Review for Exam 1

Complex Analysis, MTH 431, Spring 2014

Key Concepts
Chapter 2
1. Standard form of a complex number z = x + iy

2. Geometric representation of a complex number

3. Conjugate z = x − iy

4. Properties of conjugates (Page 21)

(a) z = z
(b) z + w = z + w
(c) zw = z.w
(d) z + z = 2Re(z)
(e) z − z = 2iIm(z)

5. Modulus of a complex number |z|2 = zz

6. Properties of modulus: (Theorem 2.1, Page 22)

(a) |Rez| ≤ |z|

(b) |Imz| ≤ |z|
(c) |z| = |z|
(d) |zw| = |z||w|
(e) |z + w| ≤ |z| + |w|
(f) ||z| − |w|| ≤ |z − w|

7. Polar form of the complex number z = r cos(θ) + ir sin(θ)

8. Euler’s form z = reiθ

9. Converting from one form to another using appropriate relations

 p
(a) r = x2 + y 2
y
(b) cos(θ) = xr , sin(θ) = r
and θ ∈ (−π, π]
(c) x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ)

10. Roots of unity

11. Geometric representation of complex set (sketches)

(a) {z : |z − c| < r}
(b) {z : |z − c| = k|z − d|}
(c) {z : a ≤ |z − c| ≤ b}
(d) {z = x + iy : −a < x < a, and − b < y < b}

Chapter 3
1. r-neighborhood of c, N (c, r) = {z : |z − c| < r}

2. open set

3. neighborhood N (a, r), closed neighborhood N (a, r), circle k(a, r), punc-
tured disc D0 (a, r)

4. complex function, domain, range, continuity

5. writing f (z) as u(x, y) + iv(x, y), representing functions in z- and w-

planes

Chapter 4
U = open connected subset of C
1. f 0 (c) derivative of a complex function f at a point c ∈ C

2. Cauchy-Riemann equations ux = vy and vx = −uy

(a) Example: Consider f (z) = Re(z) or f (z) = x. This function is

not differentiable at any point in C. (Verify.)

Whereas, f : R2 → R2 given by f (x, y) = (x, 0) is differentiable

everywhere.

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 (b) f is differentiable at a point c ⇒ Cauchy-Riemann equations are
satisfied at c (Page 52/Theorem 4.1)
(c) Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at c ; differentiability
at c (Page 53/Counter example 4.2)

3. holomorphic = differentiable in U

(a) ux , uy , vx and vy exist, are continuous in U , and Cauchy-Riemann

equations are satisfied in U
⇒ f = u + iv is differentiable in U (Page 55/Theorem 4.4)

4. entire = differentiable in C

5. f holomorphic on U and f 0 (z) ≡ 0 ⇒ f is constant on U (Page 57/

Theorem 4.9)

6. Goursat’s lemma (Page 59/ Theorem 4.11)

7. Converse of Goursat’s lemma

8. f holomorphic and |f | is a constant in N (c, r) ⇒ f is constant (Page

60/ Theorem 4.13)
z
Example: Consider f (z) = |z| on C\{0}. This function maps all non-
zero complex numbers to a circle of radius one. Verify that |f | = 1.
The theorem implies that this function is not holomorphic on any open
neighborhood in its domain.

x y
Whereas, f : R2 \{(0, 0)} → R2 given by f (x, y) = ( x2 +y 2 , x2 +y 2 ) is

differentiable in its domain.

9. Infinite series
∞
z n converges ⇔ |z| < 1
P
10. Geometric series:
n=0
∞
1
zn =
P
1−z
⇔ |z| < 1
n=0

11. Power series centered at a

12. Convergence of a power series at a point

13. Convergence of a power series in an open neighborhood

3
14. (Page 61/ Theorem 4.14) (Proof important)
∞ ∞
cn (z − a)n converges at a point a + d ⇒ cn (z − a)n converges on
P P
n=0 n=0
N (a, |d|)

15. (Page 62/ Theorem 4.15) (Proof important)

∞
cn (z − a)n converges on C
P
Either
n=0
∞
cn (z − a)n converges on N (a, R) and diverges on C\N (a, R)
P
OR
n=0
∞
cn (z − a)n converges only at a
P
OR
n=0

16. Radius of convergence, circle of convergence

17. Ratio test, Root test (includes R = 0 and R = ∞)

18. (Page 63/ Theorem 4.17)

A power series converges ⇔ The power series obtained by term-wise
differentiation converges.
∞ ∞
cn (z −a)n and ncn (z −a)n−1 have the same radius of convergence.
P P
n=0 n=0
A power series converges ⇒ it is differentiable and the new series ob-
tained by term-wise differentiation is also convergent
⇒ if a function is defined using a power series, it can be differentiated
infinitely many times and each time the radius of convergence stays the
same.
1
Play with f (z) = 1−z .
∞ n
z
P
19. Definition of the exponential function using power series exp(z) = n!
n=0

(a) Observe exp(0) = 1

(b) Find radius of convergence of exp(z) using ratio test.
 0
exp(z+w)
20. Use quotient rule to show exp(z)
= 0.
exp(z+w)
By Theorem 4.9, exp(z)
= constant.
exp(z+w)
In particular at z = 0, exp(z) = exp(w) and so we have exp(z + w) =
exp(z)exp(w).

4
 ∞
1
P
21. Define e to be the sum of the series exp(1). That is, e = exp(1) = n!
n=0

and ez := exp(z).

The function z 7→ ez is entire, its derivative is the function itself and

ez+w = ez ew .

Similarly functions cos z, sin z, cosh z and sinh z are entire.

