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Investigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Material-

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Article in Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN 2208-2379) · March 2015
DOI: 10.53555/nnmce.v2i3.362

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 Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical and Civil Engineering ISSN: 2208-2379

Investigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a

Construction Material- A Review

1. Aditya Raut
2. Mohammad Salman Patel
3. Nilesh B. Jadhwar
4. Uzair khan
5. Prof.Sagar W. Dhengare

1,2,3 Department of civil Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur, India (UG Student)

4 Department of civil Engineering, ACET, Nagpur, India (UG Student)
5 Department of civil Engineering, YCCE, Nagpur, India (Asst. Professor).
Email Address: sdhengare@gmail.com

OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Basic Construction Material and properties
3. Literature Review
4. Background
5. Cost Comparison between brick masonry wall and bottle masonry wall.
6. Benefits of Plastic Bottle Masonry wall
7. Conclusion
8. References

ABSTRACT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building. High cost is primary
requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line, is becoming one of the
most significant problem of peoples. On the other hand, urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially
non-renewable ones. Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day
in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness. In this
paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at
very low costs, with waste materials that is plastic bottle, providing adequate thermal comfort while being
sustainable. At the end, it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution, load capacity,
flexibility, reducing waste, cost and energy efficiency, plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some
conventional building materials such as brick, concrete and ceramic blocks.

Keywords: Urbanization, Eco friendly, plastic bottle, Sustainable, PET, ENSO, Thermoplastic.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, human apply all of its potentiality to consume more. The result of this high consumption is nothing
unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill. In recent times, human from the one hand is
always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the
wastes. The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed, and remind him that they
have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature [1]. This paper introduces the
development and low cost housing in India. At the present time, the possibility of utilizing the renewable
resources such as solar, geothermal has been provided for us more than before, and development of the
renewable and alternative energies is making progress. Plastic have become an essential part of our day to day
life since their introduction over hundred years ago [2]. The only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is reduce
and reuse.

Types of Plastic

Thermosetting Thermoplastic
Figure: Types of plastic
1.1 PET PLASTIC

Full form of PET is Polyethylene Terephthalate and molecular formula is C10H8O4. Structure Composition is
Polyester of Terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.
Full form Polyethylene Terephthalate
Molecular formula C10H8O4
Structure Polyester of Terephthalic acid and
Composition ethylene glycol
Table: Introduction of PET
PET is used for high impact resistant container for packaging of soda, edible oils and Peanut butter. Used
for cereal box liners, Microwave food trays. Used in medicine for plastic vessels and for Implantation. Plastic
is heat resistant and chemically stable. PET is resistant to acid, base, some solvents, oils, fats. PET is difficult
to melt and transparent and other properties are
Colour White or light cream
material
Density of 1.33220 gm/cm3
plastic
Melting point 255 to 265 ˚C
Solubility Insoluble in water
Table: Properties of Plastic
Plastic have many good characteristics which include versatility, light-ness, hardness, and resistant to
chemicals, water and impact. Plastic is one of the most disposable materials in the modern world. It makes up
much of the street side litter in urban and rural areas. It is rapidly filling up landfills as choking water bodies.
Plastic bottles make up approximately 11% of the content landfills, causing serious environmental
consequences [3]. Due to the consequences some of the plastic facts are as follow:
 More than 20,000 plastic bottles are needed to obtain one ton of plastic.

 It is estimated that 100 million tons of plastic are produced each year.

 The average European throws away 36 kg. of plastics each year.

 Some plastic waste sacks are made from 64% recycled plastic.

 Plastics packaging totals 42% of total consumption and every year little of this is recycled.

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According to ENSO Bottles, in the 1960’s plastic bottle production has been negligible but over the years
there was an alarming increase in bottles produced and sold but the rate of recycling is still very low ( figure
1)[4]. Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource. Because plastic has the
insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant.
So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it. It has been
proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for
replacement of conventional materials. The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls
but also for the ceiling of the building. [5]The objective of this paper is to investigate the key and positive
characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building. It also intends to compare the
characteristics of some construction materials such as brick, ceramic and concrete block with bottle. One can
use solar bomb (bottle filled with bleaching powder solution) will be fitted on the roof for light source.

