Temperature Sensors

The Spectrum of Temperature

200 million °C
The Joint European Torus (JET) 15 million °C
nuclear fushion project, Culham Temperature of the centre of the Sun
Oxfordshire

1200 °C to 1500 °C 6000 °C

Molten glass / steel Temperature of the surface of the Sun
 100 °C
0 °C
1064 °C Boiling point at one
Freezing point of pure
Melting point of gold atmosphere of pressure
water

- 89.2 °C 196 °C - 270 °C

All time coldest Cryogenic storage in liquid Cosmic background
point on earth nitrogen radiation
 INDUSTRIAL SENSORS
Screwed type

Flanged type well

Welded tapered well

 Contact temperature sensors

Thermocouple, Resistance (RTD-PRT),

Thermistor, Labels, Glass Thermometers, Filled
Systems, Bimetallic

Noncontact Temperature Sensors& Thermography:

IR-Spot & Line, Thermal

Imagers,Optical Pyrometers
Bulb Thermometers
 Comparison Between Contact
and Non-Contact Methods
Contact Methods Non-contact method
Measuring conditions ƒmeasuring head contacts the ƒContact with the measuring object
measuring objects. is indirect. Thus, the measuring
ƒNo changes should be introduced object must be observable.
in the temperature of the measured
object when it is brought into
contact with the measuring head.
Measuring range ƒMeasurement made above 1200° C ƒLarge errors tend to occur when
are difficult, but measurement measurements are made below
below 1000° C are easily made. 1000° C. Measurements above
1000°C are easily made.
Measuring accuracy ƒGenerally, 0.5 to 1 % ƒGenerally, around 20°C
ƒ0.01% is possible, depending on ƒ5 to 10°C at best
the measuring conditions.
Speed of response ƒGenerally slow,1 to 2 minutes. ƒGenerally,2 to 3 s .
ƒMay take more than 1 hour in ƒLess than 10 s in the worst case.
unfavorable conditions.
 Paper Things to think!
Mill

Imagine that you are an Instrumentation Engineer. You are looking at the prints
for a new plant, and see the many locations marked out for Temperature
Transducers (TT).
But what has been specified to fill each space?
RTD's for their high accuracy and linearity?
Or Thermocouples because of their lower cost and familiarity?
Has anything been specified to fill those spaces?
Or has this been left to chance at the last minute?
• What type of wire needs to be run?
• What type of instrument will be in the control room on the other end of that
wire?
• Will there be local junction boxes with terminal strips or transmitters, and if
so, what type of transmitters are required?

• Do any special piping considerations need to be made to protect the sensor

or provide the required response time
 Industrial Applications - Airplane Checkout
• The sheer size and height of a widebody 747 aircraft makes it very
difficult for technicians to check the operation of various devices, such
as pitot tubes and heating tapes used to warm pipes, water and waste
tanks in various parts of the aircraft. Before, a technician had to climb a
25-ft ladder and touch the surfaces to see if the devices were working
properly.
Now, a radiation thermometer is used during final assembly to check
the operation of various heating elements. The technician stands on the
ground, and aims the thermometer at each pitot tube or heating element.
Boeing reports saving 4-5 construction hours on each jet.
• Asphalt--Asphalt is very sensitive to temperature during preparation and
application. Thermocouples normally used to measure asphalt
temperature usually have severe breakage problems because of the
abrasiveness of the material. Infrared thermocouples are an ideal
replacement.
The sensor can be mounted so that it views the asphalt through a small
window in the chute, or slightly above for viewing at a distance. In either
case, the sensor should have an air purge to keep the lens clean from
vapor or splashes. Plus, it can be connected to the control system as if it
was a thermocouple
 Electrical System
Maintenance

• Infrared scanning services are becoming widely available.