22. Using ei(z+w) = eiz eiw and Euler’s formula ei∗ = cos(∗) + i sin(∗), derive
angle addition formulas for cos(z + w) and sin(z + w).

23. Using ez+w = ez ew and e0 = ez−z show that e−z = 1

ez
.

24. Show that ez is always non-zero. (See Page 69/ equation 4.25)

25. Show that z 7→ e−z is entire.(See Page 69/ line after equation 4.25)

26. Principal logarithm log z = log |z| + iargz where argz is the principal
argument of z, argz ∈ (−π, π].

log(z + w) 6= log z + log w (why? counterexample)

27. Multifunction is a function that maps each point in the domain, to a

set of values in the range.

Argz = {argz + 2nπ : n ∈ Z}

Logz = {logz + 2nπi : n ∈ Z}
= {log |z| + i(2nπ + argz) : n ∈ Z}
= log |z| + iArgz

28. Arg(z + w) = Argz + Argw

Log(z + w) = Logz + Logw

29. Isolated singularity

30. Classification of isolated singularities - removable, poles (simple or or-

der n), essential

31. meromorphic = holomorphic in U except for possibly poles

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Sample Review Questions: Chapters 2 and 3
All page numbers and problem numbers are from the textbook used in class
(See [3]). Some of the other problems are taken from one of the references.

1. Page 32/ Exercises 2.3-2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.16-2.18

2. Page 40/ Ex 3.2

3. Let z = 1 + 2i and w = 2 − i. Compute:

(a) z + 3w
(b) w − z
(c) z 3
(d) Re(w2 + w)
(e) z 2 + z + i

4. Find the modulus and the conjugate of √3−i .

2+3i

5. Solve the equation z 4 + 1 = 0.

6. Solve the equation z 4 + 16 = 0.

7. Sketch the following sets. Determine whether they are open, closed,
neither or both and determine their interior, closure & boundary.

(a) |z + 3| < 2
(b) |Imz| < 1
(c) 0 < |z − 1| < 2
(d) |z − 1| + |z + 1| = 2
(e) |z − 1| + |z + 1| < 3
(f) 2 < |z| ≤ 3
(g) E = {z : z ∈ R and − 2 < z < −1} ∪ {z : |z| < 1} ∪ {z : z =
1 or z = 2}

8. Write the following functions as u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Discuss the domain
and range for each example.

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 (a) f (z) = 5i constant function
(b) f (z) = 3z linear function
(c) f (z) = z 2 quadratic function
(d) f (z) = z conjugate
(e) f (z) = |z| modulus
1
(f) f (z) = z
inverse
(g) f (z) = iz (900 ) counter-clockwise rotation

9. Sketch the region |Imz| < 1 in the z-plane and the region w = f (z) in
the w-plane where f (z) = 5i.

10. Sketch the region |Imz| < 1 in the z-plane and the region w = f (z) in
the w-plane where f (z) = z.

11. Sketch the region |Imz| < 1 in the z-plane and the region w = f (z) in
the w-plane where f (z) = iz.

Sample Review Questions: Chapter 4

U = open, connected subset of C

1. Page 55/ Example 4.6

2. Page 55/ Examples 4.7, 4.8

3. Page 61/ Exercise 4.1

4. Page 66/ Example 4.20

5. Page 69/ derivation of equations 4.22-4.25

6. Page 69/ Exercises 4.5,4.7

7. Page 76/ Example 4.24

8. Using the definition of differentiability at a point determine if the fol-

lowing functions are differentiable at c, for any c ∈ C.

(a) f (z) = z 3 (Answer: entire)

7
 (b) f (z) = z (Answer: diff only at 0)
(c) f (z) = z 2 (Answer: nowhere diff)

9. Which of the following functions are differentiable (where?) / holomor-

phic (where?)

(a) f (z) = e−x e−y

(b) f (z) = 2x + ixy
(c) f (z) = x2 + iy 2
(d) f (z) = ex e−iy
(e) f (z) = Imz

10. Prove: If f is holomorphic on U and always real valued, then f is a

constant. (Hint: use Cauchy-Riemann equations, show f 0 = 0).

11. Prove: If f and f are both holomorphic on U , then f is a constant on

U.

12. Suppose that f = u + iv is holomorphic and u = x2 + y 2 . Find v.

1
13. Find a power series (& determine its radius of convergence) of 1+4z
.
1
14. Find a power series (& determine its radius of convergence) of 3− z2
.
∞
4k (z − 2)k . (Ratio test)
P
15. Find the radius of convergence of
k=0

∞
k n z k , for n ∈ Z. (Root test)
P
16. Find the radius of convergence of
k=0

17. Find the poles (& their orders) of (z 2 + 1)−3 (z − 1)−4 .

18. Give examples (if they exist) of:

(a) a non-constant holomorphic function defined on an open set, but

has f 0 = 0
(b) f such that |f | is a constant
(c) f holomorphic such that |f | is constant
(d) an entire function

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 (e) a function with one simple pole
(f) a function with exactly two simple poles
(g) a function with exactly one pole of multiplicity 2
(h) a function with a removable singularity
(i) a function with an essential singularity

References
[1] Matthias Beck, Gerald Marchesi, Dennis Pixton and Lucas Sabalka, A
First Course in Complex Analysis, version 1.3, http://math.sfsu.edu/
beck/complex.html.

[2] George Cain, Complex Analysis,http://people.math.gatech.edu/

~cain/winter99/complex.html.
[3] (Required Text) John Howie, 2004, Complex Analysis, Springer Under-
graduate Mathematics Series