CHE MMSyI RY SSEBYVIESCopyright © 2003 Zambok Bosim Yayin Egtim ve Turizm isletmeleri Sanayi Tiarer AS. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of recording without the prior written permission of the publisher. Digital Assembly Tambck Typesetting & Design Page Design Comil SEN Publisher Zambok Bosim Yoyn Etim ve Turizm isltmeleri Sanayi Ticaret A. Printed in istanbul - TURKEY ISBN 975-6402-52-0 DISTRIBUTION TAMBAK YAYINLARI Bulgurlu Mah. Bajlar Sok. No. 5 81190. Uskidar / ISTANBUL Tel : +90-216 522 11 30 (pbx) Fox: +90-216 52211 44 wwy.zambak.com Pee eT eee ere er cee eeesecrets of nature. Why does sodium t How do fireworks get flashing colors? Why monoxide is poisonous but carbon dioxide is n Many of this kind of questions and their ans tions Breet spat: which eh great value in developing the not need to be a chemist or scientist bu manufacture of thousands of substances. eae Chemistry has its own language. To lee language the fist step is, of course, learning The Authors reactions are given in detail excessive detail has been nite The book is designed to introd knowledge about elements. Chemists work to produce new compounds to make our Ii hope, after studying world of el chemistry in every part of your life,Preparation of calcium... CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . Reactions -32 252, 52 2) 52 33 Beebe3, Lead (l, IV) oxide 4. Lead (l) sulfide 5. Lead (l) nitrate . ga taaa 81 81 82 82 . 82 82 84 .. 84 85 85 85 85 86 86MODULAR SYSTEM METALSale METALSIPIFRODOGTIORN The elements of group 1A, except hydrogen, are called alkalt metals, Although hydrogen is in group 1A, it shows nonmetallic Lik properties, i The other members of the group, lithium (Lj), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr), show ‘common metallic properties. Their electron configurations end with rns! and their atomic numbers are bigger then those of noble gases by 1. In other words, each period starts with an alkali metal, or each noble gas is followed by an alkali metal. Figure 1 The athali metal (group 1A) By giving their valence electron easily in chemical reactions, they form +1 charged ions, Because the alkali metals are the elements which have the least ionization energy and the highest atornic radius, in each period they are a group of most active metals. Since the activity of metal increases from top to bottom, francium, Fe, is expected to be the most active metal in the periodic table. In reality, the element cesium, Cs, is the most active metal because francium is a radioactive element (has been isolated only in minute quantities) and its properties have not been determined at all. Some properties of alkall metals are given in the table below. ‘The name “alkali” comes from the Arabic word “ELKaII” meaning basic. Lithium Sodium Potassium, Since the electron configurations Fea ey of alkali metal fons with +1 eC Chae are the same as those of z n a9 2299 noble gases, forming +2 Electron configuration [Hel2s! Nee! charged ions by giving the ‘Metin point °C) 1803 7 ~~ second electron is very difficult 1342 883 for them. Therefore, in order to take the second electron of an alkali metal, very high energy is needed, The highest second ionization energy belongs to the 097 Color [stverywive silvery white silvery white alkali metals in the same period. : ec) aes me Orign and meaning ofname hor stone snariun-sode potash -kaliwn ‘Earth's erust sbundance (%)_ 1.7107 23 Table £ Some properties of alkali metals. Oe.The melting points, boiling points and densities of alkali metals are lower than those of other metals. The densities of ithium, sodium and potassium are lower than water. As the atomic number of alkali metals increases, their melting and boiling points and their densities decrease. They are rather soft (even lithium, the hardest metal in the group) and can easily be cut with a kitchen knife. Their newly cut surfaces are silvery grey. They are good conductors of heat and electricity Figure 2 Even itthium, the hardest alkali metal, may be cut witht kate Mle The alkalt metals can be cut with a knife. Even at normal conditions they are found in monoetomic structure. At high temperatures their Name Formula diatomic molecules can be observed ‘ores petelive LIPO), When the aqueous solutions of their +1 charged ions u spodumene UAISI,0;), are exposed to flame, they give a characteristic flame ‘amblygonte LIF, OHO, color: lithium-red, sodium-yellow, potassium and rubidium-violet, and cesium-biue. chile sapeter NaNO vveshing soda NegCO, baking soda NaHCO, Ne kyolte NayAF, borax 1No,B,07. 1040 sodium sulate Na,S0, albte NaAlSi,0, sylite kal carmalite KCl: MgCl + 6H,0 a orthoclas HISD, mica KH,AL SIO.) potassium K,S0, fertilisers NOs ‘lame tests of alka metas Table 2 Mineral of Li, Na aud K. “Ie OBSORRANGA layers formed by the evaporation of ancient lakes and seas. The important sodium sources are Since the alkali metals are the most active Chile seltpeter (NaNO), washing soda metals, they are not found free in nature, (Na;€O,) and baking soda (NaHCO;). The but as compounds. Generally they occur ‘most important sodium minerals are kryolite in sea water, in some lakes, in rock salt (Na,AIF), borax (NajB,0, . 10H,0), sodium sources and in the compounds of oxygen sulfate (Na,SO,) and albite (NaAISi,0,). and silicon as silicates. Sodium and potassium are present in vast amounts in nature. Lithium is less abundant in comparison with sodium and potassium. Rubidium and cesium are found in trace amount in nature Francium, a radioactive element, is a side product and all isotopes of francium are also radioactive. The most stable isotope of francium is 223F;, with a half-life of 23 minutes. Potassium constitutes 1.5% of the earth's ‘ctust, Potassium is found as the minerals sylvite (KCI) and camallite (KCL - MgCl, - 6H,0) and as the silicates of orthoclas (KAISi,O,) and mica (KH,Al,(SiO,);). The main sources of potassium are K,SO, and KNO,, which are used as fertilizers. Now let's focus on lithium, sodium and potassium. Lithium is found in nature in the ores petalite (Li(AISI,)O;,), _spodurnene (LiAKSi,0,),) amblygonite and lepidalite. Pdgassiart Rock salt ica Rabidiam to remember complicated ose of petalite, spodimer ‘The most important compound of sodium is sodium cloride, NaCl. It is found in the form of NaCl in the seas and in rock-saltPreparation of Sodium The elkali metals ere made by electrolysis of molten hydroxides or halides, Because of their reactivity, the metals rmust be kept in an inert atmosphere or under oil, The preparation of sodium is the best example of the preparation of alkali metals. a Figure 3 Sir Humphry Davy Elemental sodium was first (1778-1829) obtained in 1807, by Davy, by the electrolysis of molten NaOH. Today molten NaCl is used instead of molten NaOH. This method is called the Down method show in Figure 4. The melting point of NaCl is 800°C. However, if a quantity of CaCl, three times as much as NaCl is added, this temperature is easily reduced to about Figure 4 Downe method oy a EA ete oa electrode Generator 600°C. In the Down device, graphite is used as an anode, and iron, steel or copper is used as a cathode. ‘As the CI ions are evolved at the anode as chlorine gas, the Na* fons are deposite at the cathode as metallic sodium, Na. Anode 2Cl > Cly(g) + 26° Cathode 2Na* +2e > 2Nal) With the help of a funnel surrounding the anode, the chlorine gas is collected outside the system. A small quantity of Ca is deposited at the cathode. Since calcium rarely reacts with molten sodium, and because itis denser than sodium, itis easily separated from the medium. The liquid sodium obtained is less dense than the electrolyte, so ft accumulates on the surface, and through a small pipe it can be collected in the funnel. The sodium and chlorine produced can react very vigorously with each other. In order to avoid such a reaction, the cathode is surrounded by a diaphragm made from an iron bar. Se GAZPUCAA PLOPERTU Alkali metals are very strong reducing agents. They all react with cold water. Cs and Rb violently react with water, Sodium, potassium and lithium become dull when they contact air. Therefore, they are kept in kerosene or paraffins to prevent reactions with oxygen.Since they are alkali, they do not react with bases but react with acids. Their compounds with group 7A elements are called salts. Whereas the halo- compounds of hydrogen have acidic properties, the oxides of alkali metals are basic, and the aqueous solution of their oxides give bases. The exothermic reaction of potassium with water Reactions 1. Alkali metals are strong reducing agents. nMO+ ytn—> nt + Ys) (Y: any metal with low activity M: any alkali metal) oes * 0 6Nals) + Als) —> 3N2,065) + 2AK6) O83 4 ° 3K(S) + CrCl(s). —> SKCIs) + Crts) 2. Hydrides are formed as a result of alkali metals’ reactions with hydrogen. Hydrides contain a +1 charged alkali metal and —1 charged hydrogen. SMe) + H,%q) 2S 2m+H 5) (M; any alkali metal) 2K%s) + Hy%g) —> 2KH(s) potassium hyde 2Na(s) + Hy(c) —> 2NeHis) secdum hyehide The hydrides obtained react with water to form solutions of alkali hydroxides and H, gas. MH() + HO) —> MFOH (eq) + H,(@) (MH: an alkali hydride, MOH: an alkali hydroxide) KH(s) + H,00) —+ KOH(eq) + H,(9) NaHi(s) + H,0() —> NaOH\aq) + H,(9) f ATTENTION Flammable hydiogen 985 is produced by the vigorous reaction of K ‘and Na with 0. 