90
PET scales Recycled/Bevarages sale
80

70

60
Billions of unit

50

40 Recycled
Bottles Sold
30

20

10

0
1996 2000 2004 2008
Year

Figure: PET Bottle Sales/ Recycled

2. BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES.

This construction require some of the basic materials which ensures a stable, eco friendly structure and also
results in cheap construction as compared to brick wall. Materials uses for Bottle wall masonry construction
are:
1) Soil
2) Plastic bottles
3) Cement
4) Nylon rope
5) Water

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2.1 SOIL

Soil is the basic element in any construction project so before using it in our project we have to study the basic
properties of the soil and go through different tests, so as to check whether the soil sample selected is suitable
for the given project.

2.1.1 Properties of soil

 Soil Texture:
Soil texture can have a profound effect on many other properties and is considered among the most important
physical properties. Texture is the proportion of three mineral particles, sand, silt and clay, in a soil. These
particles are distinguished by size, and make up the fine mineral fraction (Refer Table 2.1).

Soil Particle Diameter(mm)

Gravel >2.0

Sand 0.05-2.0

Silt 0.002-0.05

Clay <0.002

Table: Diameter of Soil Particles

 Soil Colloids:
Soil colloids refer to the finest clay in a soil. Colloids are an important soil fraction due to properties that make
them the location of most physical and chemical activity in the soil. One such property is their large surface
area. Smaller particles have more surface area for a given volume or mass of particles than larger particles.
Thus, there is increased contact with other colloids and with the soil solution. This results in the formation of
strong friction and cohesive bonds between colloid particles and soil water, and is why a clay soil holds
together better than a sandy soil when wet.

 Soil Structure:
Soil structure is the arrangement and binding together of soil particles into larger clusters, called aggregates or
pads. Aggregation is important for increasing stability against erosion, for maintaining porosity and soil water
movement, and for improving fertility and carbon sequestration in the soil. Granular structure consists of
loosely packed spherical pads that are glued together mostly by organic substances.

 Soil Porosity:
Many important soil processes take place in soil pores (air or water-filled spaces between particles). Soil
texture and structure influence porosity by determining the size, number and interconnection of pores. Coarse-
textured soils have many large (macro) pores because of the loose arrangement of larger particles with one
another. Fine-textured soils are more tightly arranged and have more small (micro) pores. Macro pores in fine-
textured soils exist between aggregates. Because fine-textured soils have both macro- and micro pores, they
generally have a greater total porosity, or sum of all pores, than coarse-textured soils.

2.2 PLASTIC BOTTLE

In this paper plastic bottles are used as a fundamental element, so we have gone through every property of the
PETE bottles so as to ensure a stable structure.

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2.2.1 Properties of PETE bottle

Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles is thermoplastic materials. This type of plastic are
polymers and with or without cross linking and branching, and they soften on the application of heat, with or
without pressure and require cooling to be set to a shape. Following are properties of plastic bottle:
1) Wax like in appearance, translucent, odorless and one of the lightest plastics.

2) Flexible over a wide temperature.

3) Heat resistance.

4) Chemically stable.

5) Do not absorb moisture.

6) Transparent.

2.3 CEMENT
Cement is the important binding material. In these paper it is use to bind the plastic bottles to make the
masonry wall more durable so that the quality of cement is check by following properties.

2.3.1 Properties of cement

 Fineness:
Fineness or particle size of Portland cement affects Hydration rate and thus the rate of strength gain. The
smaller particle size, and the greater the surface area-to-volume ratio so that the more area available for water-
cement interaction per unit volume. The effects of greater fineness on strength are generally seen during the
first seven days.

 Soundness:
Soundness is defined as the volume stability of the cement paste.

 Strength:
Cement paste strength is typically defined in three ways: compressive, tensile and flexural. These strengths can
be affected by a number of items including: water cement ratio, cement-fine aggregate ratio, type and grading
of fine aggregate, curing conditions, size and shape of specimen, loading conditions and age.

 Setting Time:
The initial setting time is defined as the length of time between the penetration of the paste and the time when
the needle penetrates 25mm into the cement paste.

2.4 NYLON ROPE

Nylon rope has a very high tensile strength so that it is use as the main binder for PETE bottles masonry [12].

2.4.1 Properties of Nylon rope

Nylon rope is gotten from coal, Petroleum, air and water. It is a polyamide thermoplastic produced by series of
condensation reaction between an amine and organic acids. the properties of nylon as follow:
1) Good abrasion resistance.

2) Tough and strong but flexible too.

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3) High impact strength.

4) Absorb water which causes reduction in strength and impact properties

5) Resistant to most of the solvents and chemicals

6) High softening temperatures and thus molding becomes difficult.