Typically, a scanning service brings in a portable imaging
processor and scanner twice a year to check a building's
switchgear, circuit breakers, and other electrical systems.
The service looks for hot spots and temperature differences.
Between visits, maintenance personnel can perform spot
checks and verify repairs with an inexpensive radiation
thermometer. Attaching a data logger lets a technician
determine heating trends of switchgear during peak periods,
and identify the parts of system that suffer the most when
electrical consumption goes up
 Flame Cutting
• In flame cutting, before a computer cuts various
shapes from steel plate, the steel surface has to be
heated by a natural gas or propane flame. When a
"puddle" of molten metal is detected by the operator,
oxygen is injected into the gas stream. This blows
the molten metal through the plate and the cutting
cycle begins. If oxygen is injected prematurely, it
makes a defective cut, leaving an objectionable
rough and wide pit-like depression in the plate.
A fiber optic sensor can be mounted on the torch
and aimed to look through the gas stream at the
plate surface. It will detect the proper plate
temperature for puddling, and inform the operator
 Glass
• An infrared thermometer is ideal for measuring the
temperature of soda-lime-silica glass, predominantly
used in making sheet, plate, and bottles. The biggest
problem is that glass has relatively poor thermal
conductivity, so temperature gradients exist at various
depths. The three most commonly used wavelengths for
measuring glass--3.43, 5.0, and 7.92 microns--each see
a different distance into the glass. A sensor with 7.92
microns sees only the surface, while a 3.43 micron
sensor can see up to 0.3 in. into the glass.
The trick is to select a thermometer which is not
adversely influenced by thickness variations. Your best
bet may be to send samples of glass products to the
thermometer manufacturer, and let them advise you on
what device to use.
 Table 8-3: Typical Application Temperature Ranges

APPLICATION TEMP. RANGES

General purpose for textile, printing,

-50 to 1000°C
food, rubber, thick plastics, paints, -58 to 1832°F
laminating, maintenance
Life sciences, biology, zoology, botany,
0 to 500°C
veterinary medicine, heat loss and
32 to 932°F
research
Thin film plastic, polyester, 50 to 600°C
fluorocarbons, low temperature glass 122 to 1112°F
Glass and ceramic surfaces,
300 to 1500°C
tempering,annealing, sealing, bending
572 to 2732°F
and laminating
See-through clean combustion flames 500 to 1500°C
and hot gases. Furnace tubes 932 to 2732°F
Medium to high temperature ferrous and 250 to 2000°C
non-ferrous metals. See-through glass 482 to 3632°F
Hot and molten metals, foundries,
600 to 3000°C
hardening, forging, annealing, induction
1112 to 5432°F
heating
 Temperature Selection Guides
(http://www.thermometricscorp.com/temsensel.html)

• TEMPERATURE RANGE
• ACCURACY
• REPEATABILITY / STABILITY
• VIBRATION
• RESPONSE TIME
• SENSITIVITY
• LIFE EXPECTANCY /
REPLACEMENT COST
• COST
 THERMOCOUPLES
In 1822, an Estonian physician named
Thomas Seebeck discovered (accidentally)
that the junction between two metals
generates a voltage which is a function of
temperature

PRINCIPLE :
If two wires from dissimilar metals are
connected at both ends to make two
junctions, when one end is heated, a
small amount of current would flow
through the circuit

14
 THERMOCOUPLES - ADVANTAGE
• Self-powered
• Inexpensive
• Rugged
• Cater to a wide
temperature ranges
: Range -700°C to
+2700°C
 THERMOCOUPLES - DISADVANTAGE
• Thermocouples generate extremely low
voltages, making them susceptible to noise.
• A thermocouple's temperature sensitivity is
small, requiring accurate instrumentation.
• A cold-junction compensation sensor is
required when using thermocouples.
• Thermocouples are not as stable as other
available temperature sensors.
• Typical thermocouple accuracy is ~1°C
A cold-junction compensation
• Controlled Temperature block
• IC cold junction compensation
• Software programming for cold junction
compensation
Compositions and Letter Designations of the
Standardized Thermocouples