3. They react with water violenty. As a result of this reaction H, gas and a base solution form 2M(s) + 2H,0() > 2MOH(aq) + H3(¢) +heat 2Nats) + 2H,0()) + 2NaOH(aq) + H.{g) + heat (Figure 5), ‘The hydroxides formed are thermally stable, except LOH. 2LIOH —> Li,0 +H,0 4, They may form oxides, peroxides or superoxides by reacting with oxygen in the air. As a result of reactions with excess oxygen, lithiurn forms oxide, Li,O, sodium forms peroxide Na,O; and potassium, rubidium and cesium form superoxides, such as KO,, RbO,, Cs, ALi) + O,(6) —> 214,068) 2Na(s) + O,(¢) —> Na,0,8) Kis) + Og) —> KO,(s} Figure 5. Na floats on water and pradices H gas when| added to waterTo obtain the oxides of sodium and potassium (Na,O and K,0), their peroxides and superoxides are affected by their own metals 1Na,O, + 2Na > 2Na,0 KO, +3K > 2K,0 5. All of them react with halogens to form alkali halides (salts of alkali metals). 2M(s) + X,(o) —> 2MX(6) (Figure 6). (M: alkali metal, X : halogen, ‘MX; alkali metal halides) 2Li(s) + Fylg) —> 2LiF@) 2Na(s) + Clg), —> 2NaCis) ( Even though H takes +1 charge, it takes -1 with metals. 6. They do not react with bases Mis) + OH{@q) —> No reaction 7. When they react with acids, they produce salts and liberate H, gas. M(s) + HX(eq). —> MX(aq) + 1/2H,(@) (HX: Halo acid, MX salt of an alkali) 2K(s) + 2HClaq) —> 2KCileq) + H,(9) 2Na(s) + 2HBr(aq) —> 2NaBr(eq) + H,(0) Figure 6 Potassium reacts with chorine gas vigorousty to form potassium chloride sal. 2K) + Cl,fa) —> 2NCIG) Sa GOMPOONAS R N \ Generally the compounds are typically ionic. They have high melting and boiling points ‘and dissolve better in water than in non-polar solvents, oe iF fF F The compounds of lithium are the exception, and show 2 good deal of covalency. The reason for this can be explained by lithium’s very small atomic size and its outer electron’s proximity to the nucleus. For example, the alkali metal salts are very soluble in water. However, some salts of Li (LisPO,, Li,CO, and LiF) are only slightly soluble in water. ‘Apparance of salt crystals under a microscope. 1. Matides Now the most important halide of alkali metals, sodium chloride, will be considered. Sodium chloride, NaCl NaCl, known as table salt, melts at 801°C and boils at 1465°C. It is a combination of colorless, transparent, cubie structured crystals.= — ) — Ce — gis ‘l vend coming ‘Godium perenide) (Sodium oxide) NaCl is found as rock salt in nature, and dissolved in sea water at a ratio of 3%. NaCI has a characteristic salt taste and can be separated from sea water with 96% purity. For this process, sea water is put into large- surfaced pools. Then water is slowly evaporated. As a result, NaCl is obtained in crystalline structures, NaCl is an ionic compound. There are electrostatic attraction forces between its ions, Na* and Cr. NaCl dissolves in water as follow. NaCi(ag) > Na*(aq)+ Craq) This dissolution process occurs when HO (water) dipoles surround the ions found at the surface of the ionic crystals. This is called dehydration (Figure 8). Nat + 6H;0 > Na(H;0),* Its solubility in water changes slightly with temperature, For example, 35.7 grams of salt dissolves in 10cm? water at 0°C, while 39.1 grams of salt dissolves in 10cm? water at 100°C. Figure 7 Schematic relationship of sour and sodéuim compounds. A solution of NaCl can be used in the production of NaGH with the electrolysis method. By-products of the process are hydrogen and chlorine gases. 2NaCl + 2H,0 > H,(¢) + C(g) + 2NaOH(eq) cathode anode When molten NaCl is electrolyzed, liquid Na and Cl, gas are obtained. 2NaClQ) + 2Na() + CL(@) ‘cathode anode Figure 8 Costaltine structure of sodtom chloride, NaCl, and its dekydration,"A NaCI solution containing NaCi(s)in a catia of 23.0% by mass fre eves at 23°C. Dusirig winter, rock sat ts spread on streets, pave- ‘ment andl highways io order to melt the le, Table salt also has a property that prevents food from spoiling. Before refrigerators, salting was an extremely useful method of food preservation. Cooling is used today, Soltis added t0 food to give flavor instead of to preserve it. For example, to butter, which can be protected for a Tong time in refrigerators, 2% table ealt ie added for flavor. Even ‘though ft ie not necessary fo keep margarine in refrigerators, table salt is also added for the same reason. Some foods like olives, cheese and piekles contain abundant salt. Blood plasma and other body fluids contain about 0.9 grams of sodium chloride per 100 mL.The amount of salt needed by an adult is 0.5 grams per day. But generally, people use much more salt than they need. ‘As a result, illnesses like hypertension and kidney deficiencies arise, NaCl is the main substance in the preparation of other salts. of sodium. For exemple, NaCl, a neutral salt, reacts with concentrated H;SO, and produces Na,SO, or NaHSO, salt. 2NaCl + H,SO, —> Na,SO, + 2HCI NaCl + H,SO, —> NeHSO, + HCL ae) ‘Recent studies have shown that there tsa istking relation ship between solt use and hypertension. Hypertension can be reduced without using medicine simply by decreasing salt use. Children should be taught to use only a small amount of salt. It is significant that in many countries baby foods are prepa- red free of salt, We have to ensure our adolescents do not consume fast foods with a high salt content, so that we can decrease the risk of illness. 2. Hydroxides The hydroxides of alkali metals are all white, hygroscopic, crystalline ionic solids containing the metal ion, M*, and the hydroxide ion, OH". They dissolve in water giving metal and hydroxide fons (M+ and OHH). NaOH(aq) > Na+(eq) + OH-faq) ‘Because of the high ionization percent in water, they behave as strong bases and react with acidic and amphoteric substances, NaOH(aq) + HClfaq) + NH,Claq) + H,0() NaQHi(eq) + NH,Ckag) > NaCkaq) + NH(@) + H,0(0 2NaOH(aq) + COA(g) > Na,CO,(aq) + H,00) 6KOH(aq) + Al,O3(s) > 2K,AI0,(aq) + 3H,0(0) ( NaOH and KOH are used to remove CO, and $0, from If exposed to air, they absorb water vapor very readily and form concentrated aqueous solutions of the hydroxides, which are all deliquescent, Deligquescence is defined as the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere by a solld to form a solution.Group 28 Carbonates (CO,*) fg MgCO,) —> MeOK) + COJo) ¥ Successively higher temperatures Bs needed io decompose Hydroxides (Of) Mg Mg(O#D,{s) —* Mg0t) + H,0%@) Ba }u/Moresiable Hydrogencarbonates (HCO,>) Too unstable to exist. as solids ~extst only in solution, Miteates (NO, 2MgiNO,),{s) —> 2gOIs) + 4NO, a) + 0,69) dv More stable Sulfotes (80,2) and halides 00) W Alt thermally stable Table 3 Effect of heaton compounds of group 2A elements 1. Caleium oxide, CaO and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OM), Calcium oxide (lime) is used in the production of cement, and is obtained by. heating calcium carbonate (limestone) at g00°c. cacy) BE, cas) + cox) Addition of calcium oxide to water is called slaking, and the product, Ca(OH),, is called slaked lime (lime water). CO +HO + CaIOH, + 16kcal Ca(OH), is used in the preparation of mortar (slaked Jime plus sand) which sets to a solid by reconversion of the Ca(OH}, to CaCO, as a result of the reaction with Oy in air. Ca(OH),{s) + COfg) —» CaCO,(s) + H,0(g) 2. Calcium carbonate, CaCO; It occurs naturally as marble, limestone, chalk and calcite, As mentioned above, it forms by evolving CO, gas from Ca(OH), solution. Underground water containing CO, dissolve some amount of CaCO, and the equilibrium below is established. CaCOx(s) + CO,(g) + H,0(l) = Cat4(aq) + 2HCO3(ac) When such underground water reaches the earth’s surface, the pressure on it decreases. Because of the decrease in solubility of CO, in water, the equilibrium reaction shifts to the left, that is, CaCO, precipitate is formed. Formation of stalactites and stalagmites is a good example of this process. PUTT eee eedSodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide have important uses in the manufacture of soap and detergents (Figure 9). In industry and commerce they are called caustic soda and caustic potash respectively. ‘They have other applications, such as in the production of many chemicals, textiles, cleanser, paper, pulp and in petroleum refining. 