BAB IX GAS POWER CYCLES - Part 1
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Septia IndahsariBAB IX GAS POWER CYCLES - Part 1
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Septia IndahsariCHAPTER IX
The idealizations and simplifications commonly
employed in the analysis of power cycles can be
summarized as follows:
• The cycle does not involve any friction.
Therefore, the working fluid does not
experience any pressure drop as it flows in
pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
• All expansion and compression processes take
place in a quasi equilibrium manner.
• The pipes connecting the various components
of a system are well insulated, and heat
transfer through them is negligible.
P-v diagram T-s diagram
• The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle that
can be executed between a heat source at
temperature TH and a sink at temperature TL
• Thermal efficiency is expressed as:
The basic components of a reciprocating engine are shown in Fig. 9–10.
• TDC : top dead center
• BDC : bottom dead center
• Stroke: the distance between
the TDC and the BDC is the
largest distance that the
piston can travel in one
direction.
• Bore: the diameter of the
piston
• Clearance volume: the
minimum volume formed
in the cylinder when the
piston is at TDC
• Displacement volume:
the volume displaced by
the piston as it moves
between TDC and BDC
Compression ratio (r)of the engine: The ratio of the maximum
volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum (clearance) volume.
Note:
Compression ratio ≠ pressure ratio
Compression ratio = volume ratio
Mean effective pressure (MEP):
• In most spark-ignition engines, the piston
executes four complete strokes (two
mechanical cycles) within the cylinder, and the
• crankshaft completes two revolutions for each
thermodynamic cycle.
• These engines are called four-stroke internal
combustion engines
Siklus Otto Ideal
Siklus Otto Aktual
Ideal Otto cycle consists of four
internally reversible processes:
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
• 2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion
• 4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
Diagram P-v dan T-s untuk siklus Diesel ideal
• Because of this longer duration, the combustion process in the ideal Diesel
cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure heat-addition process.
• In fact, this is the only process where the Otto and the Diesel cycles differ.
• Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle,as
shown in Fig. 9–29
1. Fresh air at ambient conditions is drawn into the
compressor, where its temperature and pressure are
raised
2. The high-pressure air proceeds into the combustion
chamber, where the fuel is burned at constant
pressure.
3. The resulting high-temperature gases then enter the
turbine, where they expand to the atmospheric
pressure while producing power.
4. The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are thrown
out (not recirculated), causing the cycle to be
classified as an open cycle
• The open gas-turbine cycle described above
can be modeled as a closed cycle, as shown in
Fig. 9–30, by utilizing the air-standard
assumptions.
– The compression and expansion processes remain
the same with the open gas-turbine cycle
– The combustion process is replaced by a constant-
pressure heat-addition process from an external
source,
– the exhaust process is replaced by a constant-
pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.
made up of four
internally reversible
processes
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
(in a compressor)
• 2-3 Constant-pressure heat
addition
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion
(in a turbine)
• 4-1 Constant-pressure heat
rejection
The T-s and P-v diagrams of an ideal
Brayton cycle
• Notice that all four processes of the Brayton cycle are
executed in steady-flow devices; thus, they should be
analyzed as steady-flow processes.
• When the changes in kinetic and potential energies are
neglected, the energy balance for a steady-flow process can
be expressed, on a unit–mass basis, as:
k is the specific heat ratio.
rp is the pressure ratio
The back work ratio:
the ratio of the compressor work to the turbine work
Usually more han one-half of
the turbine work output is used
to drive the compressor.
The actual gas-turbine cycle differs from
the ideal Brayton cycle on several
accounts.
• Some pressure drop during the heat-addition and
heat-rejection processes is inevitable.
• More importantly, the actual work input to the
compressor is more, and the actual work output
from the turbine is less because of irreversibilities
The deviation of actual compressor and turbine
behavior from the idealized isentropic behavior can be
accurately accounted for by utilizing the isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as:
• states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the compressor and the turbine
• and 2s and 4s are the corresponding states for the isentropic case
In gas-turbine engines, the temperature of the
exhaust gas leaving the turbine is often
considerably higher than the temperature of the
air leaving the compressor.
Therefore, the high-pressure air leaving the
compressor can be heated by transferring heat to it
from the hot exhaust gases in a counter-flow heat
exchanger, which is also known as a regenerator or
a recuperator.
A sketch of the gas-turbine engine utilizing a regenerator
and the T-s diagram of the new cycle.
The thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle increases
as a result of regeneration since the portion of energy
of the exhaust gases that is normally rejected to the
surroundings is now used to preheat the air entering
the combustion
chamber.
This, in turn, decreases the heat input (thus fuel)
requirements for the same net work output.
Note:
The use of a regenerator is recommended only when the
turbine exhaust temperature is higher than the compressor exit
temperature.
Otherwise, heat will flow in the reverse direction (to the
exhaust gases), decreasing the efficiency.
This situation is encountered in gas-turbine engines operating
at very high pressure ratios.
The highest temperature occurring
within the regenerator is T4, the
temperature of the exhaust gases
leaving the turbine and entering the
regenerator.
Under no conditions can the air be
preheated in the regenerator
to a temperature above this value.
Air normally leaves the regenerator
at a lower temperature, T5.
In the limiting (ideal) case, the air
exits the regenerator at the inlet
temperature of the exhaust gases
T4.
Assuming the regenerator to be well insulated and any changes in
kinetic and potential energies to be negligible, the actual and
maximum heat transfers from the exhaust gases to the air can be
expressed as:
The extent to which a regenerator approaches an ideal
regenerator is called the effectiveness and is defined as
When the cold-air-standard assumptions are utilized, it reduces to
Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of
an ideal Brayton cycle with regeneration is
Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle with
regeneration depends on:
i. the ratio of the minimum to maximum temperatures
ii. the pressure ratio.
The thermal efficiency is plotted
in Fig. 9–40 for various pressure
ratios and minimum-to-
maximum temperature ratios.
This figure shows that
regeneration is most effective at
lower pressure ratios and low
minimum-to-maximum
temperature ratios.
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