Thermocouple
Overall range/°C
Type
B Platinum-30% rhodium 100 to 1800
E Chromel / Constantan -200°C to +1200°C
J Iron / Constantan -40 to +750°C
K Chromel / Alumel -700°C to +1200°C
N Nicrosil / Nisil -700°C to +1200°C
R Platinum-Platinum 13% Rhodium -870°C to +1450°C
S Platinum-Platinum 10% Rhodium -980°C to +1450°C
T Copper/constantan -270 to 400
 Type K (Chromel / Alumel)
• 'general purpose' thermocouple.
• It is low cost and, owing to its popularity, it
is available in a wide variety of probes.
• Thermocouples are available in the -700
°C to +1200 °C range.
• Sensitivity is approx 41 µV/°C.
• Use type K unless you have a good
reason not to
 Type E (Chromel / Constantan)

• Sensitivity : (68 µV/°C) which makes it

well suited to low temperature (cryogenic)
use.
• Another property is that it is non-magnetic
 Type J (Iron / Constantan)
• Limited range (-40 to +750 °C) makes type
J less popular than type K.
• The main application is with old equipment
that can not accept 'modern'
thermocouples.
• J types should not be used above 760 °C
as an abrupt magnetic transformation will
cause permanent decalibration.
Temperature - Millivolt Curves
 Things to be considered
• Wire Size of Thermocouple: longer life - the larger
size wires. sensitivity - the smaller sizes should be used.
• Length of Thermocouple Probe: It is suggested the
thermocouple be immersed for a minimum distance
equivalent to four times the outside diameter of a
protection tube or well.
• Location of Thermocouple: Thermocouples should
always be in a position to have a definite temperature
relationship to the work load. Usually, the thermocouple
should be located between the work load and the heat
source and be located approximately 1/3 the distance
from the work load to the heat source
 Thermocouple Color Codes
United States ASTM: British BS1843: 1952 French NFE German DIN
 Applications
• Copper-Constantan (T) : Food
processing, plastic mouldings, sub-zero
temperatures condensers
• Iron-Constantan (J) : Re-heat and
annealing furnaces, paper and pulp mills
• Chromel-Alumel (K) : Engine exhaust,
glass manufacture, furnace gases,
annealing furnaces, salt bath
 Precautions and considerations for
using thermocouples
• Connection problems - If you need to increase the length of the
leads from your thermocouple, you must use the correct type of
thermocouple extension wire
• Lead Resistance - To minimise thermal shunting and improve
response times, thermocouples are made of thin wire.
-thin leads or long cables are needed : keeping the
thermocouple leads short and then using thermocouple
extension wire (which is much thicker, so has a lower resistance) to
run between the thermocouple and measuring instrument.
• Decalibration - cause is the diffusion of atmospheric particles into
the metal at the extremes of operating temperature
• Noise - noise can be minimised by twisting the cable together to
help ensure both wires pick up the same noise signal, use screened
extension cable
 Noise reduction techniques
1. Extension / lead wires are twisted & then
wrapped with a grounded foil sheath
2. Measurement junction itself is grounded
at the pt of measurement. Typically
inside of the stainless steel sheath that
covers the actual thermocouple.
3. An instrumentation amplifier that has
excellent CMRR is employed for
measurement
 Thermistors
• principle characteristic is that their Resistance
electrical resistance changes in response /kΩ10
to changes in their temperature 0
• the negative temperature coefficient
• Semi conducting material that typically
consists of a mixture of metal oxides 80
• significantly higher sensitivity
• because their resistance vs temperature 60
characteristics are nonlinear, thermistors
are typically used to measure temperature
in narrow ranges so that the nonlinearity 40
can be minimized 20 4 6 8 10
• various shape - probe, beaded head, rod 20 0 0 0 0
shape, wafer and disc 40 60 80Temperature/º
100
C
• bead 1mm in diameter to a disc several
centimeters in diameter and several Size: 2.4mm
centimeters thick Time Response: 1 sec
• The temperature range is –100ºC to Tolerance: 0.1°C : 0°C to 70°C
300ºC Coating: Epoxy
• used Wheastone bridge circuits
 Micro BetaCHIP
Probe (MCD)
-0.46mm OD

• The word "Thermistor" derives from the

description "thermally sensitive resistor".
• PTC devices - "Positive Temperature
Coefficient" . devices whose resistance
increases as their temperature increases
• NTC devices - "Negative Temperature
Coefficient" . devices whose resistance
decreases as their temperature increases.
NTC thermistors are manufactured from
proprietary formulations of ceramic materials
based on transition metal oxides ( )
http://www.betatherm.com/indextheory.php
Thermistors – Various Shape

Rod shape

beads

Wafer & disc

 Micro Features

• Rapid Time Constant (200 milliseconds in liquids).