2.5 WATER
Water is in a similar way like cement, an active component in mortar. For cement-sand mortar, without water
no hydration can be attained, hence no strength can be achieved. Water is responsible for the workability of a
fresh mortar. 20% of the overall weight of the cement and soil was used to determine the quantity of water to
be used in the mix. A slump test and a flow test were conducted to evaluate the consistency of the fresh mortar.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Mojtaba et al. [1] concluded that reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial
effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2
emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used. It is counted as one of the
foundation’s green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry. Generally
the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design, which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when
it is warm it is cold inside. Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls, joist ceiling and concrete
column offers us 45% diminution in the final cost. Separation of various components of cost shows that the use
of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75% compared to building the
walls using the brick and concrete block.

Shilpi et al. [2] concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials, thermal comfort can
be achieved in very low cost housing, benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate
heating and cooling systems. Plastic is non biodegradable, toxic, highly resistant to heat and electricity (best
insulator) and not recyclable in true sense, plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique. This gives relief
for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living.

Puttaraj et al. [3] examined that efficient usage of waste plastic in plastic-soil bricks has resulted in effective
usage of plastic waste and thereby can solve the problem of safe disposal of plastics, also avoids its wide
spread littering and the utilization of quarry waste has reduced to some extent the problem of its disposal.
Plastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource. Because plastic has the
insolubility about 300 years in the nature, it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant.
So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it. It has been
proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for
replacement of conventional materials.

Pratima et al. [4] studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they
provide greater strength than bricks. The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter, and
they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade. This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills,
water ways and on the roadside, and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry.

Arulmalar et al. [5] studied that the initial perception on the use of PET bottles in construction is changing day
by day. A paradigm which emerged as PET bottle bricks in the construction of load bearing walls with steel
trusses and prefabricated metal sheet is at present witnessing flat roofs with nylon 6 replacing steel
reinforcement and intuitive vault construction. Even though research on the effective use PET in developing
new material as an option, solutions exploring the application of PET bottles as structural members,
foundation, retaining walls and secondary elements like street furniture, road dividers, pavements and other

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landscape elements is to be looked in to. The Governing bodies shall formulate policies to propagate this eco
centric approach via appropriate practices, research investigations on the properties of the materials and
construction techniques.

Vikram Pakrashi et al. [6] examined Eco-brick is a viable resource for construction purposes with a number of
possible applications. The bricks are relatively easily manufactured with controlled weight and packing. Eco-
bricks have relatively good compressive strength, with values matching that of basic concrete cubes. The
weight of Eco-brick was observed to hold a nearly relationship with load at failure and with specific strength.
Eco-bricks have a relatively good specific strength. They are lightweight but strong for the weight they bear.

Andreas Froese et al. [7] concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and
form a framework for walls or pillars. Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are
built. The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared. PET bottle
walls can bear up to 4.3 N/mm² when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material. The
bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds. Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture
fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house. As only
regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families. Additionally the
method has so far proven to be earthquake resistant and allows short construction periods.

Yahaya Ahmade et al. [8] said that the structure has the added advantage of being fire proof, bullet proof and
earthquake resistant, with the interior maintaining a constant temperature of 18 degrees C (64 degrees F) which
is good for tropical climate.

Seltzer et al. [9] revealed that the first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F. Peck’s
Bottle House located in Nevada (USA). It was built around 1902, and it required 10,000 beer bottles to be
built. These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they were bound
using mortar made out of adobe, sand, cement, clay and plaster.

Job Bwire and Arithea Nakiwala et al. [10] suggested that, baked bricks, tiles, concrete and rocks, among other
construction materials, have been essentials in construction. But did you know that a house constructed using
plastic bottles can save you more and be just as strong as or even stronger than brick homes? Water bottle
housing is an innovation aimed at providing low cost housing, while contributing to environment management.

4. BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William F.Peck in Tonopah; Nevda. The house was built
with 10,000 bottles of beer, which were 90% alcohol and 10% opium. The Peck house was demolished in the
early 1980’s. The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome, which had structures with
amphorae embedded in concrete. This was not done for aesthetic reasons, but to lighten the load of upper
levels of structures empty, and to reduce concrete usage. The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa
was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga
district. The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga
were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility, which was a result of the presence of waste
plastics, such as bottles and polythene bags, in the soil.

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Dec 2nd, 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic, Taiwan-based Er. Arthur
Huang processed 1.8 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition
hall called the Eco-ARK. Built for Taipei’s flower show, Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost
of a conventional structure. Once locked together, the bricks are extremely strong.

