td ll aetälis,

SCREENING
Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment
plant, and consists of passing the sewage through different types of screens, so
as to trap and remove the
floating matter, such as pieces of cloth, paper, wood,
cork, hair, fibre, kitchen refuse, fecal solids, etc.
present in
sewage. These
iloating materials,
if not removed, will choke the
pipes, adversely affect the
or
working of the sewage pumps. Thus, the main idea of providing screens is to
protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible damages due to the
iloating matter of the sewage.
dereens should preferably be placed before theisgrit chambers (described in
te next article). However, if the quality of 'grit' not ofmuch importanee,
the case of land fillings, etc., screens may even be placed after the grit
as

aambers. They may sometimes be a commodated in the body of the grit

hambers themselves.
92. Types of Sereens, their Designs and Cleaning

tDependi ng upon the size of the openings,

screens may be classitied as coarse

ns, medium screens, and fine sereens.

i) C Racks, and the spacing between the
known as
arsarse screens a r e also mm or more.
These screens do help in
is about 50
opening size) will collect about 6 litres of
Temoving from sewage. They
lids arge floating objects The material separated by c o a r s e screens,
million litre of sewage. and may be
alally consi etc., which will not putrefy,
sists of rags, wood, paper,
MSposed O by incineration, burial, or dumptng
 LGrit chamber
Rack Grit Imhoff tank Dosing tank
Low rate trickling filter
Nozzles spray sewage
over contact material Open sludge
Outfall Laying beds
sewer Kemoves Removes E l n g chamber Dortmund tank
to plant Coarse
floating heavy Effuent taken to
mineral Sludge. Digestion Chamber Stream Sand
matter. matter, Regulate head
Racking gritis used
and discharge Sewage trickles
are buried
or burned
as fill
Sludge
solids slide from
of nozzles over bacterial slimes
Dries digested sludge
Settling that cover filter stones, and humus. Dried
upper settling chamber to Dissolved and finely
Humus flows
Digested lowerdigestion chamber to drying beds. sludge is used a s
sludge divided organic matter soil builder
where they are decomposed Removes humus
is converted into humus or for fil
flows on to
drying beds
by bacteria and other organisms sloughing from
on the stones
trickling filter

Sludge
Imhoff tank plant, which may to used for very
small towns
Fig. 9.1 (a) Flow of a sewage treatmenthas
diagram Imhoff become old and obsolete)
(use of tank, through,

Sludge digestion
High Rate Floating Glass covered
Trickling filter
Rack or» Primary. Dosing cOver Gas sludge drying beds
Coar
screen
sesedimentation
tank tank | Secondary settling tank
effluent taken Sludge -

T L to stream
and

Outfalls Removees
sewer Coarse TTTTT Regulates
to plant floating flow onto Sludge Dries digested sludg
matter. Settling solids filter Rotating arm under glass cover,

Rackings removea distributes settled Sludge Digests sludge from

both setting tanks.
dried sludge is use
or
mechanically sewage over contact as soil builder

ared of
buried or
buned
by scrapers on
endless chain
materia Removes humus from filter
effluent, sludge plowed to
drawn off
Supernatant is sent

back to plant
for fill

center and
and medium sized cities
treatment plant useful for small
Flow diagram of a sewage
Fig.9.1 (a)
 Rack LGrit chamber Primary setting tank Activated-Sludge tank Final settling tank

Out fall sewer rnrnrn°|

to plant Rack and grit chamber are cleaned Diffusers
Returned activated sludge Rernoves actvated
mechanically. Rackings are shredded Settling Sludge to vaccum
kept in suspension by air, sludge: part of which
and
returned to
sewage. Clean grit
is used for fill
solids plowed filter and incinerator
Forms contact material, IS reurned to aeration
to center
Dissolved and finely divided tanks. par wasted
organic matter is converted
into activated sludge