3. Nitrates Sodium nitrate, NaNO, (Chile saltpeter), is found in large deposits in Chile. It decomposes by relasing ‘oxygen gas at about 500°C. 2NaNO,(s) “S 2NaNOox(s) + 0:46) Potassium nitrate, KNO, (saltpeter) is also decomposed by heating. heat 2KNO,(s) “S 2KNO,{s) + 00) KINO, is prepared by the reaction of KCI and NaNO, under 100°C, KClfaq) + NaNO5(aq) —> NaCkag) + KNO,(aq) Lithium and ite compounds eho other alkalt metals and compounds. some differen: Figure 9 NaOH is used in the preparation of solid soap whereas KOH {is used in the preparation of sap like gel ae ‘Synthesis of organfe compounds os u.con, Sere ces MeOH, Caustcsoda Soap, paper tle dye ee ae NaySO, —Glauber's salt Glass, dye, medicine ea oe iSO, Mecingsoda .. Chlig NaNO, Chile sehpeter Fetzer KOH Potash Soap Kyte Fest iS0, Fertilizer 1. Aion toe oh KBr ‘Medicine, glue, photography ‘a ‘teat NNO, Salpeter Gunpowaes erties Table3 Common names and uses of some atkalt metal compords halogen ° > KIM +x % water 40H + = MOH (Mt + OH) + Hy hydrogen, Hy ayy water i oe NO ee a ‘Alla Metal, ae ——* W,0 2M* +07) or M,0,2M* +02) or MO, (M+ + 0,9 eter ster water Figure 10 HO #0 he Sromary of the reactions of ue MOH (Mt + OH MOH + H,0, MOH +H,0, +0, =) ee:KNO; is the main component of gunpowder, with sulfur The sudden formation of hat Np and CO, gases causes and wood charcoal. When gunpowder is heated, the an explosion following reaction occurs. Lithium nitrate, LINO,, shows differences in thermal 2KNO,(s) + S(s) + 3C(S) > KS) + N,(a) + 3CO,fa) decomposition. 4LINO, —> 21i,0 + 4NO, + O, Lithium is used to eliminate poisonous gases from copper and copper alloys. Some lithium compounds are used as ‘medicine, such as Li,CO, in psychiatry and LIHCO, in the treatment of hyperureacemia. LICI is a drying egent and AIH, is used as a reducing agent in organic reactions. Sodium is used to produce electricity in nuclear reactors by transferring excess heat to the vapor turbines. In metallurgy, itis used to produce pure metals from their oxides. Itis also Used in sodium vapor lamps for fogay days. is salts are used in the medical industry. in industry, it has an important role in the production of salts, soaps, baking soda, glass and pigment. Potassium is mostly used in fertilizers, producing soaps, and ‘medicine in several areas. The soaps in which potassium is, used are very soft and have the common name gal. Since rubidium and cesium emit electrons by photocell rays, they are used as photocells. They are used in TV receivers, as a prism in spectrophotometers, and as propellants in sspace ships. In these processes, cesium Is used rather than rubidium.been 5 10. SOPPLEMENT ARI QUESMONS ‘Write the names ofthe aka metals with their symbots, ‘Why ae alka metals located in group 1A in the periodic table? Why is it difficult o take the second electron fom alkali metals? Alkali metas can not be found freely in nature. a. What the main reason? by, Write down briefly where sodium meal found in ature, Write the common names of ores that are natural sources of alk metals Write the comect formulas ofthe following, 2) Tablesalt 6) Borax ¢) Washing soda 4) Gunpowder ‘Fil in the blanks with sb appropriate alkall metal. A, The chanseterstie color of nse y@HOW, sted and. blue inthe lame test. b. bas the highest ionization energy thas the biggest radios. is the most reactive, 8 thas the highest melting and boiling point f isthe least dense. 2 nmernnne is radioactive, Find the mass percentages of sodium inthe fllowing compounds, aLNaHCo, DN@,AITS «.Na,00,. 1080 &.N@,B,0, 1080 uNa > ante Whe ere ‘Which of the above reactions needs more energy? Explain. Complete nd balance the felling equations. SMHS FGO ip ne peeaete, BBA FAL) ss Lig) +00) > 4.2009) 10,0) — eLig+hi £. K(s) + HCKaq) — —> a 2 ir 16. w 18. 19. 20, ‘What are the uses of sodium meta? ‘What are the ses af lithium metal? we we 1.38 g of Li metal to remove CO, 205 ftom a room with imensions 8 m x 8 mx 5.75 m, whats the percentage of CO, was inthe room? 4Li+2€0, +4H,0 —> Li,0+Li,C0,+¢ ‘The chemical ration is ININYS) J 2NAG) +38 uring the inion of ai bags. 146 cm? ofr bg is blown upat 1 tm, what the mass of Na reduced? Wiite the reaction equations for the following reaction schemas a, NaCl — Ne + Nell + NaOH + Na,S0, bLicl + Li + Lio > LiCl «K+ KOH + K,S0, ‘White the products of electoysis of te given substances, 4. Molten potassium bromide i. Lithium ehforide solution ‘& Molten potassium hydroxide ‘During the electrolysis of NaCl solution, «total of 13-4 L gas is ‘obiained. According 1 the given Infurmations, find the masses of cach substance produced in this process 167.21 SO, gas (at STP) is completely dissolved in 25% NaOH solution (1 kg), fn the mass percentages ofall species inthe final solstion. ‘Whoa 105 g ofthe mite of Glauber salt (Na,$0, . 101.0) and washing soda (¥2,C0, . 10,0) is heated, 425 g H.0 is clined, Find the mas percentage of washing soda inthe zven iste, ‘When the mixture of lithium hydtide and sodium hyde is added 10 193 ml pure water, the toal mass ofall substances decreases 1 1B The mass percentage of bases is detected as 8% after the reaction, Find the mole numbers ofthe hydrides used,MOLPPLE CHOICE QOES TONS y n 10. ii. Which one of the following is not a member of the alkali metals ‘group? ALi B)Ba Na DK BYRD Which one of the following atoms hs the smallest volume? ALi BN OK D)Rb EGS ‘What isthe color of sodium oa inthe ame test? A)Blue —B)Green ©)Red —D) White BY Yellow Which one of the following metals i radioactive? AyLi B)Na Or DK BCs ‘What isthe common charg of alkali metals? Ayal BH OF DH Bl ‘What is te number of electrons inthe outermost shel ofthe stoms in the alkali metals group? As 5 o4 D3 eI ‘What are the oxidation sates of the nonmetals for the given compounds, respectively: NaH, K,0, Li,N? Ay, 42.43 B)-1, 41,42 += DL. H-123 Which one ofthe following metal isthe most active? ADR B)Fe Os pli E)Na Which one of the flowing compounds of sodium is the most ‘widely used in daily ite? A)Ne,S0, _B) Nar C)NaCl_D)Nal_-F)NaNO, ‘Why do Li, Na and K float in water? A) Low areas B) Volumes D) Masses ©) Low densities ) Physical states ov ar lal meal kept fom reacting with O in the a? A) In water ByIn base ©In acid D)Inaleohot 1) In kerosene ‘What i the charge of oxygen inthe compound produced athe end ofthe reaction? Na+Al0,; —+ ay-l D2 2 De Bo 20 2B 4. 15, 16. 17 18. os 20. a. When 0.7 g of Lithium react with water how many grams of 2) are produced? Aol B02 OS DO VO ‘When 46g of sodium react with O, how many grams of Na,O, ‘ate produced? ANB Bus Od De £62 If 745 g of KCL is produced at the end of te reaction of potassium with chlorine, how many grams of K are consumed? ABS BIS OIS6 DADS What is che mass of i gas produced atthe end of the reaction of 14 gofLi wit 405 g of HBL? A02g B)04g C08g Dios E)32e Which metal salt is used inthe production of soep? ALi BYRD = )Na_ Csr ‘Who frst found elemental sou? |A)Lusac B)Day ©) Down D)Mendeleyey £) Boyle ‘Which one ofthe following is used in making tine? A)LICL —-B)CL = C)Nal_—DYREF_— ET ‘What is doe name of the method used to produce sodium today’? A)HessB)Divy C) Down D) Humphry) Bohr |. Electrolysis of molten NaCl 1, Elestolysis of NaCI solution TH. Blectrlysis of NaOH solution Which of the above ivare used to produce metallic sodium in industry? A)TOnly, BY I Only cy Land Ir Dy Land tm 1), and 1ey oa ‘The words below are listed with their descriptions, but one letter is missing from each word. List the missing letters. When the lefers are read downwards they will spell the surnames of the three scientists whose work was involved in the classification of elements. A clue for each scientist is given. 1. He locked at the patterns between the relative atomic mosses of elements and their densities. DISPLACEENT ——_Cholorine’s oxidation of bromine is an example of this, csIUM The most active metal after Fr SHIN. Alkali metals are this when freshly eut. PRIODS Horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table Al Armixture of gases including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and inert gases 2. When he drew up his periodic table he lett gaps for elements he predicied must exist but had not yel been discovered. POTASSIU Fourth most reective alkali mete. COLOURD Transition elements form compounds which ore this. REACTIOS Noble inert gases toke part in only a few of these. ACIIC The oxides of non-metal elements are often this. UNIVRSAL This indicator can show the pH of « solution, CASSIFICATION The periodic table of elaments is @ form of this. GASS These occur atthe right-hand side of the periodic table. INFLAMMABL Hydrogen is not suitable for cirships because iti this. ULCANISE To treat rubber with sulshur fo improve its strength. 