“Heaven’s Light is Our Guide”

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF

RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE WITH THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT
OF CEMENT BY SILICA FUME

FARHAN NADIM

Supervised by

RAKIBUL HASAN

LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 2022
 Heaven’s Light is Our Guide
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Building Engineering & Construction Management

CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the thesis entitled “Microstructural and Mechanical Performance
Analysis of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with the Partial Replacement of Cement by
Silica Fume” has been carried out by Farhan Nadim (Roll No.:1612021) under my supervision
in Department of Building Engineering & Construction Management at Rajshahi University of
Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh. To the best of my knowledge, this
thesis is an original one and has not been submitted anywhere for any kind of degree.

Supervised by Signature of Student

………………………….. …………………………..
Rakibul Hasan Farhan Nadim
Lecturer Roll No.:1612021
Department of Building Engineering &
Construction Management
Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh

External

…………………………..
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer
Department of Building Engineering &
Construction Management
Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Almighty Allah for giving me the strength and
patience to complete this thesis successfully. I would also like to express my sincere respect and
admiration for my honorable thesis supervisor, Rakibul Hasan, Lecturer, Department of Building
Engineering & Construction Management, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology for
his keen interest, contemplative suggestions, constant direction, and inspiring support throughout
this thesis journey. He carefully studied the thesis manuscript, provided insightful comments, and
made significant ideas that helped me to develop our research.
I would like to thank the proper authority of the Department of Building Engineering and
Construction Management, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology who granted me
and gave permission to work with its instruments.

I also want to thank the Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering
& Technology for allowing me to use the concrete and soil mechanics laboratories. I want to
express my gratitude to the lab personnel who assisted us in carrying out the studies.
I also want to thank the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi
University of Engineering & Technology for conducting several tests. I also must acknowledge
Bashundhara Cement Company and NEOTECH Constructions Company for the cement and
silica fume.

After all, I want to convey my sincere gratitude to my parents and instructors, without whose
unwavering love, concern, and dedication I could not have traveled thousands of miles to be
here today. Last but not least, I want to thank those human beings who gave me the utmost
support and courage to do this work and believed in me.

September, 2022 Farhan Nadim (1612021)

ii
 ABSTRACT

Recycled concrete aggregate can be utilized in structural concrete in order to reduce the use of
natural resources and the harmful impacts of waste concrete on the environment. This present
research work aimed to assess the effectiveness of using recycled aggregate concrete with the
partial replacement of cement by silica fume (SF) to analyze the microstructural and
mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). In this study recycled stone was
used as coarse aggregate. The main variables of the study included the dosage of silica fume
that was employed as a partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with four
different percentages, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% by weight. There were five different mixes were
prepared. Four mixes were created with varying amounts of silica fume and designated as
RSACSF4, RSACSF8, RSACSF12, and RSACSF16, while one mix was created as a reference
mix without any silica fume and designated as RSACSF0. Slump test was conducted to
investigate the workability of concrete mixes. From the test result, a decreasing trend was found
after adding more percentage of SF. Compressive and splitting tensile tests were conducted to
analyze the mechanical properties of RSAC at 7 and 28 days. The results indicated that the
addition of SF improved the performance of RSAC at early and later curing ages and 12%
addition of SF showed the best result. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction
analysis were performed to explore the microstructural performance and effect of SF on RSAC.
The results showed that silica fume showed a positive pozzolanic impact, and when combined
with calcium hydroxide, it underwent a secondary hydration reaction that boosted the
generation of calcium silicate hydrate and improved the parameters of the interface transition
zone. X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed that silica fume and silica fume have similar pattern
intensities. Finally, 12% SF is recommended as a partial replacement of cement in RSAC.

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 CONTENTS
TITLE Page No.

CERTIFICATE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT iii
List of Figures vi
List of Tables viii
ABBREVIATIONS ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 General 1
1.2 Scope of The Work 1
1.3 Importance of Study 2
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Thesis Layout 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6-17

2.1 General 6
2.2 Background 6
2.3 Recycled Aggregate Associated with Coarse Aggregate 12
2.4 Elements of RAC 15
2.4.1 Cement 15
2.4.2 Coarse Aggregate 15
2.4.3 Sand 16
2.4.4 Silica Fume 16

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 18-32

3.1 General 18
3.2 Materials 18
3.2.1 Cement 18
3.2.2 Coarse Aggregate 20
3.2.3 Fine Aggregate 21

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 3.2.4 Supplementary cementitious material: Silica Fume 23
3.2.5 Water 24
3.3 Experimental Program 24
3.3.1 Mix Design 24
3.3.2 Mixing 26
3.3.3 Preparation of Test Specimens 27
3.3.4 Curing 28
3.4 Test Setup and Instrumentation 28
3.4.1 Fresh Test: Slump Test 28
3.4.2 Hard Test 29
3.4.2.1 Compressive Strength Test 29
3.4.2.2 Splitting Tensile Strength Test 30
3.4.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Test 31
3.4.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction Test 32