Fig. 9.1(c) Flow diagram of sewage treatment plant useful for large sized cities
 I'OTUTON
ENGINI
DIPOiAL AND AHI
WAG

ban n
botul to 40
tho
spaciug
botween
por million llitre
seroens, the to 90
litren of naterinl
medium

widl
ordinarily
collect 0
quantity orgnie atorinl
Do dinponed of
Sereens nome
contain
usually thoreloro,
The muat,
ge.
sereenings
oflonaivo, and
putrety and becomo
1C aY burial (not by dunping nw-y widely
c e n u t i o n , or
and modium
aereonN
nro
ectangular shapod
coarse
made of ateel fIXed parallel t
barH,
plants. They
are
called ba,
uset at sowage
treatment
rectangular
steol frame, nd are
on a the
callod neree
ne anotherat desired spacingK chamber, en
R.C,C,
or
screens are set in a masonry
inetined at about 30 t
e n s The a r e generally
kept
these sereens and to reduce
amoer. Now-a-days, to inerease tho opening area,
oUto the direction offlow, s o as

the sereening
more
ellective, A most
the tlow velocity ; and thus making 9,2.
shown in Pig.
used hand cleaned bar type sereen is
cOmmonly

Direction of-
tlow7
- 0 to o0°

(a) Section

Racks for Pertorated metal

platform for
sCreens
screening

000
o00
ooo

O0o
Jooo

(b) Plan

(c) Prospective view

Cia 9.2. Fixed Bar type Hand Cleaned Coarse or
Medium Skreen or Rack.
 MENT OF SEWAGE

239
:l designing the sereens, clear
that the velocity through themopenings should have sufficient total
is not more
eaced on velocity, limits the head loss than 0.8 to I m/sec. This
inmat,

res the opportunity for through the screens, and, thus,

sereenings to be
henaterial collected on bar screens can pushed through the screens.
be removed either
hanically. Manual cleaning is practised at smali plants manually or

ated rakes." The inclined screens help in their with hand

ke cleaning the
rv
of the rake. Large
plants, however, use mechanically by upward
hich move over the sereens, either continuously or operated rakes,
The cleaning screens by rakes will be hindered
of intermittently.
by cross bars, if at all
sovided. They are, therefore, generally avoided.
Sereens are sometimes classified
fixed or movable, depending upon
as
hether the screens are
stationary
capable of motion. Fixed screenstheir
or
are
ermanently set in position. Movable screens are stationary during
gperating periods, but they can be lifted up bodily and removed from their
asitions for the purpose of cleaning. A common movable bar medium screen is
8-sided cage with a bottom of perforated plates. It is mainly used in deep pits
head of pumps.
(i) Fine Screens have perforations of 1.5 mm to 3 mm in size. The
stallation of these screens prove very effective, and they remove as much as
D% of the suspended solids from sewage. These screens, however, get clogged
ery often, and need frequent cleaning. They are, therefore, used only for
reating the industrial wastewaters, or for treating those municipal
astewaters, which are associated with heavy amounts of industrial
rastewaters. These screens will considerably reduce the load on further
reatment units.

Scraper for
cleaning sCreen

Perforatedd
cone brush>

LLL

ZZZZZZZZZZZ
Bearing
for dise IIZNZIIIZZx}ZZZZLLZIID
\Conerete
Circular disc
piller
screen
fine screen).
Reinsch-Wurl screen (disc type
Fig. 9.3.
a
designed in such way
that they.fit in
Arake
Ween 4
toothed bar. The teeth of the
rakes are

an operator puts the rake in

position, and
screen bars. Hence, it on the

8stho Spacings of the the screen bars, up towards

him, and gumps
erial contained between
o
 240 SEWAGE
DISPOSAL
AND AIR
TION ENGINEE
POLLUTION E

mesh are
generillly
used for cons
plates qr wiro
resistant to
rusSt iand corrosion gs
rz should be
Sereens, The
h e rmotal used
drum type, and a r e ted
operate cont
The fine sereens may be
dise or
disc type of fine 8creenua
by shows a typical
motors. Fig. 9,3
cleaned by a cone brush.
9.1. Estimate the sereen requirement for
a
plant treutiny
plunt treatiing t
peak e
ple
of 60 million litres per day
of sewage
Solution. Peak flow = 60 Mi/day
60 x 10
cu-m/day
1000
m/sec.
2460,000cu-m/sec
= 0.694

