INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE

Analytical Chemistry QUALITATIVE CLASSICAL ANALYSIS

-Is the branch of chemistry that deals with the analysis of -This analysis detects ( identify ) the type of all or some of the
substances ( ANALYTES ) present in the sample qualitatively substances present in the sample ( elements or ions or
and quantitatively. In order to accomplish this analysis we compounds ) . In other words it gives an answer to the
must know the PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL properties of these question : WHAT SUBSTANCES ARE PRESENT IN A SAMPLE ?
substances . In other words analytical chemistry deals with these substances can be detected either by a chemical
the separation ,Identification and determination of reaction or by physical determination.
substances in a sample . QUALITATIVE INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
-It is a Measurements science consisting of a set of powerful -There are also many reagents that give distinctive colors
ideas and methods that are useful in all field of science and with some of the substances and can be used in the detection
medicine. of substances . Example: flame also
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
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mmmbe used for the detection of some common metals.
-Currently there are many instruments that are separate and
distinguish substances ( organic or inorganic ) in the sample,
such as gas chromatography – mass spectrometry ( GC –
MS ) , High performance liquid chromatograophy - mass
spectrometry ( HPLC – MS ) , infrared spectra ( ir ) and
induced coupled plasma – mass spectrometry ( ICP – MS ) or
ICP – AES ( Atomic Emission Spectrometry ) .
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
- Scientific Discipline that Develops and Applies Methods,
-This analysis gives knowledge of the amount of all or some
Instrument and Strategies to Obtain Information in The
of the substances present in the sample and uses two types
composition and Nature of Matter in Space and Time.
of analysis depending on the concentration of the substance
 SAMPLE is anything that comes from the air, water, soil,
in the sample, namely classical chemical analysis and
food and living organisms.
instrumental analysis.
 The sample is taken to the laboratory and analyzed for
its substances ( Analytes ) after pretreatment and the
final step is the calculations of the percentage of each
substance in the sample. An ANALYTE is a constituent of
a sample that is analyzed for , and its concentration is
determined .
Types of Analysis
 Qualitative analysis and Quantitative Analysis and each
one of these two types can be either classical or
instrumental

CLASSICAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS( QUANTITATIVE)

-Which depends on the chemical reaction, such as
volumetric analysis and gravimetric analysis
-it uses simple equipment such as burettes , balances , flame
, furnace . And is used to estimate high concentrations ( more
than 0.001 M )
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS(IDENTIFICATION)
-Provides information about the elements and compounds in
a sample.
“Identifying what is in unknown”
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
-provides information about the amount of each substance in
a sample .
“Identifying how much is present”

Gravimetric Methods
- Measure the mass of the analyte or some compound
chemically related to it.

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INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE

VOLUMETRIC METHOD STEPS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

- Measure the volume of a solution containing sufficient 1.GOAL SETTING
reagent to react completely with the Analyte .

INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS( QUANTITATIVE)

-This type of analysis uses instruments and depends on the
physical and physico-chemical properties of the substance
being analyzed ( analyte ) such as absorption or emission of
electromagnetic radiation (spectroscopic methods of analysis
) or electrical properties of the substance being analyzed such
as voltage or current intensity or electrical conductivity ......
etc. (electrochemical methods of analysis) and finally the
methods of separation such chromatography .

 Spectroscopic Methods:
measurement based on interaction between
electromagnetic radiation and analyte .
 Mass spectrometry
Measure of mass to charge ratio (m/z) of analyte.
 Electroanalytical Methods:
measure of electrical properties such as voltage, current,
resistance and quantity of electrical charge.
 Others :
Radioactive decay, heat of reaction, optical activity,
refractive index, rate of reaction.
THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
1.Analytical chemistry plays a vital role in the development of
science.
2.Plays a vital role in many research areas in chemistry,
biochemistry, biology, geology, physics and the other
sciences.
3.All branches of chemistry draw on the ideas and techniques
of analytical chemistry.
WHERE IS ANALYTICAL CHEMICAL USED
 Clinical laboratories
 Forensic Laboratories
 Environmental Laboratories
 Manufacturing/ Industry
 Research

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