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS & DISCUSSION 33-46

4.1 General 33
4.2 Workability of RSAC with Silica Fume: Slump Test 33
4.3 Effect of Silica Fume Content on Compressive Strength 34
4.4 Effect of Silica Fume Content on Splitting Tensile Strength 39
4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Test Analysis on RSACF 44
4.6 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) Test Analysis on RSACF 46

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES 47-48

5.1 Conclusion 47
5.2 Further Studies 48
Reference 49
Appendix 54

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 List of Figures
Sl. Figure Index Page
No.

1.1 Investigation flow chart of research 5

3.1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 19
3.2 Processing of recycled concrete aggregate (a) Crushing of demolished
concrete (b)Soaked in HCl solution (c) Placed for sundry (d) Fresh 20
recycled aggregate
3.3 Sylhet sand 22
3.4 Gradation curve of fine and coarse aggregates 22
3.5 Silica Fume 23
3.6 (a) Casting of concrete 26
(b) Casted moulds with hardened concrete
3.7 Mixing of Concrete 26
3.8 Demoulded specimens 27
3.9 Curing of specimens 28
3.10 Measuring slump value 29
3.11 (a) Compression testing machine 30
(b) Testing specimen
3.12 Splitting tensile strength test setup 31
3.13 (a) Specimens for SEM analysis 32
(b) SEM test machine
3.14 XRD machine 32
4.1 Slump value for different % of silica fume 34
4.2 Compressive strength test results of the concrete mixes at 7 and 28
36
days.
4.3 Increase in compressive strength of the concrete mixes 37
4.4 Observed compressive strength failure patterns of the specimen at 28
days of (a) RSACSF-16 (b) RSACSF-4 (c) RSACSF-8 and (d) 38
RSACSF-12
4.5 Splitting Tensile Strength of the concrete mixes at 7 and 28 days 40
4.6 Increase of split tensile Strength of the concrete mixes 41

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4.7 Observed compressive strength failure patterns of the specimen at 28
days of (a) RSACSF-4 (b) RSACSF-8 (c) RSACSF-12 (d) RSACSF- 44
16
4.8 Microstructure of specimens from SEM analysis
(a) RSACSF-0 (7 days) (b) RSACSF-0 (28 days)
45
(c) RSACSF-12 (7 days) (d) RSACSF-12 (7 days)
(e) RSACSF-12 (28 days) (f) RSACSF-12 (28 days)
4.9 (a) XRD pattern of OPC (b) XRD pattern of silica fume 46

vii
 List of Tables
Sl. Table Index Page No.

3.1 Chemical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement 19

3.2 Physical Properties of fine and coarse aggregate 21
3.3 Chemical Properties of Silica Fume 23
3.4 Slump value of the concrete mix 29
4.1 Regression summary of the compressive strength test result 35
4.2 Regression summary of the split tensile strength test result 40

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS

RAC Recycled Aggregate Concrete

RSAC Recycled Stone Aggregate Concrete
RSACSF Recycled Stone Aggregate Concrete with Silica Fume
RCA Recycled Concrete Aggregate
NCA Natural Concrete Aggregate
SF Silica Fume
NS Nano Silica
CDW Construction & Demolished Waste
NA Natural Aggregate
RA Recycled Aggregate
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
XRD X-Ray Diffraction
ITZ Interface Transition Zone
SFRAC Silica Fume Recycled Aggregate Concrete
ACI American Concrete Institute
SCM Supplementary Cementitious Material
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
W/C Water Cement Ratio
FM Fineness Modulus

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

A comprehensive summary of this study is presented in this chapter. The purpose of this work
is to observe the effect of replacing cement with silica fume partially using recycled coarse
aggregate (RCA). The ultimate purpose is to improvise the microstructure of recycled
aggregate concrete (RAC). The hardened properties of that concrete and results were compared
with concrete without silica fume. Furthermore, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and
XRD (X-ray Diffraction) tests were conducted to understand and to investigate the
microstructural properties of the concrete. The present chapter discusses how it differs from
earlier work and focuses on the structure of the research effort. This also includes the objectives
of the research work, problem description, and research scope of the field of Recycled
Aggregate Concrete (RAC). So, the importance of this research work in modern construction
has been described in a short manner throughout the introduction part.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