BetaCHIP • Custom tolerances available.

• 0.3 mW/°C typ. Dissipation Constant in air at

25°C.

Probe (MCD) • Smaller than our mini-BetaCURVE device.

• The micro-BetaCHIP probe is BetaTHERM's smallest packaged

thermister device.
• The probe is produced for applications that require rapid
temperature response and applications where space is very limited.
• The probes are extremely small (0.457mm dia.) and fragile.
• The sensor is potted in a polyimide tube with epoxy. Adequate
moisture protection should be provided when using the device in
high humidity applications.
• The small mass of the unit allows the sensor to respond very rapidly
to temperature changes.
• This makes the micro-BetaCHIP thermister suitable for low volume
gas or liquid flow sensing. The probes are also small enough to be
mounted inside Medical catheters. Applications

• Low volume flow sensors (liquids or gases).

• Laboratory animal research.

• Peltiere (thermal cooler) temperature tracking

sensors.

• Temperature control for bath showers.

• DNA research sensors.

• Medical catheters.
 Miniature Axial Glass (GA) & Radial

Glass (GR) Thermistors

• The NTC thermistor chip is welded to a platinum

lead.The device is encapsulated in a glass coating.The
glass seal provides a high degree of protection from
severe environmental exposures e.g.high humidity
applications. Features

• Hermetically sealed thermistor

Shape and Dimensions
• High Stability at elevated temperatures

• Operating Temperature: -50ºC to +250ºC

• Pt/Ir lead wires suitable for welding

• Rapid Time response (<0.2 seconds typical in liquids)

• Dissipation Constant: 0.15mW/oC typical in still air @ 25ºC

Applications

• Air-flow detection systems

• Blood analysis

• Liquid level sensing

• Platen Temperature
Sensing

• Medical Catheter devices

• Air Conditioning units

• Fluid flow sensing

 L Series Lead-Frame
Thermistor
Features

• Uniform construction for automated assembly

Shape and Dimensions
• Low cost

• Operating temperature range from -40°C to +125°C

• Available in tolerances of ±1%, ±3% & ±5%

• Beta Value tolerance on all products is ±1%

• RoHS Compliant

Applications

• Disposable medical products

• Automotive applications

• Home appliances

• Air conditioning systems

• Refrigeration control

• Temperature sensing, control and compensation

High Reliability Gold leadless
Chip ESCC 4006/012 –

Aerospace application

0.67mm to 2.242mm
Features

• Resistance from 100 Ohms to 100,000 Ohms @ 25ºC.

• Operating temperature:
-40ºC to +125ºC.

• Gold thickness: 3 microns minimum.

• Chips packaged in waffel packs.

• Parts tested to customers LAT requirements.

• Gold terminated chip elements suitable for thermocompression wire bonding.

• Stability data available.

• Tolerance value @ 25ºC : ±5%.

Shape and Dimensions

 Applications

• Low cost probe assemblies

• High temperature printer ink sensors

DO-35 Series Thermistor – • Consumer Electronics

Airconditioning application • High temperature high-speed

manufacturing

• Printed circuit board temperature sensing

• Air Conditioning

• for applications which cover

the temperature range from -
40°C to +250°C with leads
that are suitable for welding
or soldering.
• The glass package
hermetically seals to the
metal leads which protects
the thermistor element from
extreme environmental
conditions.
• The axial leads make this
device a perfect choice for PC
board mounting and the leads Features

are plated giving a • PC board mounting

temperature rating to +250°C. • Hermetically sealed element. Glass metal package.

