LECTURE NOTES

On
COMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING

B. Tech.
Semester-V

By

RANAJEET KUMAR
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Sershah Engineering College, Sasaram, Rohtas

 Unit-1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction to concept of drawings

 Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper.
 An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing which is used to convey information about an
object.
Drawing convey the following information:
 Geometry- the shape of the object; how the object will look when it is viewed from various angles,
such as front, top, side, etc.
 Dimensions- the size of the object is captured in units.
 Tolerances- the allowable variations for each dimension.
 Material- represents from what the item is made of.
 Finish- specifies the surface quality of the item, functional or cosmetic.
Engineering drawing is the basic need to develop the design and assembly of a machine, the three necessary
techniques of drawing/projection are:
 Orthographic Projection: In this method the object is placed in space in such a way that the front
view of it is taken in the vertical plane, and the top view of the same, is taken in the horizontal plane,
other name 'orthographic'.
 Perspective Projection: The observer's eye position, height, and the distance from the object, all affect
the outcome of the drawing. Two sub- methods are adopted for this projection technique are Visual
Ray Method and Vanishing Point Method.
 Isometric Projection: It gives the total detail of the component under consideration. The basic
principle behind isometric projection is that it involves the consideration of three axes that are inclined
to each other making equal angles with each other (120 degree).
1.2 Interpretation of typical drawings

• The Engineering Drawing Interpretation course is a guide to interpreting drawings found in

manufacturing. It is the 'short course' of 'need to know' information for blueprint reading. Beginning with
the background of blueprints , looking at the types of lines used on a drawing, and how parts are shown
in different views

• The first step in making quality parts or assemblies is computing the drawing correctly and applying the
given information to the final product.

• Completing this course should enhance the learner's ability to maintain employment in a
manufacturing/machining area and/or.
1.3 Planning drawings to show information concisely and comprehensively

Building Drawing

• A drawing is prepared before constructing any structure.

• A drawing is needed for every building, but the drawing of a big building should be very accurate since
the constructional details of a small building may remain in the mind of someone, but a big building
cannot remain in the control of anyone.

• The drawing of a building is prepared 1st, and then it is approved from the local authority.
• The drawing of building should be in accordance with the Bye-Laws of local municipality.
• Each and every body has made some rules and restriction by considering the health of people and
environment of locality which are called Bye-Laws.

• Many sketches are prepared for the building drawing.

• 1st of all a single line sketch is prepared showing size and arrangement of rooms. It is called the line plan.
• In detailed drawing, the detailed plan shows the detail of order, size, and thickness of walls of room.
• Foundation detail is to show the size and depth of foundation.
• Separate working drawing are prepared for electricity, gas, water supply and sewerage column, plumbing,
etc.

• The submission drawing is then made to get the approval of Municipal Corporation or other concerned
development authority according to their Bye- Laws.

Types of Building Drawing

1) Site Plan.
2) Line Plan.
3) Detailed Plan.
4) Foundation Plan.
5) Landscape plan.
6) Elevation.
7) Sectional Elevation.
8) Perspective Drawing.
9) Submission drawing
10) Model
1.4 Optimal layout of drawings and scales

When you work in a layout, the scale factor of a view in a layout viewport represents a ratio between the actual
size of the model and the size of the layout.
This ratio is determined by dividing the paper space units by the model space units
You can change the view scale of the viewport by using

• The characteristic palette

• The triangular scale grip in a selected viewport
• The Viewports Scale on the status bar
• The XP option of the ZOOM command Note:
• Scaling or stretching the layout viewport border does not affect the scale of the view
• You can modify the list of scales that are displayed in all view and plot scale lists with SCALELISTEDIT.

