-

=/
same

CHS 11-1121
Q
ln% a) B
Q
, I
, -

A B
! ( -14.134.12 # ×'s
/
A from application of eq "

(
"
5.14
-

s= -1-12-1-11
- .

AH -

-1=100 É -1=804 9 90°C

1- = -1=904
with 15=0 4- ✗ =/
"
✗
1- 1-
=
2627.035-2942.9 pic -0.604-(-0-487)=13-(-0-487)
117.51J /not
-

52A 5213 52A 5213 = ✗

AH KJIKG
(ip%✗T ×Ys¥5
=
-315.8 >
If and To Apr 2.0-1.5 1.74-1.5
÷Cpi1=c
So /
t.ci?)slnT,=.-RlnPp
" T, 4-
Ssi ?
a-
51A > 52A T↑✗S↑o 511345213 iss ,} > 0 F-
Cp
→
,

13=-0.543
Asa Tv
steam engine Energy
< 0 52A Sia
Balance
Then you need an
-

Pr -1.74
-

7C Tr -1.13
( ¥¥ )
T,

"ÉÉniweioo=Ssa+ss
5213-5113 .
- -

# Ép A§=
hi '
Lci? > find SH
117.511h
3,6%-18.314
)ln / 5.41 Pi this
=

order to Qin 0=-11-1mi

AS ,
H in
I
tag ¥ this .:Ws=niAH B- A = C- A
Asi ? Thot ATR
( lips )s order to find AS -1.314 Dtp 1. 15-1-10 1.13-1.10
,

EI
r

!oñññmgmooaÉowñÉogan•ñow cp=Cv+R
-

owe
=
in
• l
Boiler
°
Q=0 Ñs=M( 1-12-14 ) ,
C- C- 0.9261
bbUÑ9RñNÉ0W reservoir ) SÉS gig ÑP Wss P2Vi " "ᵗ -0.543-(-0-926) =

www.soginofri
"
heat (
%
source -

>
¥

:/ ln¥ ln¥pln¥ln¥!
15=4 pump

t.m-ya.m.iiss.m-n.mo-i.si/s=s...sis
>

↳ H2 ns.uol.is-i.io
-

amor . -

↳ waistline.ba F R condenser
52 isentropic / 52=5,1 '
R (
5=5^+15%+151
" -0-696
efficiency
(H )
, =
e Ye •

IQ / Ws
◦ =
-0.696
÷:
•

7-
Wsiisentropici
✓

heatsink
0 = -

Tissot SS ?
5=-5.734+1295.976+1-1.3147 9moonÑÑ9omñon isentropic ) RT'
;
-

↳ [ T4sioNÑÉwbbÑN9 ] 1-11=11.1 )°+w " '

Q' out 680912k HR )
,
* Pogba ,ba , Ws )
(
,

Turbine expander )
-
=
, /
5=288.928 J/mol

1m¥ "

[
Asti -101
0=ln¥ ✗
lny lniyi
-1%-12+-1+11 " " ""
" "" " " ""
- -

"

Lipski
-1,1¥?
Rtc
_

Ashmont methane
"
Rtc RTC
at ssokand 5bar
' "

Tengri
undergoes H -1-+13%(-1+1) -1¢
gas of 56400 KWIKJ / s ) operates
a)
-

capacity
T , ,
;
As
b' ln /
14%1 isentropic 15=0 -2 -3 -2.278+(0.18711-0.696)
-_

¥ / A =

expro with steam at inlet conditions of

=

reversible adiabatic expansion

-

1.677+137.853×1071300113,6%+1
, to 1bar
_

R
,
a . =
)
methane to be ideal gas at these 8600hPa and 500°C and discharges into Hz =
-2.408
Assuming 2
( Gii )
an ,

¥ A 40kg steel casting up .sk/kg.k1 Conditions find

=
14.168 R
a condenser at pressure
of 10hPa
Assuming RTO
-

,+
its find temperature qmuoifoinri.io
:O .

aturbineeffic.ie#f.determin thestateofth steamal! -

at temperature of 450°C 1723.15k ) is quenched ( Gii )
É)s=A 117.793 Jlmol 1-1^2=1-2.40871419
=
a
(( b) (8-314)
,,

-1113%+151 ! -1,1%111+11117-11
-

His
"
in 150kg of oil Icp SKJ/ .K ) at 25°C 1298.15kt 11-1%+1-1 ti? H'
:/ 4,2T
2.
kg
ln¥=
H H
{
-

94
AH
" "
- -
-
- -

-8400.43g
-

=
If there heat loss what R 2 any
discharge
entropy
"
the
¥7s 1-1=1-1%-1-1
are no is in ( >
,
550k and the mass rate H2
-1¥ -12=4 > 3k

T=¥ (F) HIT

A- Ssys To
AS steel
1-1=1-1 "+( 1-1%+11-1 )
-

Ssoil AH :( To )
JCPDT
-

¥,=e×pf %)
21753
exp of flow of the
-

-1.6094
-

③ (-8400.4391-1-303.5)
+

f
⑨ the casting
_

the oil ⑥ both considered tgaret ,

. , . , µ,
_

<
"
F- 273k
1-1=-2841.3+18115+7067.58 steam
cp-o.sk#kg.KpoiI--Isokg--cp=2.skJ/kg.kT--
Give steel 117.793 (360-300)
-40kg =

(
In
'

l" p, -8600hPa
-

=
CP "ᵈ=( Cp >
1-1=22641.28 JIMOI
-

450°C -1=258 7067.58 Thot V7 AH AT

(473-273)=22,880.128%01

/ %)
l °
114.4
'

500°C
= =

1. ooga, Boiler T,
" "
.

