Grade 11, BTD NOTE

Constructing tangent line to two

circles of different size (Fig. 5.37)
Suppose the radii of the two circles are r and
R, where R>r.
1. Draw two given circles with center
points O and O′.
2. Connect the center point of the circles
with line OO′.
3. Construct midpoint C of line OO′.
 4. With C as a center and radius OC, draw
a semicircle through OO'.
5. With O′ as a center and radii R-r and
R+r, strike arcs that intersect the
semicircle on OO′ at D and E
respectively.
6. Draw O’D to intersect circle O′ at F and
similarly draw O’E to intersect circle O’
at G.
7. Through center O, draw OH parallel to
O′F and OK parallel to O′G.
 Note: Lines FH and GK are tangent to
both circles. GK intersects the
line OO’.

Fig. 5.37 Constructing tangent line to two

circles of different size
 Constructing tangent arc of radius R
to two circles of radii R1 and R2
enclosing one circle (R1) but not
enclosing the other (Fig. 5.42)
1. Draw two given circles with radii R1 and
R2 and centers O and O′ respectively.
2. With O as a center and radius R-R1,
strike an arc.
3. With O′ as a center and radius R+R2,
strike an arc to intersect the previous arc
at P.
 4. With P as a center and radius R, draw
the tangent arc. T1 and T2 are points of
tangency.

Fig. 5.42 Constructing tangent arc to two

circles
enclosing one but not the other
 5.5 Construction of an Ellipse
Activity 5.3
1. What is ellipse? Use a sketch to define
it.
2. Compare and contrast circle and ellipse
based on their forms.
The ellipse is the locus of all coplanar
points,
the sum of whose distances from two fixed
points (foci) is constant.
 This constant distance is the major
axis.
The longer axis of an ellipse is called
major axis (diameter) and
the shorter axis is called minor axis
(diameter).
The major and minor diameters
are perpendicular to each other.
 The foci of an ellipse (F1 and F2) are
located on the major axis and are
obtained by striking an arc with radius
equal to half the major axis and center
at the end points of the minor axis
as shown in Fig. 5.44.

Fig. 5.44 Construction of an ellipse

 An ellipse is constructed in several
methods, few of which are
1. Four-center method (an
approximate
method)
2. Concentric circles method
3. Parallelogram or conjugate diameter
method.
 Constructing ellipse by four-center
method (Fig. 5.45)
1. Draw the major axis AB and the minor
axis CD intersecting at O.
2. Connect the end points of the two axes
AD.
3. With radius OA and center O, strike an
arc to intersect the extension of minor
axis at E.
 4. With radius DE and Center on D, mark
off point F. Note AF=AO – DO and
OA=OD+DE.
5. Draw perpendicular bisector of AF and
extend it to intersect the major axis at K
and the minor axis at H.
6. With a divider or compass mark off OM
equal to OK, and OL equal to OH.
7. With H as a center and radius equal to
HD, draw the bottom arc between TT.
 8. With L as a center and same radius HD,
draw the top arc between TT.
9. With M as a center and radius equal to
MB, draw the right side end arc between
TT.
10. With K as a center and radius MB, draw
the left side end arc between TT.

Fig 4.45 constructing an ellipse by four

centered method.
 UNIT SUMMARY

Familiarity with the step-by-step methods

used for constructing geometric figures
and knowing related definition of terms
help you understand the practical
applications of geometric construction to
problem solving.
 Simplified or preferred
methods of geometric construction, as
well as alternate methods, are
valuable
knowledge factors when used with
drafting instruments to create
accurate drawings.
Geometric nomenclature primarily of
the following concepts: points in
space, line,
angle, triangle, polygon, quadrilateral,
circle, polyhedron, prism, pyramid,
cone, and
sphere; however the concepts from
polyhedron to sphere are not
considered in this
unit.
 Elements and polygon construction
principles consist primarily of how to
do the following:
a line; bisect an angle; draw an arc or
circle through three points; draw a
line parallel to a straight line at a
given distance; draw a line
perpendicular to a line at a point;
 draw a line parallel to a curved line at a
given distance; draw a perpendicular to a
line from a point not on the line; divide a
line into equal parts;
divide a line into proportional parts;
transfer an angle; transfer an odd shape;
transfer complex shapes; proportionately
enlarge or reduce a shape; draw a triangle
with sides of known length; draw a
square; draw a pentagon; and draw a
hexagon.
Circular construction consists primarily of
knowing how to do the following: locate
the center of a given circle; construct an
arc tangent a right angle, an acute angle,
an obtuse angle, a straight line, a curve,
and two radii or diameters; draw an ogee
curve; draw an ellipse using the four
center method, concentric circle method
and parallelogram method
 UNIT 6 MULTI-VIEW DRAWING

6.1 Introduction

• Have you ever seen a building drawn on

a blueprint, plan paper?
What do you understand from drawing?
 Multi-view drawings are conventional
projections of a three dimensional
object on a two dimensional plane.
Anything which is going to be produced
or constructed is based
on the proposal given by multi-view
drawings.
For example, buildings, machines,
office equipment and so on.
 By this projection convention
engineers, architects, draftspersons
can communicate with each other
even if they don’t speak common
language.
The basic rules and principles of
orthographic projection will be
discussed on this chapter.
 6.2 Projection
Activity 6.1
1. What do you understand from the
word projection?
2. What do you expect is the thing to
be projected?
3.What do you think is the destination
after projection?
 6.2.1 Types of projection
A projection is a drawing of an object
which is three dimensional on a two
dimensional surface or plane.
The two dimensional surface used for
the projection is called plane of
projection or the picture plane.
There are different types of projections
which are classified depending on:
* The angle the lines of sight (projection
line) make with the projection plane,
* The angle the lines of sight make with
each other,
* The relative position of the object to be
projected with respect to the projection
plane.
 Projection methods are broadly classified
into two: Parallel projection and Central
projection.
In central projection, the observer is
assumed to be located at some finite
location.
Hence the visual rays projected
from the different corners of the object
converge to the single point of viewing, this
is the actual viewing mechanism
And therefore the projection possesses
realistic appearance like camera
picture.
Central projection is commonly called
Perspective projection.