3. He realised that elements should be arranged in order of their atomic number. COBINATION Sodium and chlorine are more commonly found in nature as salt or sodium chloride. cnpuct All metals can do this to heat ond electricity. TRANITION Another word for the heavy metels between groups Il and Il of the periodic table ON ‘The number of electrons in the outer shell of an olkali-metal _ ITHIUM ‘An alkali metal which burns with o red flame. DOBREINER He suggested elements could be grouped in triads (threes) CATALSTS Heavy metal elements are often used os these in order to increase the rate of reactions.Be Ca Sr Cs adIRTRODICTION The metals in group 2A are called alkaline earth metals. This group includes beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg),calcium (Ca), strontium (S1), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). The word “earth” was used for the oxides of group 2A by the ancient scientists. They thought of these oxides as elements. In fact, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium metals were first isolated from their oxides. Alkaline earth metals, after the alkali metals, are secondary metals with strong metallic properties. The group 2A elements are less active than those of 1A, whereas they are more active than those of group 3A, Except Be, all form ionic compounds. Be forms mostly covalent compounds. The electrons in their valence shell occupy the s orbitals. Therefore, by losing these electrons through @ chemical change they easily gain +2 charge. In this group, beryllium has similar chemical properties with aluminum, and magnesium has similar chemical properties with lithium. Such cross-wise relationships between elements in the upper side of the periodic table are known as diagonal relations. A similar relationship is seen between boron and silicon as ge “Melting point ©) In table 1, some properties of Boling pot C) | alkaline earth metals are Density (gem =. P'onization energy (kj/mot) Atomic radius (pm) shown. ‘Common oxidation numbers ‘Physical state at 25°C Origin and meaning of name -arth’s erust abundanee (%) ‘Table 1 Some properties of alkaline earth metals Figure2 Diagonal relation between elements int the periodic rable, ‘magnesia - a name foe historical cityin Terkey = 29 Derylos - beryl | J | texto‘Among the group 2A elements, there ate physical relationships which are similar to the group 1A elements. The atomic radius increases and the ionization energy decreases in going from top to bottom. The group 2A elements, except beryllium, do not have electron affinity. The melting point, boiling point and the hardness of the elements decrease from beryllium to barium in the group. Beryllium is the hardest, whereas barium is the softest alkaline earth ‘metal. The members of the group are good conductors of heat. They are malleable and ductile, 0,2 moll. sodium salt 2 2 2 <0, 80,2 ao, ‘white No Ne Mg | precipitate | precpiate | precipitate £ ex10% | 21.96 19 z ‘white No No ca | eredpime | precptate | precptate f 130103 | 064 136 3 2 White | White | Yellow § S| preciptate | precipitate | precptate S| tox | ‘axi0 |" 204 | waite | write | Yellow Ba | precipitate. | precipiate | precipate 1x13 | 21x10 | | 253 ‘Table 2 Solubiiies of group 2A salts in 100 g water. Compounds with carbonate and oxides of the alkaline earth metals are insoluble in water (Table 2). Excess Mg*? and Ca? in water means that it is hard. When such hard water is boiled, some amount of precipitate is formed at the bottom of the container. Hard water prevents formation of lather because Ca*? ions and soap form a compound (calcium stearite) which is insoluble in water. 2Cy7HygCOONa + CaSO, > (C)7HysCOO),Ca + Na,SO, soep calcium stearite 0 Flame tests of alkaline earth metals Their ions have own characteristic colors in flame tests. Calcium ion has red-orange, strontium ion has dark red and barium ion has light-green color in the flame ofa Bunsen burner, How are colored fireworks made? Fireworks existed in ancient China in the ninth century ‘where saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal Were mixed to produce dazzling effects, Magnesium burns with a brilliant white light and is. widely used in making flares and fireworks. ‘Various other colors can be produced by adding other substances to the flame. Strontium compounds color the flame scarlet and barium compounds produce a yellowish- green color; borax produces a green color, and lithium a purple color.Ia OSGORRBENGS Since the group 2A elements are relatively active metals, they occur in compounds in nature. Beryllium, Be Beryllium occurs in trace amount in nature. ‘The most important ore of beryllium is beryl, Be,Al(Si0;),, Magnesium, Mg The principal useful ores 0 f magnesium are dolomite (CaCO, + MgCO; a double salt) carnallte, (KCI - MgCl, - 6H,0) and epsom salt (MgSO, - 7H,0) which is found in mineral water. Epsom salts are used as a purgative, as a dressing for cotton goods and in dye. “The magnesium metas the canter ofthe structure of chloreptyl Perri Calcium, Ca Calcium compounds are widely distributed In nature, occurring as limestone or marble (CaCO,), gypsum (CaSO, - 2H,0) and fuotite (CaF). Salts of sulfete, silicate and Fafetioy phosphate are also found in the earth's crust. Strontium, Barium and Radium: Sr, Ba, Ra ‘They are found in trace amount in nature. Strontium occurs as celestite (S1SO,) and strontianite (SrCO,), barlum occurs as barytes (BeSO,) and witherite (BaCO,). All the isotopes of radium are radioactive. The Isotope ”°Ra is the most stable Isotope with a 1600-year half-life. The radium element is a side product of the natural decay of 234,Preparation of Calcium Preparation of calcium can be given as a good example of preparations of group 2A elements. ‘The most important preparation method of calcium is the electrolysis of a molten mixture of CaC,-CaF, - CaF, is used to reduce the melting point of CaCl, below the melting point of calcium metal (840°C). The cathode is. an iron rod Just dips below the surface of the calcium chloride. As the calcium forms on the iron rod, the iron rod is withdrawn and a stick of calcium is gradually formed. Chlorine gas is evolved at anode. The anode is made of graphite because chlorine gas attacks most metals. The gas is a valuable by-product. ‘The other method is reduction of calcium oxide with aluminum. Calcium metal is used mainly in some alloys 2Als) + 4Ca0[s) =, coo. AL,0,(s) + 3Ca(s) Moveable ton cathode cold Figure 3 Manufacture of calcium metal diagram Be CABMICM, PROPERTIES All the members of the group are covered by thelr oxides when they are exposed to alr. The alkaline earth metals burn in air with bright flame. As a result of burning in air their oxides and nitrides are formed. The <@ compounds of all the alkaline earth metels are similar in composition, they all form oxides (MO), hydroxides (M(OH),), carbonates (MCO,), sulfates (MSO,), and other compounds (M is any alkaline earth metal). The alkaline earth metals are strong oxidizing agents. ‘Activity of the metals increases from Be to Ba. The elements Ca, Sr and Ba undergo reaction with water easily, whereas the reaction of Be and Mg with water is difficult. In order to increase the activity of Mg metal, the Mg metal is transformed into an amalgam. Thus, since the oxide of Mg is not formed on the surface of the metal, its activity increases in the chemical reactions. Reactions 1. All alkaline earth metals, except berylium, react with H, gas in hot medium to produce hydrides, like alkali metals. te MG) + Fg > MHA) {M : alkaline earth metals) Mg(s)+H,@) ——> — MgH,(s) heat Cals) + Hig) ——> Cats) ‘Only CaH,, of all hydrides formed, reacts with water by releasing heat. CaH(s) + H0(0) —> Ca(OH),(s) + Ha) (Figure 4) Figure 4 Catt, isthe onty akaline earth metal iride wich reacts with water,2. Ca, Sr and Ba react with water, like alkali metals, at room temperature to produce metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas. MGs) + 2H,0() + M*?(aq) + 20H (aq) + H3(g) (M.: alkaline earth metals) Cals) + 2H,0(l) + Ca*?(aq) + 20H-(eq) + Haig) Magnesium metal reacts slowly with boiling water. The reaction of beryllium with water is very dificult. Mg(s) + 2H,0) —> Mg(OH),(s) + H(Q) Be(s) + 2H,0() —> Be(OH),(s) + H,(9) All formed hydroxides of this group lose water to form their ankydrates (oxides) in thermal decompositon. heat Ca(OH), —> CaO + H,0 Peroxides of Ca, Sr and Ba are produced by heating their oxides in oxygen atmosphere. Barium peroxide can be obtained easily by the following 2M(s) + O,(9) > 2MO(s) reaction 2Mg(s) + Og) —> 2MaQO{s) BaO + 1/205 oe BaO, 3, They form oxides as a result of their reactions with oxygen, in MO formula (Figure 5). 2518) + Og) —+ 281018) These oxides are slightly soluble in water and solutions of these oxides, except BeO, show basic properties. I the burning process occurs In ar, nitrides, hydroxides and carbonates are formed, besides oxides. — ga ns OP EL % am A hydrogen, Hy 7 a F 1 = io 2H) TI ~ NOH, + +208) +H 3 “ikaline Earth of li Metal m_[-| S28 MOOR +0% or MO, 0+ 0,7) Fo ? water water a Figure 5 1,0 1,0 HI a Toe BNO” bee E “Alkaline Earth 2 acids etats. a Ey4. All alkaline earth metals give direct reactions with halogens to produce metal halides. MG) +X() > MXls) Be(s) + Cl{g) —> BeCl{s) Mg(s) + Ch(g) —> MgCla{s) 9. The reactions of the group 24 elements with acids like HCl and H,SO,, produce salts and H, gas. Cals) + 2HClaq) > CaChis) + H,(g) Ba(s) + H,SO,(aq) —+ BaSO,(s) + H,(0) Bs GOMPIORNAS The compounds of alkaline earth metals are ionic. They have high melting and boiling points. They are thermally stable, Their salts are less soluble in water than those of alkali metals. And the solubilities of salts increase from beryllium to barium. ‘Most of the compounds of beryllium and some ‘compounds of magnesium show a tendency to covalency, so they differ from other ‘compounds in the group. While magnesium reacts with dilute H,SO, by giving Hy gas, it reacts with hot and concentrated H,SO, by producing SO, gas. Mg(s) + H,SO,(di) + MgSO,(s) + Hig) Mg(s)+4HNO,(60%) > Mg(NO),(aq)+2NO,(g)+ H,0(), ‘Thermally stable means that the compound can’t be decomposed at the temperature of a norm: Flame (approximately 1300%). Now, the compounds of alkaline earth metals, will be examined with the help of the most important calcium compounds. Similarly, the reaction of magnesium metal with 1% HNO produces H, gas, but the reaction of magnesium with concentrated HNO-(60%) produces NO, gas. Mg(s) + 2HNO,(1%) > Mg(NO;),(aq) + H,{g) Ma{s)+4HNO3(60%) > Mg(NO,),(aq)+2NO,()+ H,O() On the other hand, under normal conditions beryllium does not react with HNO, because of the layer of its oxide on the surface of the metal. 