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Introduction: History, Concepts and Principles, Definition of Terms

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Plumbing
● The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in
buildings for bingring in the supply liquid, substances, and/or ingredients and
removing them; and such water, liquid and other carried wastes hazardous to
health, sanitation, life, property
● Also the pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the plumbing system (RNPC
217.6,1999)
● The work or business of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, and other
apparatus for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and
waterborne waste

Master Plumber
● An individual licensed and authorized to install and to assume responsibility
for contractual agreements pertaining to plumbing, and to secure any permits
required for plumbing installations.

Open Plumbing
● Plumbing which is exposed; the traps and drainage pipes, beneath the
fixtures, are accessible, ventilated and open to inspection

Plumbing Fixtures
● Are approved-type installed receptacles, devices or appliances supplied with
water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and discharge such wastes into
the drainage system to which they may be directly or indirectly connected.
Industrial or commercial tanks, vats, and similar processing equipment are
not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharged into approved
traps or plumbing fixtures as provided for in this code.

Plumbing Unit
● A minimum standard quantity of plumbing fixtures that discharge wastes into
a plumbing installation including: one (1) water meter, one (1) water closet,
one (1) lavatory, one (1) shower head, and drain to a bathtub or shower stall,
one (1) kitchen sink, one (1) laundry tray and three (3) floor drains and four
(4) fauces/hose bibb

Plumbing Appliance
● A class of plumbing fixtures intended to perform a special function; their
operation may depend on the setting of controls or on the characteristics of
heating elements, motors, or pressure or temperature-sensing elements.

Plumbing Appurtenance
● A manufactured device or assembly of pre-fabricated components which act
as an adjunct to the basic piping system and plumbing fixtures; usually
performs a useful function such as operating, maintaining, or servicing the
 plumbing system; does not add either to the water demand or to the
discharge load of fixtures or of the drainage system.
Plumbing Conduit
● Same as conduit, 2

Plumbing Fitting
● Same as fitting, 1

Plumbing Fixture
● A receptacle which receives and discharges water, liquid, or waterborne
wastes into a drainage system with which it is connected

Plumbing Official
● The officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and
enforcement of the applicable plumbing code.

Plumbing Riser
● A riser for pipes that run vertically; usually extends the full height of a building

Plumbing System
● The combination of supply and distribution pipes for hot water, cold water, and
gas, and for removing liquid wastes in a building; includes: the water supply
distributing pipes; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes;
the building drain and building sewer; and the storm-drainage pipes; with their
devices, appurtenances and connections all within or adjacent to the building.

HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE

● 17th C - The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines
● 18th - 19th C - Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of maintaining,
repairing and/or remodelling plumbing systems in all “pueblos” or towns
including churches, convents and government buildings.
● 1902 - In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the government
in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of
the Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code
based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into the
Building Code for the City of Manila.
● 1935 - the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines
(NAMPAP) was formally organized. Manila City Ordinance 2411, the
“Plumbing Code for the City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.
● 1954 - House Bill No. 962
● June 18, 1955 - R.A. 1378 “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” signed by
President Ramon Magsaysay.
● January 28, 1959 - National Plumbing Code of the Philippines of 1959 was
promulgates and approved
● 1966 - 1969 - A curriculum (prepared by NAMPAP and the Board of
examiners for master plumbers) for plumbing engineering was approved by
the department of education and was first introduced at FEATI University
● Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise known as the
“Building Code of the Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing
Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.
● 21 December 1999 - President Joseph Estrada approved the Revised
Plumbing Code of the Philippines of 1999 pursuant to Section 4, RA 1378

22 Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code

1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided

with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to
unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with
water in sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function
satisfactorily and without undue noise.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity
of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.

4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and

installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

5. Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement with a public

sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.

6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water

closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.

7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material,

free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.

8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained

to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with
adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.

9. All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free

from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered
Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
‘
10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with a water-sealed trap.

11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide

adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of
trap seals under ordinary use.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively

disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.

14. Substances which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures,
destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the
sewage-disposal process shall not be allowed to enter the building
drainage system.

15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food,

water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage.
When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected
indirectly with the building drainage system.

16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is

not properly lighted and ventilated.

17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision

shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.

18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of

sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.

19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by

Registered Master Plumbers.

20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be

accessible for their intended use.

21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the

preservation of the strength of structural members and
the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces
through fixture usage.