The standard devices are • Axial leads

specified as ± 1%,± 3% and ± • High temperature devices for applications to +250°C

5% at 25°C • Time constant - 8 seconds in air

• Dissipation constant - 2.5mW/°C in air at 25°C

• RoHS Compliant
Oil Temperature sensors -

Fast Response Brass Probe

Features

• Fast Time Response probe (<1 Second) in liquid.

• Custom tolerances available.

• Avaliable in a range of R/T curves.

• Flexible design dimensions to accomodate customer requirements.

 Thermister Characteristic
• Sensitivity – 10%/°C eg with nominal
resistance 10kΩ : 1k Ω /°C
• Construction – disc, beads & rods
• Range - –100ºC to 300ºC
 Range limitation
effects

1. Melting or deterioration of the semiconductor

2. Deterioration of encapsulation material – plastic, epoxy & teflon
3. Insensensitivity at higher temperature – the slope of the RT curve
goes to 0. unable to measure temp effectively because very little
change in resistance occurs.
4. Response time – depends on quantity of material & environment.
Eg smallest bead in oil bath = 0.5s, in still air = 10s, when
encapsulated with teflon = 20s
5. Signal conditioning – wheastone brigde
 Thermistors – Advantage
• Their small size and mass means that they can be
packed in a wide variety of assemblies and may react
faster to changes in temperature.
• Thermistors higher resistance value allow them to be
used with longer lead wires without requiring lead wire
compensation.
• The resistance vs temperature change of thermistors
is larger than RTDs, so thermistors provide more
resolution over a given range.
• There are also generally less expensive than RTDs
• NTC thermistors offer designers the greatest
sensitivity to temperature compare to PTC
 Thermistors - Disadvantage
• The resistance vs temperature characteristics
for thermistors are highly nonlinear. Therefore
these sensors are used in applications with
limited temperature ranges.
• Thermistors are also limited to much lower
temperature exposures than either RTDs or
thermocouples
• small bead and chip element devices have
limited power handling capability
 Thermistor - Applications
• Temperature sensing, switching at temperatures
ranging from 60°C to 180°C, e.g. protection of
windings in electric motors and transformers.
• Solid state fuse to protect against excess current
levels, ranging from several mA to several A (25°C
ambient) and continuous voltages up to 600V and
higher, e.g. power supplies for a wide range of
electrical equipment.
• Liquid level sensor.
• Zero Power Sensing Applications
• Self-Heat Sensing Applications
 Thermistors – Liquid Level indicator
• Liquid Level Indicators: Thermistors can
work well as liquid level indicators or controls.
Fig. 7 shows a thermistor intended to sense
the liquid level in a tank. When the thermistor
is positioned in air, the steady state current will
keep the relay coil (C1) energized and the
relay contact closed. When the liquid level
rises and makes contact with the thermistor, it
becomes cooler resulting in a rise in
resistance. This increased resistance reduces
the current through the coil, opening the relay
contacts. This in turn activates an alarm or
other relays in the valve circuit which will shut
off the flow of liquid into the tank. As the liquid
level drops in the tank, the current through the
thermistor increases, again closing the relay
and starting the cycle over again
Thermistors - Electronic Thermometers
 Resistance
Thermo detector
•
(RTD)
metal sensing element, changes resistance with temperature
• RTD has a response time of 0.5 to 5 seconds. The response is
slow due to the slowness of thermal conductivity in bringing the
device into thermal equilibrium with its environment
• platinum, copper, nickel, nickel-iron
• Copper and nickel versions operate at lower temperature ranges
and are less expensive than platinum.
• The requirements for the resistance used in RTDs are
– Larger sensitivity
– High resistivity to ensure small wire length for high resistance
– Linearity between temperature and resistance for convenience in
measurement
 The basic construction
http://users.telenet.be/educypedia/electronics/sensorstemp.htm

sensing element is connected to lead wires and

supported by an insulator such as glass, mica, or
a ceramic placed inside a protective sheath (see Figure 1. Resistance
Figure 1, ). The detectors are available in 2-, 3-, temperature detectors are
and 4-wire configurations. available in 2-, 3-, and 4-
wire configurations, but
their basic components are
identical. These sensors
measure changes in
resistance that result from
changes in temperature
 RTD - Platinum
• Platinum elements predominate because of their wider
range and because platinum is the most repeatable and
stable of all metals. Platinum sensing elements can be
exposed to temperatures up to 1500ºC.
• excellent repeatability, stability, and resistance to
chemicals and corrosion