6, All oxides and hydroxides of alkaline earth metals, except beryltum, show basic properties whereas beryllium metal, its oxide and its hydroxide show amphoteric properties. In other word, Be, BeO and Be(OH), show either acidic Tl or basic properties. Figure 6. Schematic relationship of Be(s) + 2HCliaq) —» BeCl, + H,(@) Se ee Be(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H,0()) —+ Na,[Be(OH),(aq) + H,(g) :<8, Calcium carbide (CaC,) One of the calcium compounds is calcium carbide, CaC, which is found in the form of small gray solid pieces, used widely in industry. Calcium carbide is prepared commercially by the reaction of calcium oxide (ime) and coke at high temperature. CaQ(s) + 3C(s) = CaC Js) + COD) The reaction of calcium carbide with water produces acetylene, C,H,, which is used in welding CaCys) + 2H.00) —> CHy{a) + CaOH),{8) Celoum carbide mineral 4. Caleium sulfate, CaSO, In nature, its anhydrate (CaSO,) and dihydrate forms (CaSO, . 2H,0) are called gypsum and alabaster. Gypsum (CaSO, . 2H,0) is a white substance which is, used commercially for fabrication into wallboard, When gypsum is heated above 100°C, it loses 3/4 of its water of crystallization, forming the powdered substance C280, . 1/2H,O, known as plaster of Paris. 120-150 2CaS0,,2H,0 ——$ 2CeS0,1/2H,0 + 3H,0 jum plaster of paris By mixing with water, the small crystals of plaster of dissolve and then re-crystallize as long needles of 0, .2H,0 2c S0,1/2H,0 + 32H,0 —"“, cas0,2H,0 Calcium sulfate, CaSO, is @ constituent of cement Additionally it is used in decoration as plaster of Pari and in dentistry to mold teeth. ‘Common name Uses fe sd Tigo | fining of ven to manlactare | rubber and dye ine as antacid In manufacture of dye In bullaings ‘MgS0,;7H,0. | Epsom salt €a80,2H.0 | Gypsum CaS0,1/2H,0| Plaster of Paris | In manufacture of aypsium 20 me In manufacture of cement and casting cacy Carbide In-welng aco, Limestone | tn buldings Car, | Limewater | In plasters B20, In manutactue of paper and ave 380, Baye In Xray photowraphy SHNOS, brs reworks as rd color Table 4 Uses of some compounds of atkatine earth metalsMetallic beryilium is used to prepare some special alloys. About 2% beryllium in copper produces a hard alloy especially suited for use in springs. The metal is used in making lass for X-ray tubes, so xrays readily penetrate elements with low atomic number, Beryllium has the Figure 7 Mg(OH),, milk of magnesia is used as a stomach mechanical properties of a very light antacid. sian ‘Since magnesium is a light metal, itis used in the production of planes, missiles and some light household items. In alloys, its used to increase the hardness, durability and resistance to corrosion. The light produced by the burning of magnesium tape with oxygen, is used as a flash in photography. Mg is also used as an additive in rocket fuels and signal rockets. Mg(OH),, mik of magnesia is used as a stomach antacid BaSO, is used in medicine in Xray studles of the intestines. The compounds of calcium, hydroxides, carbonates and oxides, are widely used as construction materials and as bleaching agents. Calcium oxide is the main compound in the production of some chemicals, steel, glass, paper and sugar. Calcium carbide (CaC,) Is used to produce acetylene gas for welding. Strontium has many important applications in industry. The salts of strontium are used in signal rockets and fireworks to produce red light Barium is used as a gas absorbent in vacuum tubes. Since the alloys of barum with nickel donate electrons by heating they are used in vacuum tubes and in ignitors, Barium nitrate (Ba(NO,),) and barium chlorate (Ba(NO,),) are used to obtain green light in fireworks. BaSO, (barium meal) is used to take the photos of stomach and intestines because, lke allelements Acetulene gas. produced fron] with large atomic number, it doss not allow Xrays to pass. In fact, the Be?* ion is rather toxic, but since the solubility of BaSO, in water is very low, its poisonous effect disappears, Radium is used in seffiuminous paints and in radiotherapy and as a neutron source. Alloy of magnestum is used In the manefacure of airplanes.Wate containing appreciable amounts of Ca* and Mg?* is caledhard water The anne that are usualy present wth these ations are Cr, SOP and HCO;, Water containing only very small concentrations of Ca? and Mg?* is called sof water Most nua tes, parteuer i imesone regions, hard The use of hare vale for coreste purposes end’ industy presents several problems ‘Since the substances which cause water hardness must be removed before ‘the water is used, The removal of the metallic ions responsible for the hardness i ced wateceoteing ‘Water softening methods depend on the type of hardness. Hard waters are Cassified as temporary-hard water and permanent hard water. ‘Temporary hard water: CO, dissolved in water or acid rain water dissolves the limestone (CaC0,) and dolomite (MgCO, . CaCO) in the earth's crust Gat* and Mg?* ions pass into water as soluble hydrogen carbonate salts Ca(HCO,), and Ma(HCO,)>- MgO0,.. CaC0,(s) + C0,{q) + H,01) —> Mg(HCO,),(aa) + CalHCO,},faq) “This kin of water is known as temporary herd water and it can be sctiened by bong a few minutes. When hare! water is heated, Ca®* ions precipitate as CaCO. Ga?*(aq) + 2HCO; (aq) > CaCOg(s) + CO,(aq) + H,0(), ‘The other method is to add a base solution. ‘Ca(HCO,)-{aq) + Ca(OH)a(aq) +> 2CaCO,{s} + 2H,O(!) Permanently hard water: Dissolved CeC\, and CaSO, seks can't be removed from waler by boing. This water i called permanently hard water. Permenat hardness can be Femoved by adding weshing soda, Na,CO,, In this mathod, ‘Ca?* and Mg?* ions are precipitated as their carbonates. (Ca80,(aq) + Ne_CO,{ad) > CaCO,fs) + Na,S0,(a0) For large-scale treatment of water, the lon exchenge method ig used. The diagram of the eystem ie chown in the figure Bram ivan. When hard water Is taken int this apparatus, on the ed way down the Ca®* ions are swapped for sodium ions. The Ca2* ions get stuck in the zeolite (NaAISI,0,). Nat ions don't Diagram of softening of hand water by cause hardness, but come out in the water at he bottom, ‘hanging of ion method in incest ‘Over time, the amount ef Ca?* in zeolite will increase. To remove more Ca ions, NaC! solution is remove at the tap and the process above is reversed. In this way, sodium zeote is regenerated and is ready for use aan. The ion-exchange method of water sotering is effective for bath kinds of water (temporary hard and permanently hard wet) Sas Difficult to form lather with soap. Scum forms in a reaction which wastes soap. Seale (a hard crust) forms fe kettles. This wastes > when you bol your kettle. eter pipes “fur up" on the inside. The scale formed Sock up pipes completely. ‘Some people prefer the taste. Calcium in the water is good for children's teeth and bones. Helps to reduce heart disease.%. 10, ra 13, ua 15. 16. 1. 18, FOPPLEMENT ARY QUESTIONS 1. ‘Write the electon configuetion of Be, ‘Write the elements inthe sbkaline ean metus geoup. ‘What is diagonal relation inthe perio table? ‘Which compound of alkaline ean metals i used as purgalve? Which element isthe hardest inthe alkaline earth metals group? What meaning of hard water? What ere the negative etiets of hard water? ‘What mass of CoH, is produced atthe end ofthe reaction of 5 got Ca with excess H? ‘What mass of Mig reacts with exces water to produce 8 g of MeO? ‘What mass ofS reacts with excess Oto produce 10.45 g of S10? ‘What muss of BeCl, is produced atthe end ofthe reaction of |.8g ‘of Be with excess Cl, with 80% eflcieney? |What volume of H, gas is produced atthe end ofthe reaction of 12 ‘Gof Mg with 98 g of H,SO, 49% by mass at STP? ‘What volume of gs is prediced atthe end ofthe reaction of 72 ‘gf Be with 3 g of HCI at STP? Give equations for all possible reactions of the oxidation of magnesium in ar, Which member of group 24 is radioactive? Complete the Following eations Ca, = HO —> .caCOys) S, heat Bi, acao+e ——> & Mg(O#), +O, ——+ f.CaH, + HO ——> & MgO +10, ——> Complete the following equations a.ca=cl, —> b.Ca+#,80, —> a.ca>Hjo —> f= HCl > C80, —> Mgt FINO, (concy —> How ean we explein the differeat chemical tendencies of beri? ‘What is the mass percentage of berylum in or that contains 4296 be! minerals? 20. 2 2. 4, 25, Why is Caf, added 10 CaCl, solution inthe production of Ca by ‘he electrolysis method? Find the allie earth metal that has given the properties, Allits electrons are found in s erbitals. b, Iris radioactive, Its properties are similar to those of slrinum 4. 