22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be

deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged
into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous
through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
2. Fundamentals of Water Supply System

● Water
- most abundant and useful substance on earth covering almost 70% of the
earth’s surface and exists as vapour in the earth’s atmosphere
- Plays essential role in many chemical reactions
- Used to power hydroelectric and steam power
- All living things are composed chiefly of water. An adult male, as an example
consists of 65-75% water and losing 15-20% may cause death’
- Water uses: Fire fighting, taking a bath, drinking, serves as means of
transportation
- ¾ of earth is WATER in the form of OCEAN, LAKES AND RIVERS
- Water in the soil is MOISTURE
- WATER VAPOR in the air
- Water everywhere
- Water has three forms; ICE in the SOLID FORM, water that we drink is in
LIQUID FORM, STEAM in the GASEOUS FORM

Composition of water

ORDINARY WATER

● A molecule of water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen (H)

and an atom of oxygen (O) = H₂0
● Water is produced when hydrogen is burned in the presence of

oxygen
● Water is formed when plant and animal matter decay and when

food is combined with oxygen in living organisms

HEAVY WATER

● Water Molecules containing heavier hydrogen than ordinary

hydrogen

● These heavier forms of hydrogen-deuterium and tritium-form

molecules of water called deuterium oxide and tritium oxide

Physical properties of water

● Pure water is tasteless, odourless liquid.

● Boils at 100°C (212°F) and freezes at oº (32°F)

● Density of water is greatest at 4°C (39.2°F). At this

temperature, one gallon of water weighs about 8.3
pounds, one litre of water 1kg; 1 cubic foot about 62.4
pounds, and 1 cubic centimetre of water, 1 gram
● Unlike most liquids, water expands when it freezes

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECT CORRECTION

ACIDITY Entrance of - Corrosion of - Raising alkaline

oxygen and non-ferrous pipes content by the
carbon dioxide - Rusting and introduction of a
clogging of steel neutralizer
pipes (sodium silicate)

HARDNESS Presence of - Clogging of pipes - Boiling

magnesium and - Inmpaired - Use of an ion
calcium salts laundry and exchanger (zeolite
cooking process)

TURBIDITY Silt or mud in - Discoloration - Filtration

surface or in - Bad taste
ground

COLOR Presence of iron - Discoloration of - Oxidizing Filter

and manganese fixtures and
laundry

POLLUTION Contamination by - Disease - Chlorination

organic matter or
sewage

SOURCES OF WATER

SOURCE COLLECTION

RAINWATER Collected from building roofs and special

watersheds

NATURAL SURFACE WATER Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers

GROUNDWATER From underground

Fog From underground Installation of vertical

mesh
 Iceberg Iceberg harvesting

Cloud seeding Releasing particles into the clouds

Desalination Removing salt from seawater

WATER CYCLE/ HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

EVAPORATION
- Change to vapor
PRECIPITATION
- Rain, snow, hail, and sleet
CONDENSATION
- Changing to liquid
TRANSPIRATION
WATER TABLE
- Upper level of the reservoir
GROUND WATER
- Great natural reservoir in sand, gravel, porous rocks and cavities under the ground
WATER PURIFICATION

AERATION
- spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces
to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide

COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION

- addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the
larger suspended particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The
precipitate is gathered in large dumps and disposed of.

SEDIMENTATION
- water is passed through basins so sediments can settle.through a period of time

FILTRATION
- Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.

CHLORINATION
- Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.

3. Plumbing Fixtures
● Type of Building or Occupancy:
○ Assembly Places
○ Dormitories
○ School
○ Dwellings
○ Institutional
 ● Plumbing Fixtures
○ Water closet
○ Urinal
○ Lavatory
○ Bathtub or shower
○ Drinking fountain

● How is fixture units (FU) used?

○ Fixture Units is a value used in computing the water supply requirement
depending the nature of use of that project
○ However, the fixture unit is different from the number of fixtures. The number
of fixture is the manual count of the fixture used

PLUMBING FIXTURES

1. Sink - A plumbing fixture usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected
with a drain
2. Kitchen Sink
■ Slop Sink - A deep sink, usually set low, esp. used by janitors for
emptying pails of dirty water
■ Mop Sink - A type of sink having a deep basin, usually used by
janitors
■ Scrub Sink - A plumbing fixture usually located in the operating suite
in a hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a
surgical procedure; the hot and cold water supply is activated by a
knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or pedal control
3. Bathtub - A tub for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one
person
4. Shower bath, shower - An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from
above. In some cases, the shower and bathtub is merged
5. Water Closet - A plumbing fixture used to receive human excrement and to discharge
it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium
● Toilet - A water closet. The room contains the water closet.
● Dual-flush water closet - A water closet providing a choice of two
flushing mechanisms. One button makes a full flush available; the
other uses only about half the amount of water
● Floor mounted, wall mounted
● Wall mounted, floor mounted, elongated, round
● Types of Water Closet
1. Wash down type
2. Wash down reverse-trap closet
3. Siphon-jet closet

6. Bidet - A low, basin-like plumbing fixture on which the user sits; used to wash the
posterior parts of the body. A bidet is a bowl or receptacle designed to be sat on for
the purpose of washing the human genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus.
 The modern variety includes a plumbed-in water supply and a drainage opening and
is thus a type of plumbing fixture subject to local hygiene regulations.