Material Temperature range Sensitivity

Platinum -263ºC to 1545ºC 0.004/ºC

Copper -140ºC to 125ºC 0.005/ºC

Nickel -190ºC to 316ºC 0.005/ºC
 RTD Characteristics
1. Sensitivity – Eg. For platinum a change of 0.4Ω
would be expected for a 100Ω if the temp
change °C
2. Response time – 0.5 to 5 s. Slowness due to
thermal conductivity
3. Construction – length of wire whose resistance
to be monitored as a function of temp. zig zag /
coil shape
4. Signal conditioning – Bridge circuit
5. Range -
 RTD - Advantage
• Temperature range: -260 to 850°C (-436 to 1582°F)
• Repeatability and stability: The platinum resistance thermometer is
the primary interpolation instrument used by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology(NIST)from -260 to 962°C. Laboratory
models stable within 0.0025°C are available. Even ordinary RTD's
typically drift less than 0.1°C/year.
• Sensitivity: The voltage drop across an RTD provides a much larger
output than a thermocouple.
• Linearity: Platinum and copper RTD’s produce a more linear
response than thermocouples or thermistors. RTD non-linearities
can be corrected through proper design of resistive bridge networks.
• Low cost system: RTD's use ordinary copper extension leads and
require no cold junction compensation
• Standardization: Manufacturers offer RTD’s to industry standard
curves, most commonly 100Ω platinum to IEC 751
 RTD - Disadvantage
• Since an RTD measures temperature by
passing a current through a resistor (the
RTD), the error known as self-heating
occurs.
• Lead Wire Compensation
• Expensives than thermocouples
• Require current source to operate
RTD - Characteristic of sensing
element
R/R
o
NIKEL

7
COPPER

5 PLATINUM

3
TUNSTEN

1 o C
200 400 600 800 1000
 RTD THIN
PLATINUM
• (Pt-RTD) consist of a thin film platinum deposited on a ceramic
substrate. Thin film Pt-RTD’s provide cost advantages when
compared to wire wound Pt-RTD’s because of their lower material
cost factor THIN FILM PLATINUM RTDs

• Features •Glass coated platinum element•Virtually linear

relationship between temperature and resistance•Capable of
withstanding temperatures ranging from -50°C to +500°C. Higher
temperature ratings are available by special order•High accuracy:
Resistance and temperature deviation can be controlled to within
±0.06% and ±0.15°C, High Reliability: Capable of withstanding
extreme environmental conditions•Available in various probe
configurations for specific applications•Excellent stability even at
high temperatures
• Specifications•Thermal time constant: 15 seconds max. (moving
air)•Dissipation constant: 2mW/°C (moving air)•Maximum applied
current: 1 mA
RTD's PROBES & ASSEMBLIES

Threaded Flanged Straight

Epoxy/ Vinyl Surface Temperature Sensing Special

Surface Mount RTDs Bearing RTD Point Sensing RTDs

Wall Mount RTDs

Stator RTDs
 Sensor Comparison Chart
RTD Thermocouple Thermistor
Temperature
-260 to 850°C -270 to 1800°C -80 to 150°C (typical)
range

Sensor Cost Moderate Low Low

System Cost Moderate High Moderate

Stability Best Low Moderate

Sensitivity Moderate Low Best

Linearity Best Moderate Poor

General purpose Best sensitivity

sensing Highest Narrow ranges(e.g.
Specify for:
Highest accuracy temperatures medical)
Temperature averaging Point sensing
 Bimetallic Strip Thermometers
http://home.howstuffworks.com/therm2.htm

•The principle - different metals expand at

different rates as they warm up.