10s found in chlorophyt Tes very inert to wate, Its compounds are widely used in building It causes water hardness and doesnt react with cold H80,. “The avparices emitted ia the radioactive decay oF radium -226| canbe counted with ofa Geiger eoumee, a Wite the equation of this event adding all the mass numbers, atonie numbers and symbol. . ack ocparcle enns electrons to form helium gas. 6 found ‘hat 1.82 x 1012 acpatiles give 675 x 10 cm of helium at STP. By wing these daa, obtain a value for Avogadro's constant ‘The solubility of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH),, a 25°C is 0.24 et. Calculate the molar concentration of the saturated aqueous solution b. IF itis assumed that the solute is completely ionized, calculate the tydroxide fon concentration ofthe solution. Bowles containing aqusous barium Hydroxide need to be kes firmly stoppered or a wiite deposit focrs onthe surface. 4, What is this white deposi ‘Explain, with an equation, how itis formed? At 80%, by using 100 g 1,0 and 60 g magnesium sulfue monohyeate, a saturated solution was repel. If we coo! this solution 20°C, how aay g of magnesium suliteheptaysrse precipitate? The solubility of MgCl is 3.1 p/l0Om 10 20°. ‘Whats the mass of CaCl, 61,0 we need to add 1 47 ml. of 5% [NaCO, solution (4 108 g/mL) in order to get a solution which contains 10% Na,CO, by mss? ‘Write the chemical equations for ezch sep in following reation| schemas. a. Mg—+ MeO —> MgSO, b.Ca—> Cal, —> C0 —> CugNO, —> CaCO, Oe:3 6. 10, nL. 2. MOLIJPLE CHOVGE QOES TIONS ‘What is the common oxidation mumber of th metals? alkaline earth 2 BDL D)-t Bs Which isthe most abundant in the earth’ erost? AyBe —-B)Mg = CaS EB Which one has the greatest ionization enersy? AyBe -B)Mg = CaS EB What isthe flame test color of barium element? Ay White 2B) Red ©) Orange D) Light blue ©) Light green ‘Which ofthe following compounds show amphoteric properties? AyBaO —-BYMgO_—C)Sr_— DBO EV Ca. ‘Which compound is used to produce acetylene gas for welding? A)CaC, —B)BaC, CYC, AIC, FCO, Which ofthe following solutions is used in X-rey photography? A)CaSO, 8B) BASO, ©) Ba(NO,),_D)SO_E) Cad Which color is observed when Mg is burt? AyYellow —B)Blue—C)Red_—-D)Gray_— EY) White \Which gas is produced when an alkaline earth metal reacts with water? A) Oxygen, 1B) Hydrogen D) Nitrogen ©) Carbon dioxide 5) Chlorine Which ofthe following doesnot react easily? AyBe = B)Mg Ca) Ba ES ‘Which gas Is produced when caleum reacis with sulfrie acid? A) Hydrogen BY Hydrogen sulfide) Sulfur dioxide 1D) Oxygen ) Sulfe trioxide Which is nota property of alkaline earth metals? A) They react with water 1B) They react with acids to produce H, gat ©) They do not conduct heat and electricity, D) They ar active metas. E) They av in group 2A ofthe periodic table 43. uw 15, 16. 1. v. Which member of group 24 js the leas active metal? Ay Barium B) Strontium D) Caleium ©) Beryiam 1B) Sodium ‘Which one is corect about alkaline earth metals? A). They produce oxygen gs with wate. B) They do not conduct elec. ©) They form sas with halogens. D) They have +I oxidation umber in theie compounds ) They are more eetive than the metals in groupl A. Which ofthe following activity orders is comect? AYMp > Ba> Ca BpBe> Ca> Ma ©)Ba>Ca> Me D) Sr>Ba> Ca E)Ca> Me> Sr ‘Which one is used in fireworks? A) Hydrogen By Gold ©) Magnesium D) Oxygen 2B) Siler ‘What isthe formula of limestone? ANCA. By) Caco, opcacomny D)Cas0,2#,0 E)Cal, Which one isthe electron configuration of C3"? A)Is22p" By Lsaaptastap hast Dy is!2tapF3%3p" ssa Ey Istastaph3apt Lol, 1.0 TH Na,O ‘Which of te above reacts) with calcium at normal conditions? By only ©) and 11 D) Mand M1 I, Mand ttt A)Loaly ‘What isthe sum of the eleswoas in a ~2 and a= 3 (2% and 30! cenecgy levels) in baru stom? (Bagg) Aj36 By ous Ds #26ny 22. 23, 25. Common name Forma 6. 1. Limewaree calo1D, 1. Bent Be, AL,(S10,), Ui, GypsumofPas CaSO, 21,0 Which ofthe above matches isfare tue? A) Loaly 8) IL only €)1 ood D)ané E) Hand i Which ion des wrens wer ress? Byco? HCO; Dy MgB) Na L Catt, +40 1. Be+NeOH IL. Mg = HNO. (cone) > Which giveco Ht gas? A) ely — 2, 3) MI only ©) Land 1D) and 1 FI, and Which example snot corset forthe given rection pe? A) €280, 21,0 —> C2804. 121,0 -372H,0 Dehydration B) CaCO, + Ca + CO, ©) €280, + 2C ,1COONs —+ (C 1,,C00),Ca + Ni,S0, Decomposition Proviitation 1D) CHOH); +CO,—+ C2C0,~H,0 Redox 5) 2Ba0 +0, —+ 2820, Synthesis 28. on Flame Test 1. Caleium Bice M._Seomtium Dark red a, Barun Light green ‘Which lame test colors given weong? A) Loaly Byland, cy rand mt Dy MT and BYE Mand tt Which one of the flowing equations represents the rection that coceurs wen caeium nitrates heated strongly’? A}CANO, —+ CHNO,),~0, 2B} CANO; €) CANO), —+ €20, 1D)2CalNO,), — 2Ca0=4NO, =O, E)3CAINO,):. —+ CayN +4NO,= 0, — G20 +N,0+ aN In hospital, barium sulfir is used in taking x-ray photogreph the intestines. Why isthe sulfa wsed rather than other compounds ofteariom? | Soluble barium compounds are poisonous 1 Barium sul reacts with organic materia inthe body UL Barium sulfate forms suipbutie acid with the acid in the stomach. A) Lonly D)ana i DyLand ©) 1, Wand tt Cyt and mt ‘What conclusions can he drawn fom: the observation that Ba50) is precipitated immediately hen solutions of bacium chloride sodium sulfite are mixed? |A) BaSO, isa prodominantly covalent molecule. B) BaSO, is scrongly hydrated, ‘C} BaSO, i very soluble in 1,0. 1D) Free Ba™(aq) and SO aq) ions probly ex solutions, E) BOR), isa very weak baseBe naw Ul ‘The definitions ofthe following words have become confused. Can you sort them out? Put the pairs of eters and numbers in the arid provided. 1 23, 24, 25. 26. 77. 28. 29. 30. (MAGNESIUM HETEROGENOUS ‘SYMBOLS COMPLETION FORMULA, WORD EQUATION MOLES CALCIUM ‘TEMPERATURE RISE DISSOCIATION PRODUCTS: COLLISION |. CLOSED EQUILIBRIUM RATE 5. TEMPERATURE FALL MASS ‘SYNTHESIS NEGATIVE CONDENSATION REVERSIBLE CONCENTRATION NEUTRALISED ‘SURFACE AREA. HYDROLYSIS VANADIUM POSITIVE EXPLOSION REACTANTS. CATALYSTS © e-ro7m00e> < 2Fe,0, + CO; Calcium carbonate, CaCO;, added to remove impurities like sand (SiO,), aluminum oxide (ALO), and tetrephosphorous pentaoxide P,Q 0), is decomposed into CaO and CO,. Pure iron is removed at the bottom of the furnace. The iron obtained ts called pig tron, and is not 100% pure. It is brittle, but it has a low melting point. Pe ier miseb. In the Laboratory Iron is prepared by the following methods in the laboratory: 1. Hy gas is passed over hot iron (Il) oxide. Fe,0,(8) +3Hy(@) "+ 2Fe(s) + 3H,00) 2, Molten iron oxides are reduced by more active metals. 3F2O() + 2Als) —> 3Fe(s) + ALO,(8) Fe,0,() + 2Alls) —> 2Fe(s) + AlO,(8) 3. By the electrolysis of solutions of some iron salts. Fecifag SSO re + Lo ‘The crucble contains @ mbqure The heat of the strongly ‘of FeO; and aluminum powder. exothermic reaction of H,SO, ‘Assmall amount of a miture of with the suger ~ KCIO, mitre Potassium chlorate and suger IS ignites the FejO, ~ Al mitre Placed on top of the Fe,05-Al Save. a, mixture and 2 few drops of exothermic reaction. A shower of concentrated sulfute acid are te hot spars © emitted end fdded to start the reaction. Hes cumin bacuieered tat A ball of white hot ton can be seen Whe the crucible has lowing in the botter of the crucible. cooled, a magnet can be used. to pick up the ball of ten. Figure 3 The Thermite Process: The reduction of iron(11) oxide t iron using aluminum as the reducing agent 224 GHEPICNA PROPBRIIBS Iron is a rather inactive metal with | /rI4s23d® electron configuration. In compounds, iron takes +2 and +3 oxidation states by giving 2 electrons from 4s and sometimes one more electron from 3d. Reactions Iron reacts with dilute solutions of strong acids. Fe(s) + 2HCI(dil) ——+ FeClaq) + H,(@) 2Fe(s) + 6H,SO,(dil) ——+> FeSO,(eq) + H,(6) The reactions of iron with oxidizing acids form its salts, containing Fe?* ions << asFe: bieAt] 45? 308 ® ODODO 2eFe?* = [igArl 48° 3d O GODOD aeFe* : Lin] 45° 3d? O DOOOO2Fe(s) + 6H,SO,(conc) —> Fe,(SO,);(aq) + 380, + 6H,0 Fe(s) + 4HNO,(dil.) —+ Fe(NO,),(aq) + NO(g) + 2H;0(1) Concentrated nitric acid causes a layer of Fe,O, to form on the surface of the iron. This layer deactivates the metal. 3Fe(s) + BHNO,(conc) —> Fe,O,(s) + 8NO{q) + 44,00) Iron produces mixed oxide of iron, Fe,0, (FeO . Fe,03) by reacting with water vapor. 3Fe(s) + 4H,0(6) —> Fe,0,(s) + 4H,/a) 3. When iron is heated with sulfur ron sulfide, FeS forms Fe(s) + (9) +> Fesis) At high temperature, it reacts with halogens. 200% 2Fe(s) + 3Cl,q) ——> 2FeCh(s) 5. Moisture and oxygen cause the formation of crystal hydrate of iron (lll) oxide, FeO; . nH,0. AFe(s) + 30,{g) + 2nH,00) ——+ 2Fe,0,.nHl,0(s) IxB GORPODNDS Iron has +2 and +3 oxidation states in its compounds. Fe2* ion is called ferrous and compounds that contain Fe?* jon are called ferrous compounds. These compounds are obtained by the reaction of HCl and H,SO, with metallic iron, Fe®*, with green color, is easily oxidized to Fe, which is colorless, by combining with oxygen in ait, Fe? fon is called ferric and Fe?