May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi, using hundreds of used PET
bottles instead of conventional bricks.

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METHEDOLOGY
Collection and cleaning of waste plastic bottle [1-17]

Filling the bottle with

Sand and sand or mud

gravel[17] Plastic Bags, Wrappers,
[1-14]
Cigarette Butts ,Dental Floss ,
Twist-ties, Veggie stickers
,Shiny paper, Mesh [15]

Foundation will be laid down with bottle, bricks and

concrete.[1-17]

Construction of column and wall using bottle [1-17 ]

Position of beams for holding roof and roofing with

cemented sheet/tin sheet [1-17]

Leveling of the floor with bottles [1-17]

Plastering and Painting of wall[1-17]

[1-17]

Figiure: Methodology for construction of plastic bottle house

5. COST COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICK MASONRY WALL

AND BOTTLE MASONRY WALL
Here, we consider 10 m2 Masonry works for calculation of quantities.

Brick Masonry wall

1) Number of bricks

Actual size of brick =19 cm x9 cm x 9cm

Normal size of brick (with mortar joint) = 20 cm x10 cm x 10 cm
Volume of brick masonry = Area x thickness of wall
= 10 x 0.23
=2
No. of Brick = Volume of brick mason
Volume of 1 brick with mortar
= 2.3
0.2×0.1×0.1
= 1150 Nos.

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2) Mortar

Actual volume of bricks in brick masonry = 1150 × (0.19×0.19×0.19)

= 1.76m3
Volume of wet mortar = 2.3 - 1.76
= 0.531m3
For frog filling, cut bricks, for bonding, wastage etc increase this quantity by 15%
Volume of wet mortar = 1.15 × 0.531
= 0.610m3
Volume of dry mortar reduces by 25% when water is added
Volume of dry mortar =1.25×0.610
= 0.763m3

3) Material for 1:3 brick work

Quantity of brick = 2.3m3
Proportion 1:3
Volume of dry mortar = 0.763m3
1:3 = 4
C: S
Cement = (1/4) × 0.763 = 0.190m3 For 1 bag of cement
Weight = 50kg
No. of bags = 0.190 Volume = 0.035m3
0.035
= 5.45 bags

Sand = (3/4) ×0.763 = 0.237m3

Sr. no Material Quantity Rate

Per Amount(Rs.)
1 Brick 1150 nos. 5 1 no. 5750
2 Cement 5.45 3001 bag 1635
3 Sand 0.237 2501 m3 59.25
Total 7444.25
Table: Cost Estimation of Brick Wall Masonry
Plastic Bottle Masonry wall

1) Number of bottle

Actual size of bottle = 24cm x 8 cm ϕ

Normal size of bottle (with mortar joint) = 24 cm x9 cm ϕ
Volume of bottle masonry = Area x thickness of wall
= 10 ×0.24
=2.4m3
No. of Bottle = Vol. of bottle masonry
Vol. of 1 bottle with mortar joint
= 2.4
0 .24×(π/4×0.092)
= 1572
2) Mortar

Actual volume of bricks in brick masonry = 1150 × (0.19×0.19×0.19)

= 1.76m3

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Volume of wet mortar = 2.3 - 1.76

= 0.531m3
For frog filling, cut bricks, for bonding, wastage etc increase this quantity by 15%
Volume of wet mortar = 1.15 × 0.531
= 0.610m3
Volume of dry mortar reduces by 25% when water is added
Volume of dry mortar = 1.25 × 0.610
= 0.763m3

3) Material for 1:3 brick work

Quantity of brick = 2.3m3
Proportion 1:3
Volume of dry mortar = 0.763m3
1:3 = 4
C:S
Cement = (1/4) × 0.763 = 0.190 m3 For 1 bag of cement
Weight = 50kg
= 0.190 Volume = 0.035m3
0.035
= 5.45 bags

Sand = (3/4) ×0.763 = 0.237m3 Here, consider 1000 ml bottle

Soil= 1990×0.0001=1.99m3 1milliliter=1cm3

4) No. of Labour

One labour can made 400 bottles per day (filling soil in bottles).
Total no. of bottles = 1572
Numbers of labour needed = (1572/400) = 4 nos.

Sr. no Material Quantity Rate Per Amount(Rs.)