7. Urinal - A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away
urine.

8. Lavatory - A basin with water supply and drainage piping, for washing the hands
and face; a washbasin. A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face.
Sometimes called a wash basin

9. Drinking Fountain
10. Lawn Sprinkler
11. Hose Bibb

Plumbing Symbols
PLUMBING MATERIALS
1. Gate Valve
○ full-way valve;
○ A flow control device consisting of a wedge-shaped gate which can be raised
to allow full, unobstructed flow or can be lowered to restrict the flow passage;
not intended for close fluid flow control nor for very tight shutoff
○ A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc fitted
against machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to the direction of flow. The
disc is raised or lowered by means of a threaded stern connected to the
handle of the valve. The opening in the valve is usually as large as the Full
bore of the pipe.

2. Check Valve
○ Back-pressure valve, reflux valve. An automatic valve which permits liquid to
flow in only one direction. Also see the nonreturn valve.
 ○ A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a
reverse direction.
● Lift check Valve
● Swing check valve

3. Globe
○ A valve in which the flow of water is controlled by a movable spindle which
lowers to a fixed seat, thereby restricting the flow through the valve opening;
the spindle is fitted with a washer to provide tight closure; usually enclosed in
a chamber having a globular shape
○ A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by a means of a circular disc that
fits over and against the horizontal valve seat. The movement of the plane
disc is parallel to the normal direction of flow of water through the orifice
resulting to a tortuous passage which offers a high pressure loss.

4. Float Valve
○ Float-controlled valve
○ A valve which controls the flow of water
○ Its opening or closing depends on the position of a float which rides on the
surface of water in a tank, as in a water closet.
5. Flush Valve
○ A special valve located at the bottom of the tank of a water closet or the like;
○ Provides the discharge through which the fixture is flushed.
○ A diaphragm-type flushometer is a device located at the bottom of the tank for
the purpose of flushing water closet and similar fixtures.
○ Flushometer/Flushometer Valve - a valve designed to supply a fixed quantity
of water for flushing purposes;
● is actuated by direct water pressure, without the use of a cistern or
flush tank;
● is a device, which discharges a predetermined quantity of water into
fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated by direct water pressure.
6. Ball Valve
○ A valve for regulating the flow of fluids by a movable ball which fits in a
spherical seat.

7. Butterfly Valve
○ A valve used to control the flow of fluids; a disk controls flow through the port.
Also called a butterfly damper.

8. Ball cock
○ A valve opened and closed by the fall and rise, respectively, of an attached
ball floating on the surface of the liquid.
○ A float valve with a spherical float.
9. Backwater Valve
○ A device installed in a drainage system to prevent reverse flow.
○ A type of check valve in a drainage pipe; reversal of flow causes the valve to
close, thereby cutting off flow.
10. Faucet
○ A valve located at the end of a water pipe through of which water can be
drawn from or held within the pipe.
 11. Corporation Cock
○ A stop valve placed at the connection of water service pipe to the water main.

FITTINGS

1. Cap
○ A fitting, screwed or caulked over the end of a pipe for closing the pipe end.
2. Double-Bend Fitting
○ A pipe fitting with adjacent reverse bends and shaped like the letter “S”
3. Trap
○ A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide. When properly
vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas
without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
4. Return Bend
○ An open return bend usually made up two 90° bends with inside and outside
threads, flanged or welded fittings; and applied also to a one hundred eighty
degrees bend in copper tubings.
5. Siamese Connection
○ A hose fitting with clapper valves for combining the flow from two or more
lines of hose into a single stream. The inlet fitting of a fire standpipe located
above ground level.
6. Horizontal Pipe
○ Any pipe or fitting installed in a horizontal position or which forms an angle of
not more than forty-five (45) degrees with the horizontal plane.
7. Vertical Pipe
○ Any pipe or fitting installed in a vertical position or which forms an angle of not
more than forty-five (45) degrees with the vertical line.
8. Wye
○ A hose connection with two-gated outlets permitting two connections of the
same or smaller coupling diameter to be taken from a single supply line. Also
a pipe fitting of three branches that form the letter “wye”
FROM QUIZ 01
1. SHOWER - An apparatus for spraying water on your body, usually from above.
2. Why should vents be connected to the outer air?
> To release foul odor, To prevent foul odor from entering the building
3. BATHTUB - a plumbing fixture used for bathing where you can lie down, sit or stand
while enjoying being soaked since it is a tub
4. WATER CLOSET - A plumbing fixture for discharge of excrement or feces
5. POLLUTION - This water problem is caused by ]organic matter or sewage
6. POWDER ROOM - A room containing a water closet and a lavatory
7. Which among the following is common between lavatory and sink
> basin, water supply and drainage
8. MOP SINK - A type of sink having a deep basin, usually used by janitors
9. SILT OR MUD - This is the usual cause of turbidity (requires two answer)
10. TOILET AND BATH - A room with a water closet, lavatory and bath tub
11. CHLORINATION - Water purification where chlorine is injected into the water
12. LAUNDRY TRAY - A plumbing fixture with basin, water supply and drainage used for
washing laundry
13. PLUMBING FIXTURE is a receptacle that receives and discharges water, liquid or
waterborne wastes. TRUE
14. AERATION - Usually known as releasing water into air to purify it
15. SINK - This fixture is described with a basin, a drain and a source of water
16. URINAL - A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away
urine.