There have been several numbers of research on the impact of recycled concrete aggregate as
a partial replacement of cement with silica fume and its impact on the mechanical
characteristics and durability of the recycled aggregate concrete, which reveals diverse
outcomes of varying percentages of silica fume. Natural coarse aggregate and old connected
mortar are the two distinct components that set recycled concrete aggregates apart from natural
aggregates [1]. Concrete using recycled coarse and fine aggregates as a full or partial
replacement for natural aggregates is known to have mechanical and durability attributes
impacted by the old connected cement mortar due to increased water absorption, decreased
abrasion resistance, etc. [2]. It is assumed that approximately 40% of waste is generated per
year from construction work out of total waste around the world. So, collecting demolished
waste from construction sites is way easier and most cost-effective. That’s why recycled
aggregate is chosen to use for this study. To ascertain whether the use is practical and what
effect it will have on the longevity of structures, it is required to investigate the hardened

1
properties of recycled aggregate concrete [3]. However, the strength and durability of the
resulting concrete were always reduced. This resulted from the lingering contaminants on the
recycled aggregates' surface blocking the cement paste and aggregate's strong bond [4]. To
improve the microstructure silica fume is used as a partial replacement for cement. 20 mixes
of different percentages were prepared with replaced silica fume. Among those mixes, the
optimum mix was found out of the fixed percentage of silica fume that produced maximum
strength. The mixed sample was tested SEM to find out the microstructural behavior of silica
fume. XRD was conducted to compare the chemical composition of silica fume with cement.
There is not much data on the hardened properties of RAC. It is possible to conduct additional
research on lab-tested experimental data to develop a predicted consideration of strength at
different curing ages with varying concentrations of RA replacement and SF concentrations.
To encourage the use of RAC, its durability will be investigated.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

Urbanization growth in developing nations has resulted in large-scale production of

construction and demolition waste (CDW) in recent decades, which has had a detrimental effect
on the environment. It should be mentioned that by substituting recycled aggregate for natural
aggregate, the ever-increasing demand for construction can be satisfied without diminishing
natural resources [5]. Additionally, adopting RA rather than NA reduces CO2 emissions and
raw materials used during the production of structural members [6, 7]. The reduction of carbon
footprints in the environment will add extra points and thus enhance the concrete industry too.
On the other hand, over the past few years, the volume of waste generated during building and
demolition has significantly increased. Building waste must be stored, managed, and turned
into an expensive recycled aggregate (RA) before it can be used in construction [8]. New forms
of aggregates must be found immediately because NAs are non-renewable resources.
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste has been seen in this context as a potential source
of aggregate. These leftovers from building and demolition wastes can be processed into
recycled aggregates (RCAs) after a specific process [9]. Many nations have established policies
and procedures for recycling waste materials for use in construction, and many nations have
also started turning construction wastes into RA [10]. Conventional CDW disposal methods,
such as piling it up or dumping it in landfills, result in substantial environmental degradation
and increased storage space requirements [11]. Construction and demolition waste (CDW),