• good at controlling things

• Two metals make up the bimetallic strip
• Appn : Oven: the green metal would be chosen to expand
faster than the blue metal
• Two metals make up the bimetallic strip. In this diagram, the
green (bottom) metal would be chosen to expand faster than
the blue(top) metal if the device were being used in an oven.
This causes the strip to bend upward, making contact so
that current can flow. By adjusting the size of the gap
between the strip and the contact,we control the
temperature
 Radiation Thermometers (RTs)
(Pyrometers)
• non-contact temperature sensors
– measure temperature from the amount of
thermal electromagnetic radiation received
from a spot on the object of measurement.
– can produce 2-D temperature distributions,
and thermal imaging, or area measuring,
thermometers which measure over an area
from which the resulting image can be
displayed as a 2-D temperature map of the
region viewed.
– used widely in many manufacturing process
like metals, glass, cement, ceramics,
semiconductors, plastics, paper, textiles,
coatings, and more.
• In hospitals, nursing homes and home care,
they have enabled a new , quick and
reliable method to monitor and measure
human body temperatures with one second
time response.
• PRINCIPLE OF WORKS ???
 Infrared Temperature
Sensors
• IR radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which
includes radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and ultraviolet
light, as well as gamma rays and X-rays
• IR wavelengths from 0.7 to 1000 microns. Only the 0.7-14
micron band is used for IR temperature measurement.
• Using advanced optic systems and detectors, non contact IR
thermometers can focus on nearly any portion or portions of
the0.7-14 micron band.
• Because every object (with the exception of a blackbody) emits
an optimum amount of IR energy at a specific point along the IR
band, each process may require unique sensor models with
specific optics and detector types.
• For example, 3.43 microns measuring of polyethylene, 5
microns measures glass surfaces, 1 micron sensor measure for
metals and foils. The broader spectral ranges are used to
measure lower temperature surfaces, such as paper, board,
poly, and foil composites.
 High Temperature Infrared Thermometer
Automatically Measures Emissivity
Accuracy After Emissivity Correction: ± 5°F (± 3°C)
1ms Data Acquisition Rate
3 Temperature Models Available:
PF 905: 1100°F - 2730°F (600°C - 1500°C)
PF 1550: 480°F - 1470°F (250°C - 800°C)
PF Dual: Several Temperature Ranges Available
Extended Ranges Available To 3000°C:
Internal Data Notebook & PC Interface
Analog & Digital Outputs
Laboratory Process Control Solution

uses the latest fiber optic sensor and pulsed

laser technology to precisely measure the true
target temperature measurement
 Application
• Steel plants and temperature sensor
technology - It is most interesting to note that
in USA hot rolling operations of sheet steel, for
instance, the vast majority of produced tons are
monitored by a spot IR Radiation thermometer
measuring the centerline temperature of the
product at the roughing, finishing and cooling
section exits.
• Slag Detection By Infrared Thermal Imaging
 Temperature Sensor with
Integrated Transducer for
Marine Industry
http://www.danfoss.com/North_America/NewsAndEvents/News/IC+Products/MBT5560.htm

Measuring range between -50 and 200 °C (-58 and 392°F)

Output signals 4 - 20 mA or Ratiometric
Robust and ultra compact for heavy duty
Pt 1000 element according to EN 60751 class B
Small standard electrical connection according to DIN 43650-A, Pg 9
Acid resistant stainless steel enclosure AISI 316L
A wide selection of process and electrical connections
All major marine approvals such as LR, GL, DNV, BV, ABS, NKK, KRS and RINA

Danfoss develops products in close cooperation with the customers to

ensure extreme reliability
Pressure and temperature control of power plants, marine engines, marine gear
boxes and high-pressure compressors are some of the applications which require
that the equipment used is extremely reliable. The same goes for applications for
safety and monitoring of lubricating oil, exhaust gas, cooling system, oil cooling,
turbocharger, fuel, crankcase, etc.
Fuel temperature sensor