Fig. 6.1 Projection

Perspective projection is further classified
as linear perspective and aerial
perspective.
As the observer moves further and further
away from the object, the angle between
the visual rays reflected from the different
corners of the object becomes more and
more gentle.
 If we can therefore place the
observer at very large distance from the
object we can assume that these visual
rays become parallel with each other.
Parallel projection is based on the
assumption of observer being at large
distance without losing the ability to see
the object. This assumption will bring
about some distortion to the pictorial
appearance of the projection as compared
to actual appearance.
Parallel projection is further classified into
orthographic and oblique
projection.
If the lines of sight are parallel to each
other and perpendicular to the picture
plane, the resulting projection is called an
orthographic projection.
If the lines of sight are parallel to each
other but inclined to the picture plane, the
resulting projection is called an oblique
projection.
 Orthographic projection is further
classified into multi-view projection and
axonometric projection.
In multi-view projection more than one
projection is used to give complete size and
shape description of the object, while in
axonometric projection a single view is
sufficient to describe the object
completely.
 1. What do you think the word
orthographic implies?
Discuss with your friends.
2. How do you expect projection and
orthography to be related?
 6.3.1 Planes of Projection
There are three planes perpendicular
to each other, which are the basis of
multi-view projection.
These are:
- Horizontal projection plane.
- Frontal projection plane.
- Profile projection plane.
 The position of these planes is
illustrated on the figure below
(Fig. 6.3).
The lines of intersection of these three
planes are called reference lines.

Fig. 6.3 Basic

planes of projection
In multi-view projections, lines of sight
(projectors) are perpendicular to the
planes of projection.
The projection of an object on
the vertical/frontal projection plane is
commonly known as front view.
Similarly, horizontal projection of an
object is called top view and the profile
projection of an object is known as side
view. GR 11B
 In this case
the observer is placed in front of the vertical
plane, the object will appear to be between
the observer and the projection plane.
In Fig.
6.5, the three views of a simple object on the
three principal planes of projection are
shown pictorially.
Then to represent all the
views in one plane, the horizontal plane and

Fig. 6.4 Quadrants of projection .

the profile plane are rotated to the vertical
plane as shown in Fig. 6.6.
The views are then drawn in their true shape
6.3.2 First Angle Projection as shown in Fig.6.6 (b).
The three principal planes of projection form Note that the views are arranged
four quadrants (Fig.6.4). in such a way that the top view is always
The multi-view of directed below the front view and the left
an object can be done by placing the object side view is directly to the right of the front
on one of the quadrants. But usually the first view.
and the third quadrants are the conventional
quadrants used. When the object is assumed
to be placed in the first quadrant it is known
as first angle projection system.
Fig. 6.5 First angle projection
 .

(a) (b)
Fig. 6.6 Projection planes unfolded
 6.3.3 Third Angle Projection
When the object is placed in the third
quadrant it is known as third angle
projection system.
The projection plane is placed between the
observer and the object.
Therefore, in the projection process it is
necessary to assume the plane of
projection to be transparent.
Here again the projections are
perpendicular to the projection planes.
 (a) (b)
Fig. 6.8 Projection planes unfolded

Fig. 6.7 Third angle projection Note here that, in the third angle projection
The figure above illustrates the method of system, the top view is placed directly above
getting the third angle projections of an the front view and the right side view is
object. placed directly to the right of the front view.
After developing the different views of This relative arrangement of the views is the
the object in the different projection planes, one which distinguishes multi-view drawings
all the projection planes are opened up to thewhether they are prepared by the third angle
frontal projection plane as illustrated in Fig projection system or the first angle projection
6.8 (a) and (b). system.
 Draw the three views of the
object shown in the figure
using both first angle and third
angle projection systems. (use
2:1 scale)
 6.4 The Six Principal Views
1. Look at your class room and observe
the planes or walls in different direction.
2. After this count the walls including the
ceiling and the floor.
3. How many planes (wall, ceiling or floor)
did you count?
Extending the above discussion, the object
can be thought of as being surrounded by a
box or a set of six planes which are
mutually perpendicular to each other as
 shown inFig.6.9.
The views projected onto these six
planes are called six principal views. Their
designations are given in table 6.1

(a) First angle projection (b) Third angle projection

Fig. 6.9 First and third angle projection

Table 6.1 Designation of the six principal
views
Fig. 6.10 Given object
Direction from which
View is taken (fig 6.10) Name of view
View in direction A Front view
View in direction B Top view
View in direction C Left side view
View in direction D Right side view
View in direction E Bottom view
View in direction F Rear view
 The relative positions of these six views in
the first angle and third angle projections
for the object in Fig. 6.10 are shown in
Figs. 6.1.
and 6.12, respectively. It may be noted that
in both projections, the rear view can be
placed either on the left or on the right as
convenient

Fig. 6.10 Given object

Fig. 6.11 The six principal views and
their arrangement in first angle
projection