ASSuming that the velocity through the screens (at peak flow) is not alle.
to exceed 0.8 m/sec, we have
llowed
The net area of screen openings required

.b04 n?=0.87 m.
0.8
Using rectangular steel bars in thescreen, having 1 cm width, and placed at
5 clear
cm
spacings, we have
The gross area of the screen required
0.87 x6
1.04 m2
5
Assuming that the screen bars are placed at 60° to the horizontal, we have
The gross area of the screen needed
104 104x2
3 12m2
2
Hence, a coarse screen
of 1.2 m area is
required. Ans.
While designing the screen, we have also to
The cleaning frequency is design its cleaning frequency
more the screen governed by the head loss through the screen.
openings are clogged, more will be the The
head loss through the
Generally,
screen. not more than half the screen
whether the screen has been
clogged and
clogging is allowed. To know
measure the head loss. needs cleaning, we can check or

The head loss through the cleaned screen and

computed as follows : half-cleaned screen, can
Velocity through the screen =
0.8 m/sec.
Velocity above the screen
0.8x5
6 . msec = 0.67 m/sec

Head loss through the screen

0.0729 (V2-2)
..(9.1)
0.0729 (0.8 - **

0.67 )= 0.0134; say 0.013 m.

 cATMENT OF SEWAGE

241
an the screen openings get half clogged,
Whe then
elocitythrough the sereen
Theveld

=U=0.8 2 =1.6 m/sec.

x

Hlead loss = 0.0729 (1.6- 0.67) =

0.1538; say 0.16 m.
shows that when tho acreens are totally
clean, the
ible i.e. about 1.3 cm only; whereas, the head loss shoots uphead loss is
This
half the clogging. Tho screens should therefore be cleaned to about 15
voep the head loss within the allowable range. Ans. frequently, as

keep
 SECONDARY TREATMENT THROUGH
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
(Aerobic Suspended Culture)
9.32. Definition of Activated Sludge Process
The activated sludge process provides an excellent
method of treating either
raw sewage or more generally the settled
sewage. The sewage effluent from
primary sedimentation tank, which
1s, thus normally utilised in this process,
is mixed with 20 to 30 per cent of own volume of activated
contains a large concentration of highly active aerobic sludge, which
micro-organisms. The
mixture enters an aeratlon tanr, where the micro-organisms
the sludge solids) and the sewage, are
(coated around
a11antity of air for intimately mixed together, with a large
about
4 to 8
hours. Under these conditions, the moving*
arganisms will oxidise the
organiC matter, and the suspended and colloidal
matter tend c0agulate and rorm a precipitate, which settles down readily in
to
+he secoídary scttling tanK. Tne settled sludge
(containing micro organ
organisms)
*The organisms
roated around tho sludge solids are kept
moving by agitation/mixing.
 347
led activated sludge, is then recycled to
ed again with the sewage the head of the aeration
tank, to be
being
ntinuously being produced by this process, and a New activated
treated. sludge is
and sent back to the portion of it being
utilised
roperly along with aeration tank, whereas the
the sludge
collected during
excess portion is
disposed of
digestion.
primary treatment, after
The eftluent obtained from a
properly operated activated sludge plant is of
high quality, usually having a lower
BOD removal is up to 80-95 per BOD than that of a trickling filter plant.
percent. Moreover, land area required cent, and bacteria removal is up to
process, a rather close degree of controlisisalso quite less. But, however, 90-95in this
that an
ample supply of necessary operation to ensure (i)
in
oxygen is present; (ii)
continuous mixing of the sewage and the that there is
activated sludge; and intimate
and
ratio of the volume of activated (iii) that thhe
treated is kept sludge addéd to the volume of sewage
practically constant. Moreover, there being
obtaining activated sludge, at the start of a new is the problem of
plant is put into operation, a period of about 4 plant. Hence, when new a