2
which includes natural stone, leftover concrete, bricks, and other materials, actually belongs to
the renewable materials category. Today, recycling construction waste into recycled
aggregates for using as concrete, or recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), is regarded as a
sustainable solution that lowers environmental pollution and raw material consumption [12].
Since the RA's surface is covered in old mortar, this has a profound effect on the RAC's
interface transition zone (ITZ). ITZ exists between the new and old mortar on the surface of
the RA but there also exists ITZ between the NA and new mortar. [13]. As a result, finding
effective and easy ways to enhance the mechanical features of ITZs having old cement mortar
at curing ages is crucial to developing the strength of RAC and utilizing RAC widely in
building engineering. Because adherent mortar in RAs is usually substantially weaker than
natural aggregate and new cement paste and the weakest zone in RAC is the porous ITZ [14].
Thus, improving the properties of ITZs and old cement mortar is crucial to the growth of RAC
and the widespread application of RAC in construction engineering. A lot of current scientific
interest in nanotechnology has been spurred by the novel uses for particles on the nanometer
(109 nm) scale [15]. Nanoparticles have special physical and chemical characteristics that set
them apart from normal materials because of their ultrafine size. Nano-particles have drawn
increasing attention due to their distinctive features and have been used in numerous fields to
create novel materials with novel functionality. If traditional building materials and
nanoparticles are combined, the new materials may have superior or clever qualities for the
construction of various sections and uses in civil buildings [16]. Due to the inferior qualities of
recycled aggregate, it is usual practice to add mineral additives like as fly ash, silica fume, and
powdered granulated blast furnace slag to RAC in order to improve mechanical performance
[17]. Silica fume (SF) is widely considered one of the most efficient additives for boosting the
compressive capacities of RAC due to its pozzolanic reactivity and pore filling characteristics
[18]. One of the important mechanical aspects of RAC, in addition to compressive
performance, on which many researchers have concentrated, is fracture behavior. According
to reports, ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash have less of an impact on the
compressive behavior of RAC than does SF. Smelting generates SF as a waste product. By
acting as both a pozzolanic and a micro-filler, SF can improve the bonding of the ITZ between
the aggregates and the paste, which in turn modifies the concrete's mechanical properties [19].
The mechanical characteristics of concrete are improved when particles and standard
ingredients are used. The characteristics of concrete are improved by silica fume, a nano-sized
cementitious material that exhibits a higher pozzolanic activity and further refines the particle
size distribution of the raw ingredients. To reduce the amount of cement needed to produce
3
high-strength concrete, silica fume can be a great substitute [20]. Due to having large surface
area and high reactivity, silica fume can help cement hydrate, increase concrete's strength early
on, and decrease porosity to create a dense microstructure [21]. The use of silica fume as a
supplementary cementitious component and active pozzolan in concrete is the focus of this
study. Numerous researches have reported findings that range greatly, from significant strength
improvements to strength decreases. The size of the silica fume particles, according to the
authors, can significantly alter the mechanical characteristics of specimens made of cement
paste. Compressive strength at 7 and 28 days increased when silica fume was added to regular
Portland cement paste. In general, silica fume does not improve the performance of mortar
during long-term curing; nevertheless, at high concentrations, it has the same effects on mortar
as micro silica, which may be the result of the aggregation of nanoparticles. Consequences of
this investigation, silica fume is the best choice for strengthening the mechanical and
microstructural behavior of RAC as a partial replacement for cement.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

• To analyze the mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete with partial

replacement of OPC by silica fume.
• To assess the microstructural behavior with varying concentrations of silica fume with the
reference mix and existing studies.

4
1.5 THESIS LAYOUT

The complete thesis contains important information in several parts that helps with the
recycled aggregate concrete. This book has a total of five chapters.
A flowchart in Figure 1 outlines the steps taken to perform the research.

Chapter 1
It is the introduction element of this research, and it is divided into
five sections that describe basic information, research scope, the
importance of this study, objectives, and the thesis layout.

Chapter 2
A comprehensive literature review is presented in Chapter 2. This
chapter includes recycled aggregate associated with coarse
aggregate, cement, coarse aggregate, sand and silica fume.

Chapter 3
Chapter 3 provides a description of the methodology used for this
study's research. All of the laboratory tests that were performed to
complete this study are described in detail in this chapter.

Chapter 4
In Chapter 4, the findings of all the tests performed as well as
discussions about these laboratory tests were presented. This paper
emphasized on the performance of silica fume in recycled
aggregate concrete as a partial replace of cement which is a
supplementary cementitious material.

Chapter 5
Chapter 5 presents the results of this study. The important
laboratory test results are covered in detail in this chapter. The
weaknesses of the thesis were also covered in this chapter, along
with suggestions for the future.

Figure 1.1: Investigation flow chart of research

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

This chapter comprises with the general background of this study. The appraisal of earlier work
is included in this chapter, which also focuses on the potential for doing advanced research.
The characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), the common materials used to make
RAC, the results of substituting Silica Fume for other ingredients like cement, and the necessity
of RAC in the current construction environment are also covered. The silica fume's impact on
RAC's qualities, both when it's new and when it's hardened, is incorporated into this evaluation
of the literature.

2.2 BACKGROUND

Concrete has been a staple of the construction industry for more than a century because of its
adaptability, simplicity in shaping, and low cost. It is one of the most extensively used
construction materials. Cement, fine aggregates (such as sand), and coarse aggregates are
mixed with water to create concrete, which eventually becomes hard. The most popular type
of cement for making concrete is called Portland cement. In order to create concrete with a
variety of characteristics and uses, many types of cement are employed. Concrete has been a
staple of the construction industry for more than a century because of its adaptability, simplicity
in shaping, and low cost. Some varieties of cement include Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC),
cement that hardens quickly, cement that is resistant to sulfates, and others. To achieve the
certain strength, materials are combined in a specified ratio. The water-cement ratio has a
significant impact on a variety of qualities, including strength, workability, and durability. For
the creation of concrete that is usable, a sufficient water-cement ratio is necessary. When water
and other ingredients are combined, cement reacts with the water and the hydration process
begins. This reaction aids in the formation of a solid matrix that holds the constituent parts
together to generate a long-lasting substance that resembles stone. The quality of the raw
ingredients, the coarse/fine aggregate ratio, the w/c ratio, the age of the concrete, the degree of