= - -_
"
"
Cp >¥
steel R

/
¥%→
-1¥ enY
"
V7 ( ñ'T 273K -12=47315
Tqnñ,q= isentropic Uiwscisentropic )
?
-_

O=mg Cps (
Tngnñvo Titania / Cpo ( Too.nñio ToÉañw )
" " 94
⑦ m•= ?
_

+
Mo ,
-

,
-

en
. - -
-

=
pump
Sat -56400kW
-

o Sat Ws
✗y,✗f ? pÉ=A -113-2%17+11 -1,1%21%+1-+1 )
:
# ① most
. .

oil
=

0=140 , ,o.g , , ,
-

ago , + ago , , , .gg , , .gg ,

Iteration 51=52--6.6858 10hPa dig Vap condenser
"
(( -1 D ,T= = 473
-0-5-0-0
Ñ%Ñ@"t"°|# 52=1/454-1×45 H 191-8322504-8 Pz=1okPa T -1T !
e
319.67K R 273
0=Qs+Qo Too,nñoo -46.52°C =
911 : j
fanfaron ( pis 1.9^-6>+31.61330×10-3-1 -9.834×10-7
-

Toexpf I;¥ )
5 8.1511
4¥94
0.0493
1-guess T=Tsue
-

" Teal

iiilsitxisi
-

Hi=HÉ+tiÉ
15=1
_
-_

⑥ Sso 25°C → 46.52°C To

,

1- const :ss=Q 52--11 -

⑨ Sss 450°C → 46.92g R

( 298K ) ( 319.4K )
( 723.15K ) 1319.67kt Sso -
-

mcpln 480
idea /
T 6.6858=11 -

2) (0-6493)+8.151 / XT =/ 191<832110.1951+(2584.8/10.805) < Cpi? __

13.76×8.314 J / not .k

Priory
"
Ti
gas f. 2118.17
-1-12-1-4=11-1%1-1 HI
"
=
:
✗ 2--0.805=7 ✗ 1-0.805=0.195 SH
=
,

=/ ¥
-

MCAT
ln(
DS

A=4CiJImol.HR
Q 150=(150112-5)
)
-

319.67
? > sent
-

,
lnp
_

, ,
dQ=mcdT 298.15 T2 11-1--2118.7-3391.6=-1272.9 KJ/ 1-12=35929.06
TI kg To Fo
1%-4010.5 )ln / %; !f, /
Isen
150--26.13
__fmgdT
As KJIK
niooivyowoñ N AH SY 07h15 -15%+5%-5 "

15=44? > sent

V7

ˢsÉId 15--120
-

6ÉoTBingñ
-

Rlnp
'
,
or
-

, ,

Atllisentropic
◦
Tn=Tn -11 )
(5) at Pr -1.74
ss=mcf¥ PT
To Tr -1.10
T
-

④ Issy Sss -115°

6ÉoTagñ KJ/ kg
'
-_
,
lifts SH (0-7511-1272.9)=-954.675
-

R ①
-

Spr
_

-2.081 A C- 1.557 )
_

: -
l -

1.557 ) =

Sssys
-

As -16.34+26.13
__mcpln¥
=

1-12=11-1 -11-11=-954.675+3391.6--2436.925 KJ /kg 1.74 1.5

/ b
Sssys 9.79 KJ / K 2-
-

°
Pr
-
,
Tv
'

-_

-1.74 1.15 A-
mine ; 1-12=+9-14×4-1
-1.808
-
-
=
"
_

Sssys > 0ns :wowmooÑwTNTñ

"

2436.925=(191-832)×1112584.8111 -

✗ d) D. Pr ④ : -1.649 -
I -1.126 ) = B- C- 1.126 )

✗ £-0.0617 =
I -0-0617=0.9383 2. 0-1.5 1.74-1.5
Pr -1.74
-

Tv -1.13 13=-1.377

;W°s=wisH m=h,= -56400--59.078 Kgb

.

Unni
-

954.675 sTr② : B- A = C- A
1.15-1.10 1.13 -

1.10
-
1.377-1-1.808 ) = C- C- 1.808 )

1. IS -1.10 I. 13-1-10
"

:( s / I ( -1.549
◦ ' =

② si
"
Is /
"
=
+ a. IS ) •

-1.54g

R R R R
( s / at
"
"
52 -_
1-1.5491+(0.18711-0.712) Tr -1.10 -

Pr -1.74
-

,
R R
"
52 -4-1.682118-3141=-13.984
APr① : -1.241 (-0.6181--1--1-0.618)

ssis-LG.io?lnTy=,-RlnP.p--
-

a)
2.0-1.5 1.74-1.5
Tv -1.15 Pr -1.74
- A- =
-0.917
1111.989 ) In 473 In
SPr④
18.3141 70 28.236
(-0.5021--13-1-0.502)
=

:
-

-0.654 -

273 1.273
2. 0-1.5 1.74 -1.5
D=
, Pr -1.74 Tr -1.13 0.575
-
-
-

R TET : bit
sTr⑥ : B- A C- A
(G) 7=13.47
=

1. IS -1.10 1.13-1.10
R -

0-575-(-0.9/7)=(-1-0.917)
{ Cp > = 13.47.8 -314=111.989 J/mol.k
1. 15 1.10 1.13-1.10
-154
-

52--5 ,
+
☐ Sis
-
s ! "
" C= -0.712
52=79.64+28.236 -11-13.9841-1-0.871=94.762 J /molik :* (S ) =

-0.712
R
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
o­
e­