a suitable return sludge, and during this weeks may be required to form
secondary sedimentation tank will be returned period, almost all the sludge from the
new plant may also through the aeration tank. A
another plant, so to sometimes
be
seeded with the activated
as
quickly start the process in the new sludge from
9.33. Various Operations and Units of an Activated plant.
9.33.1. Primary Treatment Units of an Sludge Plant
typical flow diagram for conventional activated
a
Activated Sludge Plant. A
sludge plant shown in Fig.
9.36. As pointed out èarlier, the removal of grit and is
in grit chambers and primary sedimentation tankslarger solids by screening
is generaly considered
necessary before aeration. The pre-removal of these settleable solids is
in preventing
deposits on aeration devices, and thereby not helpful
reducing
eftficiencies. Moreover, such materials, if not pre-removed, may settle down their
in
Efhuent
Raw econ- to b
Primary aisposed
Grit sedimen- deary
***screenschambes tation
tank
Aeration
tank sedimen- Chlori-
tation
tank
nation
of

Aeration tank Sludge settled at

ifreqd. bottom (i.e. Activated
sludge)
t One portion

extra portion

Sludge
Sludge To sludge
digestion drying
thickner lank

activated sludge
Fig.9.36. Flow diagram for a conventional
treatment.
plant giving high degree of
 9.34. Bulking and Foaming Sludge in an Activated Sludge Treatment
Plant
Foam formation and poorly settling sludge are the two most common problems
of the activated sludge process. A sludge that exhibits poor settling
is called
characteristies a bulking sludge. Filamentous micro-organisms have
been found to be responsible for a bulked sludge. Large surface area to volume
ratios of these micro-organisms retard their settling velocities. Fungi are the
most familiar filamentous micro-organisms. The vegetative structure of most
fungi iscomposed of filaments, which actually contain a number of nuclei.
Fungi, however, are not commonly significant in wastewater treatment. Some
of
other bacteria, particularly type 021 N bacteria are among the most
frequently reported filamentous micro-organisms found in bulking sludges
These bacteria are usually found to
develop in activated sludge systems which
are characterised
live
by the low or variable nutrient concentrations. These
bacteria may on variety of carbon and nitrogen sources present in the
activated sludge system.
Organic acidsform an important class of carbon sources for the growth of
filamentous sulphur bacteria. These bacteria, however, do not develop well at
low pH values. The other types of bacteria which most commonly found in
are
foaming and bulking sludges of activated plants are : Nocardia amorae,
Microthrix parvicella, N. amarae like organisms, N. pinesis like organisms,
and type 0092, etc. Nocardia growth is supported by high sludge ages, low
F:M ratios, and higher waste temperatures. The most successful methods to
control these organisms, as per latest research, are:
(i) reduction of the sludge age* to less than 6 days ; and
ü) chlorination of return activated sludge.
Foum removal is also a logical and beneficial control measure, since
filaments are usually concentrated in foam compared to the mixed
Nocardia
liquor.
lassical control measures like adjustment of the F: M (Food Micro-
anism) ratio**, raising or lowering D.O., or
applying a disinfectant
orine) are found to help in controlling filamentous bacteria. Carbohydrate
waters are more prone to give rise to filamentous populations. Exclusion
uch wastewaters may, therefore, sometimes help in controlling sludge
bullking.
Pl. Seel the article 9.35.4
PI. see artiolon 0
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED
IN AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT
9.35. Aeration Tank Loadings
The important terms which define the loading rates of an activated sludge
plant, include:
() Aeration Period i.e. Hydraulic Retention Time-H.R.T.)
(i) BOD loading per unit volume ofaeration tank (i.e. Volumetric loading);
(ii) Food to Micro-organism Ratio (FIM Ratio); and
(iv) Sludge age.
All these loading terms are discussed below in details.
9.35.1. The Aeration Period or H.R.T
The aeration period (t)
empirically
decides the loading rate at which the sewage is applied to the aeration tank.
For continuous flow aeration tank, this value is determined in the same
tor an ordinary continuous sedimentation
manner as it is determined tank, as
(9.29) as
per equation

Detention period (t)