1 Plastic bottle 1572 0.5 1 no. 786
nos.
2 Cement 5.45 300 1 bag 1635
3 Sand 0.237 250 1m3 59.25
4 Soil 1.99 100 1m3 199
5 Labour work 4 300 1 person 1200
Total 3879.25
Table: Cost Estimation of Plastic Bottle Wall Masonry

5.1 Comparison between the walls by Plastic Bottles wall and Brick Wall
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15%
faster and for brick wall 120 m2. Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to
brick wall. Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall. Plastic bottle wall
construction require less manpower as compare to brick wall and require high cost. Strength and load capacity
for plastic bottle wall construction is 20 times more than brick wall construction.

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Sr. No Factors Considerations Plastic Bottle Wall Brick Wall

1 Time and speed of 5 persons team- 15% faster 120 m2

Execution one working
day

2 Material and Implementation Saving in cement, More weight, more

equipment costs and installation water, grinder and materials
of materials and fitting
equipment
3 Transportation Displacement Lighter and higher Greater weight and less
Costs in the building volume, easy and volume, hard and costly
cheap displacement displacement

4 Execution cost Using Less manpower and More human resources- the
calculations of indigenous higher cost
panel

5 Strength and load 20 times more than Greater wall

Capacity brick thickness, lower
strength
6 Resistance to Earthquake has Low and Integrated High weight and loss of
Earthquake a direct weight without material
relationship falling debris
with the weight
of each
structure

7 Cleanness and Very clean High volume of

beauty of work execution, no construction waste
construction waste

8 Flexibility High flexibility Low flexibility

9 Material waste No wastage High and unusable

Table: Comparison between the Wall by Plastic bottle and Brick.

6. Benefits of Plastic Bottle Masonry wall

The most important benefits of these alternative innovative materials compared to conventional materials such
as brick can include:

A. Good construction ability: The walls built by these bottles are lighter than the walls built by brick
and block, and that makes these buildings to show a good response against earthquake. Due to the compaction
of filling materials in each bottle, resistance of each bottle against the load is 20 times higher compared to
brick. And these compressed filling materials, makes the plastic bottle to be prevented from passing the shot
that makes the building as a bulletproof shelter.

B. Low cost: Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls, joist ceiling and concrete column
offers us 45% diminution in the final cost. Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local
manpower in making bottle walls can lead to cost reduction up to 75% compared to building the walls using
the brick and concrete block. It must be noted that the sophisticated manpower can lead to reducing the
construction time and the relative costs also become lower.

C. Non-brittle characteristic: Using the non-brittle materials can reduce construction waste. Unlike
brick, plastic bottle is non-brittle. So due to the frangibility property, the percentage of producing construction
waste in brick is more than plastic bottles.

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D. Absorbs abrupt shock loads: Flexibility is a characteristic which makes the buildings performance
higher against the unexpected load. Since the plastic bottles are not fragile, they can be flexible and tolerates
sudden loads without failure. This characteristic can also increase the buildings bearing capacity against the
earthquake.
E. Green Construction: Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources,
recycling materials, minimizing the emission, having significant operational savings and increasing work place
productivity.

7. Conclusion
1. Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable
benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region, reducing environmental
degradation.
2. Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design, which means that when it is cold outside is warm
inside and vice versa.
3. Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building
embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the
cement by reducing the percentage of cement used.

4. Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources, recycling materials,
minimizing the emission, having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity.

5. Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry. i.e., Total cost of
10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs. 7444.25 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs. 3879.25

Cost Estimation
8000

7000

6000
Cost in Rupees

5000

4000

3000 Total Cost

2000

1000

0
Plastic Bottle wall Brick wall
Type of Wall

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8. References
[1] Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi., Azin Shakiba Barough.; ‘Investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a
Sustainable Material in the Building Construction’, International Journal of Science, Engineering and
Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013 ISSN: 2278 – 7798.
[2] Shilpi Saxena., Monika Singh.; ‘Eco-Architecture: PET Bottle Houses’, International Journal of Scientific
Engineering and Technology Volume No.2, Issue No.12, pp: 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013, ISSN: 2277-1581.
[3] Puttaraj Mallikarjun Hiremath., Shanmukha shetty.; ‘Utilization Of Waste Plastic In Manufacturing Of
Plastic-Soil Bricks’, International journal of technology enhancements and emerging engineering research,
volume 2, issue 4, ISSN 2347-4289.
[4] Pratima Patel., Akash Shah.; ‘Sub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element’
www.wastebottleconstruction.com.
[5] Arulmalar Ramaraj., Jothilakshmy Nagammal.; ‘30th INTERNATIONAL PLEA CONFERENCE’ 16-18
December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
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