* compounds are called fertic compounds. Such compounds can be obtained from the reaction of iron with fuorine, chlorine or dilute nitcic acid. a, Iron (HD) compounds (erro Compounds) 4. Tron (11) ehtovide, FeCl, It is obtained by passing hydrogen chloride gas cover heated ion. FeCl, is a white colored crystal Fe(s) + 2HCI(g) —> FeClJs) + H,(@) Jhon metal reacts with HC to release hydrogen gas. Jon bums in oxscer Corrosion Tron and steel, the most commonly vsex ‘materials corrode in many areas including most outdoor atmospheres. Usually they are selected not for their corrosion resistance, but for such properties as strength, euse of fabrication, and cost, These differences indicate the rate of metal Jost due to susting. ARe(s) + 3/20,(g} + 2H,0(0) + 2Fe,0, -2H.0%5 red ron Iron (il) chloride in basic solutions produces iron (Il) hydroxide solid that seems gelatinous. FeCl,(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Fe(OH),(s) + 2NaCltaq) (figure 4). 2. Iron (1) suifate, FeSO, . 7H,0 Itis obtained by the reaction of dilute sulfuric acid with iron. Unbydrated iron (l) sulfate is colorless but when itis hydrated it takes green color. In air It is unstable. Fe(s) + H,SO,(dil) —> FeSO,feq) + H,(o) ‘When iron (ll) sulfate is heated itis decomposed into iron (l) oxides and sulfur oxides. 2FeS0,0) “Ms Fe,0,(s) + $0,(6) + Oxo) Oe. a S G = 5 & ry 5 5 2 i 5 — Sj in3. Trou (ID) oxide. FeO This compound is produced by decomposition of iron (Il) oxalate, ts FeC,0,6) “5 Fe0[s) + COl@) + CO,9) FeO is also unstable in air. AFeQ|s) + O,(¢) ——> 2Fe,0,(s) b. Tron(D Compounds (Ferrie Compounds) ‘The compounds of iron with +3 oxidation state are prepared by reactions of iron and chlorine gas directly, and of iron with concentrated HSO, or HNO, J, Hron(D) ehtovide, Fett, When iron is reacted with chlorine gas, it produces ironilll) chloride. 2Fe(s) + 3c, 5 areas) calle er If this compound reacts with water it produces a golden yellow colored crystal hydrate, FeCl . nH1,0 compound. FeCls(s) + nH,00) ——> FeCl, . nH,0(8) 2. Iron (ED hydrowide, Pe(OWD, It is obtained by the reaction of Fe?+ with a base or carbonates. It is similar to gelatin Fe(OH), is a reddish-brown colored precipitate which shows amphoteric property. Fe3+ (ag) + 3KOH(eq) + Fe(OH),(s) + 3K*(aq) ‘When Fe(OH); is heated, it is decomposed into iron (lll oxide and water, heat 2Fe(OH), "5 Fe,0, + 3H,0 8. ron UD) oxide. FeO, In nature Fe,0, is found in hematite and limonite cninerals, It can be obtained by several methods. 2FeCl, +3H,0 , Fe,0, + 6HCI <0 +0, —> 2Fe,0, va 2Fe(OH), "> Fe,0, + 3H,0 4Fe(OH), +O, ——> 2Fe,0, + 4H, ‘The most common preparation method of Fe,05 is the burning of pyrite, FeS mineral. AFeS, + 110, 2Fe,03 + 880, ©. Tron(1], IHD) owide, FeO, Fe,0,, mixed oxide, is obtained by passing heated steam over iron metal or heating FeO; 3Fe + 4H,0 “5 Fe,0, + 4H, eet 6Fe,0, ——> 4Fe,0, + 0, Fe,0, is found in nature as black colored magnetite. igure 4 Reactions of F2"(aq) Left: When NeOHea is added 10 a solution of a soluble F* sale a diy white precipitate of FeOH), isformed. Center Inz Feu minutes the oreen colorof FaOH, sats to become a dark brown as the ROH), ix exidined by the air to Fe(OH). Right If aqueous hydrogen peroxide i added! othe Fe(OH), preciptate, itis Immediately oxidized to red-brown FROM). T When ar Fe? solution is added to @ purple solution of potassium permanganate. it is immediately decolorized, as purple nO, is reduced to colorless Mre*. An aqueous solution of Ma? is actualy pele pink, but here the solution is oo Cite forthe color ro be seen ‘Magnetite and compass‘Several transition metals are used in the fabrication of durable items, Iron is used in many different areas because of its cost, hardness and abundance in nature, Iron is the raw material from which steel is produced. Steel, the alloy of iron, is the basic material which is widely used in industy. Because it is strong, abundant and cheap, itis used in bridges, buildings, automobiles and airplanes. Iron is used in the medical treatment of anemia. Since lack of iron in blood cells prevents the formation of hemoglobin, red blocd cells do not function properly. (a) Paint protects the car from corresion () Chromium plating protects bicycle handlebars () Galvanized steet girders ‘Comment ‘A coat of paint ‘Ships badges, cars, cher large objects (a) Fhe paint is scratched, the exposed Iron starts to. rust. Corrosion ean spread to the iron underneath intact aint. fm of ol or crease ‘A coat of plastic ‘Maing parts of machinery, eg. car engines Kitchenware, eg. dra ining rack The fim of oll or grease must be renewed frequently. TF the plastic is tom, the ton starts to ust Chromium plating Kettles, cele handle bars & The layer of chromium protecs the won beneath it and also gives a decorative fish tis applied by electroplating Gahanising {ine plating) Galvanized steel girders reused inthe constuction of buildings and bridges (¢) Zinc is above Iron in the reactivity eres. Zine wil corrode in preference to iron. Even ifthe layer of zinc is scratched, as _ long es some zinc remains, the iron Lundemeath does not rust, Zinc cannot be used for food cans because zinc and Its compounds are poisonous. Tin plating Tin is below iron in the eeacivly sete If the layer of tn is scratched, the lon beneath it starts to rust. | ‘Staninless steel Cutlery, car accessories, e.g radiator gille ‘Steel containing chromium (10-25%) dees not must. Sacrificial protection Ships (@) Blocks ofzine ae attached to the hulls of ships below the wateline. Belng above stonin the reactivity seis, zinc corodes In preference to ron, The zinc blocks are seetiiced to protect the iron. As Tong as ‘theres some zinc left, it protects the hull fom rusting, The zinc blocks must be seplaced ater a certaln me. Table 2 Rust prevention methods depending on application areas. (eZine bars protect the ship's h Some Transition Metals‘The term steel is & common name for many aitferent alloys of ion. Steel is made from iron by removing Impurties and adding substances such as manganese, chromiuin, nickel, tungsten, molyedenum, and vanadium to produce allays with properties that ‘make the material suitable for specific uses. Most steels also contain small but definite percentages of carbon (0.04 - 2.5%). ‘Thus a large part ofthe carbon contained in iron must be removed in the manufacture of steel ‘Sees can be classed in three main categories: (1) carbon ‘eels, which are primanly iron and carbon; (2) stainless steels, low-carbon steels cortaining about 12% chromium: and @) alloy steels, specially steels that contain large amounts of other ‘ements to impart special properties for spectc uses. Of the 141 rion tons of steel produced inthe United States ina recent year, 1248 milion tons (88.4%) were carbon steels, 14.8 millon tons (0.5%) were stainless steels, and 1.6 milion tons (1.1%) were alloy stoels ‘The principal process used in the production of steal is the basic oxygen process, which utilzes a cylindrieal furnace with 2 basic lining, such es magnesium oxides or calcium oxides. & typical provide enough time for the dacomposition to oncur. This steel ls herd, brite, and light-colored. i the metal is cooled slowly, the ‘cementite decomposes and the carbon is deposited largely a5 ‘separate crystals of graphite. The product is softer and more flexible and has a much higher tensile strength than does steel that has been cooled rapialy Certain matetias called scavengers ere added to iron in the ‘manufacture of steet to remove Impuriles, especially oxygen and ‘trogen, and thus improva tha qualty of the product. The most important scavengers ere aluminum, ferosiicon, ferromanganese, ‘and ferrotanium, They react with cissolved oxygen and nitrogen, ‘orming oxides and nitrides, respectively, which ara removed with the slag. For every ton of steel produced, about 25-80 pounds of nonferrous metals ere added or used as coatings. By the aproppriate choice of the number and percentages of these elements, alloy steal of widely varying properties oan be manufactured. Some of the important alloy stels and thor features are givan below ‘charge fs 80 tons of scrap iron, 200 tons of motten ion, and 18 tons of limestone (to form slag). Ajetof high-purity (89.5%) oxygen is directed into the viitehot notin chaige theugh « yatrcocles OE lance. The oxygen produces ¢ vigorous reaction ful cites telgunen recs ne canta reaction zone, temperatures teach a lvel elose to the bling palnt of ion. The ete Daxian steimaling cytes completed in one nour ols Electrostatic prcipators clan the gases recltng gue from the furnace reactions, makieg the furnaces viruelly smokeless. The steel produced Is of Chrome catromaly high and unter quay. venom Carbon Is the mest important alloying element in Sines siael may be present in combination with Fon as - cement, Fe,C, of a8 crystals of graphite. The permaloy reaction offen with carbon is reversible, and cementite is slablo only et high lerperautes. Highspeed cementite Is cooled slowly, decomposes to ron ee nd graghte, Ths seal cmcaiing cameo Ia cat solid solution in iron must be made by quenching (quickly eeoling} the hot metal in water oF ol, The rate of decompostion of cementite is vary stow at lower temperatures, s0 quick cooling does not O 1o1e%mn —_ Herd. tough, Railroad ral, safes, armor resistant to wear plate, rockecrushing machinery Hard, strong, highly pei i ‘Magnets Resistant to 12.15% $1 ds Pipes. Kets, condensers, etc. gomni LOW cozlfcient of Meter scales, measuring tapes, ‘expansion pendulum rods 140% C; Strong, esistant to o ORV ‘trains . 