= Volume of the tank ...(9.41)
Rate of sewage flow in the tank
V in m3
Q in m°/day

nitrates into free nitrogen. as shown in

*Reconversion
of Fig. 7.1 (a).
ammonia
into nitrates.
**Converting
 REATMENT OF SEWAGE
357

day ..(9.41a)

O24 hour ...(9.41)

wheret =
aeration period in hours
V =Volume of aeration tank
Q= Quantity of wastewater flow into the
aeration tank,
excluding the quuntity of
recycled sludge.
9.35.2. Volumetric BOD Loading. Another
Volumetric loading, which is defined as theempiricalload loading parameter is
BOD,
yolume of aeration tank. This loading is also called applied per unit
Volumetric BOD 1loading or Organic organic loading.
loading
Mass of B0D
applied per day to the aeration
tank through influent sewage in gm_
Volume of the aeration tank inm°
.Ygm)
V(m) ...(9.42)
where Q= Sewage flow into the aeration tank in ms
Y, BODg in mg/l (or gm/m*) of the influent
=

Sewage.
V Aeration tank
This loading is volume in
quite similar to the BOD loading rate per cum of
mn'
volume, as used and adopted in filter
article 9.21.4 (i). biological filtration, and discussed earlier in
9.35.3. Food (F) to
Micro-organisms (M) Ratio. FM ratio is an important
rational organic loading rate, adopted for an
activated sludge process. It is a
manner of
expressing BOD loading with regard to the microbial mass in the
system. The BOD load applied to the system in kg or gm is
(F), and the total microbial represented food as

aeration tank is
suspended solids in the mixed liquor of the
represented by M.
.F/Mratio
Daily BOD load applied to the Aerator System in gm
Total Microbial mass in the system in gmn
.(9.43)
If Y, (mg/l) represents the 5 day BOD of the influent sewage flow of
m/day, then eventually,
"The BOD applied to the Aeration system
Yo mg/l or gn/am'
=

BOD loud applied to the aeration system =F=Q. Yo gm/day .)

he total microbial mass in the aeration system (M) is computed by
plying the average concentration of solids in the mixed lHquor of the
Vltion
ume oftank,
called Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MILSS), with the
the aeration tank (V).
358 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEED
NEERING
M MLSS x V
Xp. V ...i)
where X is MISS in mgl
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get

FM ratio =MV.X .19.44)

FM ratio for an activated sludgo plant is the main factor controlling BOD
removal. Lower the FIM value, the higher will be the BOD removal in the
plant. The F/M ratio can be varied by varying the MLSS concentration in the
aeration tank.
9.85.4. Sludge Age. The sludge age is an operation parameter related to the
M ratio. t may be defined as the average time for which particles of
suspended solids remain under aeration. It, thus, indicates the residence time
oftime)
brological
may be
solids in the3 system.
short
as
While aoration period (i.e. liquid retention
to 30 h, the residence time of biological solids in the
as
system is much greater, and is measured in days.
While sewage passes through the aeration tank only once and rather
quickly, the resultant biological growths and the extracted waste organics
(solids) are repeatedly recycled frem the secondary clarifier back to the
aeration tank, thereby
increasing the retention time of solids. This time is
called Solids Retention Time (SRT) or Mean Cell
Residence Time (MCRT) or
Sludge Age.
The most common method of
expressing sludge age, usually
6.in days, is to express it as the ratio of the mass of MLSS in therepresented by
aeration tank
relative to the mass of suspended solids
leaving
the system per day.
Sludge age (®)
Mass of suspended solid (MLSS*) in the system (M)
Mass of solids leaving the system ..(9.45)
per day
For conventional activated sludge
a
with the flow (Q), concentrations
of solids (X), and BOD, (Y), as markedplant,
in Fig. 9.42, we can
easily write
(a) Mass of solids in the reactor
M = Vx (MLSS)
= V.Ar
...9.46)
where X is MLSS in the aeration
tank (in mg).
(b) (i) mass of solids removed with the wasted
sludge per day
solids removed with the effluent .)
(ii) mass of
per day
...()
Osents the mixed luquor suspended 8olids (i.e. total
MLVSS represents Lne itea ete 8uspended solids. MLSS suspended solids), while
an index of the mass o acuvo is generally taken
as
t only the activentogunisns n
the
aoration tank. However, these MLSS
micro-orgauLsms
natter derived from the
but also
dead cells as well asinert organe
njluent
solids) is also sewage. For
o this re
r this
reason, the
(mixed liquor volatlue suspended sed and
term MLVSS
the eftect of inorganie
MLSS, as it eliminates mater. may be preferred to
 AEATMENT OF SEWAGE