Annotative Objects and Scaling

It is defined at a paper height instead of a model size and assigned one or more scales. These objects are scaled
based on the recent annotation scale setting. The annotation scale controls the size of the annotative objects
relative to the model shape in the drawing.
Scale drawing
Scale drawing are used to illustrate items that it is not useful or convenient to draw at their actual size.
A distance at full size: The distance at the scale used that would be the same length.
For example:
 A full-size drawing would be 1:1 (or sometimes 1/1 or ‘one to one’).
 A tenth size drawing would be 1:10.
 A triple size drawing would be 3:1.
In the construction industry a range of scales are available.
For example:
 A location plan at 1:1000
 A site plan at 1:200
 A floor plan at 1:100
 A room plan at 1:50
 A component drawing at 1:5
 An assembly drawing at 1:2
 Original sheet size that the scale was drawn at, so for example, A4, A3, A2, A1, A0, and so on.
  Sometimes we use more than one scale on a single drawing, for example, to show the elevation of land
across a significant distance. In this case, differences in elevation might be illustrated at a larger scale
and a smaller scale used for horizontal distances.
 While in other cases a scale might use more than one unit of measurement.
 The use of CAD and building information modelling (BIM) has introduced a new concept to this
process.
1.5 Introduction to computer aided drawing
 It involves creating computer models defined by geometrical characteristics. CAD systems enable
designers to view objects under a wide variety of representations.
 CAM uses geometrical design data to command automated machinery. CAM systems are associated
with computer numerical control (CNC) or direct numerical control (DNC) systems.
 Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems are commonly known as CAD/CAM.
The origins of CAD/CAM
CAD had its birth from three sources. The first source of CAD resulted from attempts to automate the drafting
process. The second source of CAD was in the testing of designs by simulation. The third source of CAD
development resulted from efforts to smooth the flow from the design process to the manufacturing process
using numerical control (NC) technologies.
Advantage of CAD:
1. Saves time: it can make better and more systematic designs in shorter time duration.
2. Easy to edit: it will be much easier and safer to make any changes because you can fix the errors and
modify the drawings easily.
3. Decrease in error percentages: the percentage of error that occurred because of manual designing is
decreased.
4. Decrease design effort: it has been reduced significantly because the software brutalize most of the
task.
5. Easy to share: it makes easier to save the files and store it in a way that you can use it anytime and
again.
6. Improved accuracy: The fact that the kind of accuracy that CAD software will offer can never be
achieved by opting for manual drawings. You have tools to measure the precision, skill and accuracy
level of designs.
Disadvantages of CAD:
 Work can be lost because of the sudden crash of computers
 Work is liable to viruses
 Time taking process to know how to manage or run the software
 High production or purchasing cost for new structure
 Time and cost of training the staff
 Needs less employment because of CAD/CAM systems
1.6 Coordinate systems
AutoCAD drawing file can be identified by its X, Y, Z coordinates or WCS i.e., World
Coordinate System.
Coordinate input
 Absolute Cartesian (X, Y) coordinates in the form X, Y (for example, 6, 5)
 Relative X, Y coordinates in the form @X, Y (for example, @4, 6):
 Relative polar coordinates in the form @distance<angle (for example, @6<30):
Draw by numbers
It define absolute X, Y coordinates with respect to the 0,0 point of the drawing - usually, its
lower-left corner...
Data is defined in both horizontal and vertical coordinate systems. Horizontal coordinate
systems locate data cover the surface of the earth, and vertical coordinate systems locate the
elevation or depth. Horizontal coordinate systems can be of three types: geographic, projected,
or local.
1.7 Reference Plane
Reference Work Planes
It is defined as a plane on the face of the extents of a modifier. Every modifier has an unseen
extent, or boundary box, that defines the extents of the feature.
These are the various ways of a reference plane, example of each one:
 Offset Distance
 Coincident with 3 vertices
 Coincident with a line and a vertex
 Angle
 Parallel
 Tangent and Parallel
 Tangent and Perpendicular
 Mid-Plane
 Perpendicular at a Point
 Create a plane parallel to the screen