14-18% Cr Toren, Resistant to comesion _Cuileny instruments High magnetic 78% Ni Sey (Ocean cables 14.20% W Retain temper at high or 612% Mo temperatures Ba esting poe paren Hard and elastic, = Dyive salts, gears, cables ‘esistant to corrosion ‘Table 3. Types of steel.Bs DIGTBS Nickel was isolated by Swedish chemist Baron A. F. Cronstedt from niccolite ore. Nickel takes its name from koppar nickel, meaning copper gin in Swedish. It shows the properties of all metals. It is the hardest metal of the Fe - Co - Ni triad. itis magnetic element, as are iron and cobalt. Its melting point is 1455 °C and boiling point is 2193°C. The density of nickel is 8.9 g/cm. tis a silvery white colored and very bright metal. When powdered it can absorb very large amounts of hydrogen, so it is used in many organic reactions as a catalyst to absorb hydrogen gas. Bod O6GORRINGS Nickel makes up 0.008% of ‘the earth's crust. It makes up 10% of molten magma. In nature it is found in nikelite (NiAs), millerite (NIS) and nickel glance (NiASS) ores. a ‘An lron-nickel meteorite ‘A nickel mineral Preparation Preparation of pure nickel from its ores depends on the type of ore. Generally the amount of nickel in the ore is enriched by the floating method. This enriched ore is roasted to supply oxides of nickel. 2NIS +30, ——> 2Ni0 +280; When these oxides are reduced with water gas (H, + CO) or with carbon, impure nickel is obtained. NO+H, ——> Ni+H,O NO+CO —+> Ni+CO, NO+C ——> Ni+CO Nickel is then purified. For this purpose, electrolysis or the Mond method are used. In the Mond method, impure nickel is treated with carbon monoxide to give nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO), complex, at 50°C. Pure nickel ‘can be obtained by decomposition of this compound at 200°C. nico), > nig) + 4co@ BB CHERICA PROPS. Nickel with [Ar|3d84s? electron configuariton has +2 and +3 oxidation states. It is inactive in chemical reactions because of the oxide layer formed on the metal. It is very stable in humidity and water. aN: fA] 4s? 3d? ® DOOD Reactions 1, Acids act on nickel slowly. It can be dissolved in dilute oxidizing acids quickly. However, concentrated HINO, deactivates on Ni metal because of the nickel oxides on the surface of the metal 3Ni + 8HNO,(dil) + 3INi(NO,)) + 2NOT + 4H,0. Ni + HNO;(cone.) — no reaction 2. Nickel reacts with most of the nonmetals 2t high temperatures. t 2Ni+O; —» 2Ni0 t N+, —> Ni, 2N+¢ > NC At normal conditions nickel acids. Ni+H,SO, —> NSO, =i Ni+2HC| —> NiIG.=Nickel ions can form complexes with water, ammonia, cyanide, carbon monoxide and also with many different organic compounds. Ne + 6H,O —> NitH,O* é 2 Nie* + 6NH; ——> Ni(NH,); 3223 GOMPOINDS Generally Ni has +2 oxidation state in its ‘compounds, but sometimes It also takes +1, +3 and +4 oxidation states. Nickel (ll) ions in aqueous solutions are teen, whereas unhydrated nickel (I) salts are yellow. 1. Nickel (ID hydroxide, Ni(OM). It is a light green solid obtained by addition of bases Into solutions of nickel (Il) salts. Ni*2(ag) + 20H(aq) ——> Ni(OH),{s) Nickel (I) oxide reacts with strong oxidizing agents like ClO", Cly or H,0, in basic media. The product of these reactions is dark colored nickel (IV) oxide, NiO. Ni(OH),(s) + ClO“aq) > NiO2(s) + Crag) + H,0(6) ‘Nickel (Il) hydroxide dissolves in ammonia solution by forming a complex compound. NOH), + 6NH, ——> [Ni(NH,),J(OH), Nickel (II) oxide, NiO Nickel (Il) oxide is obtained by thermal decomposition of nickel carbonate or nickel (ll) hydroxide. NiOH), S25 NiO +H, NiO fs a dark green, jelly-ike, solid substance used in the ceramie and glass industries as green dye pigment. 3. Nickel (I) sulfate, NiSO.-7H,0 One of the most important salts of nickel is nickel (I) sulfate, a green colored solid. It is obtained by the reaction of NICO, with dilute sulfuric acid, :°O NiCO,(s) + H,SO,(eq) > NiSO,(s) + CO,{a) + H,00) Nickel (I) sulfate solution is used as electrolyte in plating other metals with nickel. This process is called nickel plating, Itis stronger than other plating materials. Nickel is used in industry in different alloys. Some Important alloys and thelr properties are as follows. 4. An alloy containing 67% nickel and 28% copper is used to prevent corrosion in propellers, etc. tis also used in space technology. 2. Nicrome, which contains 60% Ni, 15% Cr and 25% Fe, and chromel, which contains 90% Ni, and 10% Cr, are used in electrical wires with high resistance, Ni-Cr alloys have a high resistance to extreme cold and heat so they are used in steel manufacture for knives, spoons and for other kitchen tools, and for laboratory instruments, 3. Al- Ni- Co alloy is used in telephone wires, and in Wireless and radio receivers because of its magnetic property. Cu - Zn alloy is used in briliants, jewelry and ins. An apparatus coated with ML3s CARBORMION ‘Chromium is the first member of group 6B. Chromium was discovered by the French scientist LN. Veuguelin in 1797. The name chromium comes from the Latin word chroma, meaning color. ‘Chromium compounds are used in the dye industry as a pigment. Chromium ions give the bright and attractive colors to precious stones such as ruby and sapphire, Pure chromium is grey in color, hard and bright like silver. The melting point is 1907°C, the boiling point is 2671°C and its density is 7.19 g/cm? at room temperature. B21 OSCORRENCE ‘The percentage of chromium is about 0.14% by mass in the earth’s crust. It generally exists in volcanic stones and meteors. The most important mineral of chromium is chromite (FeO . Cr,0,), which has a brownish-black color. Moreover, its rarely found ore is chrocoite (PbCr0,). Preparation In industry, elemental chromium is obtained from the reduction of chromite mineral by coal or aluminum in an electric furnace. FeO-Cr,0,+4C —> 2Cr+Fe+4CO or (FeO + Cr,03) + 8Al —> 6Cr + 3Fe + 4AL,0, At the end of the reaction a small amount of chromium carbide is produced, Pure chromium is obtained from the reduction of 1,0, by Al or Si Cr,0,+2A —> 2Cr+AL,0, 21,0, + 381+ 3C2O > 4Cr + 3CASIO, Very pure chromium is prepared by the electrolysis of solutions of chromium salts. 322 CHERICAS PROPERTIES ‘Chromiur in group 6B in the periodic table, and has electron configuration |, ,Ar]4s!3d°. 3d° (ar) ® OODOOO aCe That configuration is more stable than |; Ar]4523¢* due to its spherical geometry (halffilled orbitals) stractar= The main oxidation states of chromium are +2 and +6, but it may exist from +1 to +6 cxdetion states. Powdered chromium is more active. It may be reacted easily with NO3 and SOJ- compounds, and with G. gas. Its surface is then coated with a thin axdized layer which prevents further reaction. That is why chromiam isnot affected by air and water Reactions 1. Chromium metal reacts with halo-acids, such 2s HCl and HBr, slowly. But if we heat the medium reacts quickly, depending on the concentration of acids, to produce H, gas. Light blue colored C= salt solutions are produced Cr + 2HE\dIl) —> CrCl +H pale blue Ox.2. Hot and concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with chromium to form SO, gas. 2Cr + GH,SO,(conc) + Cr,($O,)5 + 380, + 3H,O Chromium reacts with dilute H,SO, to give CrSO, ‘salt and H, ges. Cr+ H,SO,(dil) —> CrSO, +H, 3. Chromium does not react with dilute and concentrated HNO, at room temperature because of the formation of a protective oxide layer on the surface of the metal. Chromium metal becomes passive in the acid solutions mentioned Cr+ HNO, —> no reaction 4. Heated chromium metal reacts with some nonmetals to produce the following Crilll) compounds: 120°C 2Cr+3Cl, ——> 2CrCl, (Black) acr +30, "©, 2,0, (Green) 2cr +N, 5, 2c Black) Bo GOMPOONDS C+ and C2 compounds are stable in solutions and Cr?+ compounds are thus fairly reducing agents. Ci2* ions give blue color and Cr+ ions give green color ‘The most important compounds of chromiurn with oxygen are chromium (I) oxide (Cr,0,), chromium (V1) oxide (CrO;), and the chromate (CrO?) and dichromate (Cr,07) salts. 1. Chromium (IH) Oxide. Cr,0, Chromium (ll) oxide is a green colored powder. Itis used asa pigment. It is a carcinogen! C0, is obtained by heating chromium (Ill) hydroxide or ammonium dichromate. O 2cHOM), > cr,05 + 3H,0 oF (NHy,cr,0, “5 cr,0, + Np + 4H,0 (Figure 5) 1,0, is an amphoteric oxide, Thats why it reacts with both acids and bases to give salt and H,0. 1,0, + GHC] —> 2CrCl, + 3H,0 he 1,0, + 2N20H “=, 2nacro, + H,0 Figure 3. Decomposition of ammonium dichromate, vlcane reaction. (This reaction must be carried out carefully! Because product isa very dangerous oxide 2. Chromium (VI) Oxide, CrO, ‘Chromium (V1) oxide is a red colored solid that melts at 197°C, It is a powerful oxidizing agent. Therefore it is used to clean the glassware in laboratories. When chromate or dichromate salts are reacted with concentrated H,SO,, solution, CrO, forms. K,Cr,0,(s) + H,SO,(conc.) —> 2CrO(s) + K,SO,{aq) + HzO!) K,CrO,(s) + H,SO,(conc) —> CrO,(s) + K,SO,(aq) + H,0()