359
Aeration tank (Reactor)Q+Q
Y BOD
Q=Intlow
Yo-BOD V= Volume X= MISSSecondary 0-Qw BEfluent
X= Conc. of MLSS clarifier/ X Conc. of =

Y =BOD solids in effluents

Y BOD of effluent

Q+Qw
X Conc. of solids in
Q=
Returned sludge (Q) returned sludge
Xg = Conc. of solids in as well as
wasted sludge
returned sludge
Qw Wasted sludge
XR = Conc. of solids
in wasted sludge

Fig. 9.42. Flow chart of conventional activated

sludge plant.
(6) Total solids removed from the
system per day
(i) + (i)
X + (Q-yX ...(9.47)
Now, Eq. (9.45) can thus be represented as
Sludge age = V.X7
.Xp +(Q-&w)E ..(9.48)
where X= Concentration of solids in the influent
of the
Aeration Tank, called the MLSS, i.e. Mixed
Liquor Suspended Solids, in mgl.
V= Volume of
Aerator
Qw Volume of wasted sludge per day.
Xp = Concentration of solids in the returned
sludge or in the wasted sludge (both being
equal) in mg/l
Q= Sewage inflow per day
X = Concentration of solids in the effuent in
mgl
When the value of X, (suspended solids concentration in the effluent of
activated sludge plant) is very small, then the term ( - )X, in Eq. (9.48)
an be ignored, leading to :

V.Ar ..(9.48 a)
Qw.R sludge retention time (0,) as a rational loading
4naddition to using
parame parameter which has found wider
neter, another rational loadingutilization rate (U) per day, and is
Cce
deance is the specific substrate
efined as
360 SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEEAIN
RING

U=Q. - Y ) .9.49)
V.Xr
nder steady stato operation, the mass of wasted activated sludge is
further given by
Xg Q-Y-K,.X. V .9.50)
Where a, = max. yield coefficient

microbial mass synthesised

mass of substrate utilised
K, = Endogenous respiration rate constant (per day)
The values of a, and K, are found to be constant for municipal waste waters,
their
typical values being
1 . 0 w.r.to TSS (i.e. MLSS) ; and 0.6 w.r.to VSS (i.e. MLVSS)
K, = 0.06 (per day)

From the above equations, we can also work out as

8,U-K, .9.51)
Since both a, and K, constants for
are
necessary to define either 0. or U.
a given wastewater, it becomes
Eq. (9.51) is plotted in Fig. 9.43 for typical values of a, 0.5 and
(per day) for municipal wastewaters.
=
K. =
0.06

0
10
S0

20

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 2 3

Uper day (log)
Fig. 9.43.
Relationship between SRT (0) and
utilization
rate (U) for specific substrate
a, 0.5 and K. 0.06dl
=
=

The e value adopted for the

settleability and design controls the effuent
settleaLhe drainaD or the
D1omass. Other quality and
affecteu choice of 0. values are
oxygen
parameters which are
ted sludge. Fig. 9.44 requirement,
gives values as a and quantity or
for 90-95% reductlon or DoD ot municipal wastewaters function of
temperature
ers.
 REM

15

5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature, °C

Fig. 9.44. SRT as a function of aeration basin temperature for 90-95% BOD removal

Typical values of different types of loadings for a conventional as well as

other types of Activated sludge plants are given in table 9.10.
Example 9.29. An average operating data for conventional activuted sludge
treatment plant is as follows:
(1) Wastewater flow 35000 mld
(2) Volume of aeration tank = 10900 m
(3) Influent BOD = 250 mg/
(4) Effluent BOD 20 mg/l
(5) Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) = 2500 mgll
(6) Effluent suspended solids = 30 mg/