1.8 Commands: Initial settings

Before we make a drawing, we make many settings in the blank file like changing Units,
Limits, Adding Layers, Line types, Blocks Dimension styles etc. and it is not always empirical
to duplicate the settings.
To make it easier, we can make a drawing template in AutoCAD. Templates are saved with
DWT file extension and saved file work in a template file it gets saved as a DWG file.
Setting Drawing Units
 Close all open tabs from your AutoCAD window to reach the start screen. Now click
on the arrow which is next to "Templates" and select acad.dwt template from the list
 A completely blank drawing will open. Go to Application menu on the top left of
AutoCAD window and select Drawing Utilities option and then select Units or you can
also use its command UN.
 The Drawing Units window will open with default settings as per the selected template.
Click the Type drop-down menu and change the unit type to Architectural, if you are a
metric user then change it to Decimal.
The precision is simply the precision up to which AutoCAD will display the decimal places.
Irrespective of the precision format.
In the "Units to scale inserted content" dropdown change the value to Inches, this is the Unit
which will be displayed in the drawing.
In the Angle panel change type to Decimal Degrees, we can change it to other angle formats
as well from the drop-down menu. Change the precision from Angle drop- down menu to 0.00.
Click OK to save these changes and close the Drawing Units window.
Understanding Units representation
When Architectural length type is selected in the Units window, we can use apostrophes
symbol to specify the drawing units like (') for feet and (") for inches. For example, if you want
to make a line of length 5 feet and 6 inches then you can enter its length as 5'6" on the command
line.
If you are using Decimal length format instead of Architectural then feet and inches symbol
will return an error. For example, to make a line of length 1'4" simply type 16 for its length
(1'=12") without any apostrophes.
Setting drawing limits
We need to specify the extents of the working area of the drawing. All the drawings are not
made on a single scale as an example a large floor plan of an Hall would take a lot of space and
its dimensions will be in the range of many feet and if you are making a simple watch gear then
the dimensions should remain in the scale of a few millimeters.
We will make a simple drawing which has maximum dimensions of 10 feet in length and width.
So, to make it we will define a drawing area of 15 feet in length and width keeping 5 feet
margin.
Type LIMITS and press enter. Command line will prompt "Specify lower left corner or
[ON/OFF] <0'-0", 0’-0">:" simply press enter to accept the default values of the lower left
corner which is 0, 0.
On the next step "Specify upper right corner < 1'-0", 0’-9">:" type 15', 15’ and press enter.
To apply the changes type Z and press enter then type A and press enter again. This will reset
your drawing area.
Now the height of your drawing area is 15 inches and the length of the drawing area will be 15
inches.
This limit value is not a permanent value and you can alter the limits by zooming in or out of
your drawing.
Creating drawing Template
 To save these changes as a template go to application button the top left of the drawing
area and select "Save As" option and select Drawing Template.
 Save Drawing As window will open with a list of templates in the Template folder
 You can save your template with these pre-existing templates or you can also specify
a new location to save the template file.
Now click on save and click OK when description box opens. The template will be saved on
the desktop with dwt. file extension. You can now open your drawing with this template simply
by double-clicking on the My Template file on the desktop.
Opening drawing with no templates
If you don't want to use any preinstalled or custom template to start your drawing moreover
you want to open the drawing with the blank properties then there is an option for that too.
Click on the "New" icon on the quick access toolbar or use command NEW.
The drawing template window will open. Click on the arrow right next to the open button and
select "open with no template".

1.9 Drawing aids

The drawing aids in the AutoCAD program are like the triangles, compasses, and engineering
scales of traditional drafting.

1.10 Drawing basic entities

Entities
It is the main section of a drawing file and contains the actual characteristic. Each characteristic
contains standard information, such as its color, layer, line style, and geometry.
In a drawing you can create a variety of different entity types. Drawing entities can be very
simple such as lines, circles, arcs, points and rays or complex such as polylines, splines and
planes.
To create an entity you can choose between selecting the command in the Draw menu, using
the tools on the Draw.
When you use a tool or a drawing command, the program box open to enter coordinate points,
such as endpoints or insertion points. You can enter the points or distances either using a mouse
or by typing coordinate values in the command bar.
New entities are made on the current layer, using the current color, line type and line weight.
1.11 Modify commands
Modify Panel is used for the editing of any existing drawing.
1. Erase (E + Enter) 2. Move (M + Enter)
3. Offset (O + Enter) 4. Rotate (RO + Enter)
5. Array (AR + Enter) 6. Copy (CO + Enter)
7. Explode 8. Mirror (MI + Enter)
9. Lengthen 10. Stretch
11. Break (BR + Enter) 12. Blend Curves
13. Break at point 14. Chamfer (CHA + Enter)
15. Join (J + Enter) 16. Fillet (F + Enter)
17. Edit Hatch 18. Extend (EX + Enter)
19. Edit Array 20. Trim (TR + Enter)
21. Edit Polyline (P Edit + Enter) 22. Scale (SC + Enter)
23. Edit Spline

Essential Commands of Modify Panel in AutoCAD

Move (M + Enter)
We can move any objects at a specified distance and direction. Process of using move
command:
 Select Move Command from modify panel.
 Select the object.
 Right click.
 Left click on object.
 Move it any direction.
 D Enter
 Type distance
 Enter.

Rotate (RO + Enter)

We can rotate any selected object around a base point to an angle. It rotates any objects in clock
and anti-clockwise.
Process of using rotate command:
 Select Rotate command from modify panel.
 Select the object.
 Right click
 Specify base point
 Enter C (copy) or Enter R (reference)
 Type rotation angle
 Enter.
Copy (CO + Enter)
It is used to copy an object at a specified distance or direction. It works almost like Move
Command.
Process of using Copy command:
 Select copy command.
 Select ob1ect.
 Right click
 Specify base point.
 Move it any direction.
 Make multiple copies.
 Enter.