(7) Waste sludge suspended solids = 9700 mg/l

(8) Quantity of waste sludge 220 mld.
Based on the information above, determine:
(a) Aeration period (hrs)
(6) Food to microorganism ratio (F/M) (hg BOD per day/ kg MLSS)
(c) Percentage efficieney of BOD removal
d) Sludge age (days). (GA.T.E., 1993)
Solution. Given values are symbolised as
Q 35000 m/d; V= 10900 m*
Y = 250 mg/l; E 20 mg/l
X = 2500 mg/l; g = 30 mg/l

Xn = 9700 mg/l; w 220 md

used to calculate the desired factors, as beloww:
Thesevalues a r e now
(a) Aeration period () in hr is given by Eq. (9.41) as

10,900
24x
24 35,000 24 7.47 h;say 7.5 h. Ans.

6) FIM ratio F= Mass of BOD applied to aeration system

= Q. Y =35000 x 250 gm/day
362
SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR
POLLUTION ENGINEERIN

35000 x 250
kg/day = 8750 kg/day
1000
M = Mass of MLSS3
= V. X = 10900 m x 2500 mg/ (i.e. gm/mn)
10900 x 2500
kg 27,250 kg
1000
8750
FIM rati0 27,250
= 0.32 kg BOD per day/kg of MLSS. Ans.
(c) Percentage efficiency of BOD removal
Incoming BOD-Outgoing BOD
Incoming BOD
250 2 0 230
x 100% =
E 100%= 92%. Ans.
250
(d) Sludge age in-days (0,) is given by Eq. (9.48) as

V.XT
Qw.XR +(-Qw). Xg
27250 kg
(220 m*/d x 9700 mg/1)+ (35000
m /d-220 m*/d) 30 mg/l
27250 kgs
220 x 9700 kg/d +
1000
27250
(35000-220)000
27250
0
keld

2134+1043.4 3177.48.58 days. Ans.

9.36. Shudse Volumo Ins /o z T s
372
SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERIN
AING
20
N= (D, - D,)(1.024) .(9.58)
9.17
where N= Oxygen transferred under ficld conditions n
kg O,/kWh (or MJ*).
N, Oxygen transfer capacity under standard
conditions in kg 0,/kWh (or MJ*).
D. = Dissolved oxygen-saturation value for
sewage at operating temperature.
D = Operation D.O. level in aeration tank,
usually 1 to 2 mg/L

T Temperature in degree C.
a = Correction factor for oxygen transfer for
sewage, usually 0.8 to 0.85.
Oxygen may be supplied either by surface aerators or by diffused air
deration systems employing fine or coarse diffusers. In India, surfuce aerators
are
preferred because of easier maintenance. The oxygen transfer capacities of
Surtace aerators, and fine
and coarse diffused air systems, under standard
conditions, lie between 1.2-2.4, 1.2-2 and 0.6-1.2 kg O,/k\Wh, respectively.
Example 9.30. Design a conventional activated sludge plant to treat domestic
sewage with diffused air aeration system, given the following data :
Population 35,000
Average sewage flouw 180 1pcd
BOD of sewage 220 mgl
BOD removed in primary treatment 30%
Overall BOD reduction desired 85%.
Solution. Daily sewage flow
=
Q= 180 x 35000 Vday =6300 m/day.
BOD of sewage coming to aeration
=
Yo 70% x 220 mg/l = 154 mg/l
(: 30% BOD is removed in
primary settling)
BOD left in effluent =
Yp = 15% x 220 mg/l 33
=
mg/l
( Overall 85% BOD removal is desired)
BOD removed in activated plant
= 154 3 3 = 121 mgl
Efficiency required in Activated plant

121
154 0.79
From table 9.10, for efficiency of 85-920, we use F/M ratio as 0.4 to 0.3, and
MLSS between 1500 to 3000 1or conventional activated plant. Since efficiency
sired is on lower side, we can usO moderate figures for F/M ratio and
MLSS.

=1 Joule/sec
= 3600 J/h
*1 watt
3600 kJ = 3,.6 MJ.
1kWh =