Mirror (MI + Enter)

It creates a reverse copy of the selected object. Process of using mirror command: -
 Select mirror command.
 Select object.
 Right click.
 Click on the first point of mirror line.
 Drag mouse in the direction where you want to make mirror
 Specify the second point of mirror line.
 Enter.

Stretch
In these, one can move some part of drawing with carrying the connection with other parts.
Process of using Stretch command:
 Select Stretch Command.
 Select the part of the object which you want to stretch.
 Right click.
 Drag the mouse in that direction where you want to stretch.

Scale (SC + Enter)

We one can enlarge or reduce the objects. The length and width of objects would be enlarged
or reduced at the same size.
Process of using Scale command:
 Select Scale command.
 Select the part of the object which you want to enlarge or reduces.
  Select base point
 Type the value
 Right click.
 Drag the mouse.

Trim (TR + Enter + Enter)

It is used to trim any objects whose edge meet the other objects. It trims the crossed line.
Process of using Trim Command:
 Select trim command from modify panel
 Double Enter.
 Double click on the intersect line or extra line.
 If we want to exchange trim command into Extend command enter shift.

Extend (EX + Enter)

It helps to extend the line to join the edges of other objects line. It is used as a trim command.
Process of using Extend command:
 Select Extend command from modify panel.
 Select object.
 Specify: opposite corner.
 R1ght click.
 Double left click on object whom you want to Extend.
 Enter.

1.12 Layers
1. Choose Format, Layer
Or
2. Type LAYER (or LA) at the command prompt
Or
3. Pick the layers icon from the Layer Control box on the object properties toolbar.
 Pick the layers icon from the Layer Control box on the object properties toolbar
 Lists layers, with states, colours and line types
 Make Creates a new layer and makes it current
 Sets current layer
 New Creates new layers
 ON Turns on specified layers
 OFF Turns off specified layers
  Colour Assigns colour to specified layers
 Ltype Assigns linetype to specified layers
 Freeze completely ignores layers during regeneration
 Thaw Unfreezes specified layers Ltype
 Lock makes a layer read only preventing entities from being edited but available visual
reference and osnap functions
 Unlock Places a layer in read write mode and available for edits
 PlotTurns a Layer on for Plotting
 No PlotTurns a Layer Off for Plotting
 LWeightControls the line weight for each layer

1.13 Text and Dimensioning

 Select Home tab Annotation panel Dimension Style
 In the Dimension Style Manager, select the style you want to change. Click Modify.

 In the Modify Dimension Style dialog box, Text tab, under Text Appearance, select a
text style.
 If the current text style does not have a fixed height, enter the height of dimension text
in the Text Height box.
 Under Tolerances, enter a height for tolerance values in the Scaling for Height box.
 In the Offset from Dim Line box, enter a value for the gap around base dimension text.
 Select a colour from the Text Colour box.
 Click OK.
Create Dimensions Objects
 1.14 Block
 Insert symbols and details into your drawings from commercial online sources
 Block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single named object.

Insert a Block
Each of these blocks is an individual drawing file, saved in a folder with similar drawing files.
When you need to insert one into your current drawing file, you use the INSERT command

The first time you insert the drawing as a block, you need to click Browse to locate the
drawing file
Once inserted, the block definition is sorted in your current drawing.

1.15 Drawing presentation norms and standards

 You can create a standards file to define properties in order to maintain
consistency throughout your drawing files.
 Standards define a set of common properties for named objects such as layers and text
styles
Named Objects for Standards-Checking
 Layers
 Text styles
 Linetypes
 Dimension styles
Standards File
Define standards, save them as standards file then associate the standards file with one or more
drawing files. After you associate a standards file with a drawing, you should check the drawing
to make sure it confirms with the standards.
How a Standards Audit Works
Check a drawing for standards violations, each named object of a specific type is checked
against the standards files linked with the drawing.
A standards audit can uncover two types of problems:
 An object with a nonstandard name is present in the drawing being checked.
 A named object in a drawing tie the name of one in a standards file, but their
properties are different.
Example: -you fix a nonstandard layer, WALL, and replace it with the standard ARCH-
WALL. In this example, choosing Fix in the Check Standards dialog box transfers all objects
from layer WALL to layer ARCH-WALL and then purges layer WALL from the drawing.

Standards Plug-Ins
The auditing process uses standards plug-ins, define the rules for the properties that are
checked for individual named objects.
All plug-ins check all properties for each named object except for the layer plug-in.:
 Colour
 Linetype
 Lineweight
 Plot style mode
 Plot style name (when the PSTYLEMODE system variable is set to 0)
The following layer properties are not checked by the layer plug-in:
 On/Off
 Freeze/Thaw
 Lock
 Plot/No Plot