6
compaction, the temperature, the relative humidity, and the curing process are only a few of
the variables that determine concrete strength.
The rapid urbanization of developing countries has caused a remarkable increase in the demand
for natural aggregate in recent years. On the other hand, it causes an increase in the production
of waste from demolition and construction. The production of concrete products, such as
cement, the extraction of aggregate, and transportation, has, however, come under fire for the
significant quantity of CO2 that has been generated. New types of aggregates must be found
immediately because natural aggregates are nonrenewable resources. Making concrete
aggregate out of debris from construction and demolition (C&D) is one of the suggested
solutions. C&D waste has a negative environmental impact, thus using recycled aggregate
(RA) in concrete will assist to lessen that impact. It should be emphasized that natural aggregate
(NA) can be swapped out for RA in order to meet the ever-increasing construction demand
without using up natural resources [5]. Additionally, adopting RA rather than NA reduces CO2
emissions and raw material use during the production of structural members [22, 23]. An
analysis of statistical data revealed that China created 15 billion tons of construction debris in
2015 [24]. It is also anticipated that the need for construction aggregate will increase to up to
47 billion tons yearly [25]. One of the most important things the construction industry does to
help preserve the environment and promote long-term sustainability is to find new uses for the
waste it generates. The longer these materials last, the less garbage is dumped and the fewer
trees are cut down [26]. However, construction projects necessitate a great deal of natural
materials like sand and gravel, and their extraction can affect the course of rivers and their
beds, leading to environmental concerns [27]. Although recycled aggregates are being
encouraged for use in the making of concrete by the global construction industry, this is mostly
done to address the issue of the depletion of natural aggregates.
The workability of fresh RAC is considered to be one of the most important aspects of RAC
and has a notable effect on its hardened attributes as well [28]. The qualities of both fresh and
hardened concrete are impacted by the attached mortar to RCAs because it decreases the quality
of recycled aggregates by increasing porosity, water absorption, and resistance [29]. In terms
of its physical properties, recycled aggregate differs from natural aggregate by being more
water-absorbent. Recycled aggregate absorbs more water because more cement mortar coats
each aggregate particle. When compared to natural aggregate concrete recycled aggregate
concrete has a lower compressive strength because it absorbs more water [30, 31]. The
hardened qualities of recycled aggregate concrete were inferior to those of natural concrete
aggregate (NCA) when the mixture proportions were the same. These detrimental outcomes
7
were considerably reduced when recycled aggregate was cleaned [32]. Further, concrete made
with recycled concrete aggregate can benefit from the addition of SF as a supplemental binder
material to boost its mechanical and physical qualities [33]. One strategy to lower CO2
emissions is the use of mineral admixtures like Silica fume (SF) in the manufacturing of
concrete. These are materials that are left over from other processes that can be used in place
of regular Portland cement (OPC) [34]. The usage of such materials can significantly help in
lowering cement use, which in turn may significantly help to lower environmental-related
difficulties.
Fly ash and powdered granulated blast furnace slag were reported by Corinaldesi and Moriconi
(2009) to have less of an effect on the compressive behavior of RAC than SF. Smelter's flux
(SF) is a byproduct of metal refining [1]. Because of its micro-filler characteristics and
pozzolanic effect, SF can improve the bonding of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between
the aggregates and paste, hence altering the concrete's mechanical properties [19].
Interestingly, Çakır, Ö (2014) also concluded that the usage of SF might cause greater and
impactful improvement in the mechanical properties of RAC compared with natural concrete
aggregate (NCA) [35]. This may be associated with the increased interface transition zones and
the higher w/c ratio that result from the high-water absorption rate of the RCAs (ITZ). An
analysis of recycled concrete reveals three distinct interface transition zones: 1) the layer
separating the old mortar from the new mortar, 2) the layer separating the aggregates from the
old mortar, and (optionally) 3) the layer separating the recycled aggregate from the new mortar.
Given that the transition layer lies at the concrete's weakest structural point. It is possible for
resistance to change, either decreasing or increasing, depending on the RCAs and the needs of
the reference concrete in which the recycled aggregate was employed [4, 36]. For example,
researchers have discussed how silica fume and steel fiber affect the mechanical characteristics
and impact behavior of concrete made with two different types of recycled coarse aggregates
(RCAs). Ebrahim Nazarimofrad et al. found that all recycled aggregate concretes' compressive
and split tensile strengths were significantly impacted by the use of silica fume and steel fibers
at the same time, most likely as a result of the steel fibers' improved adhesion to the silica fume-
containing mortar and the mortar's improved ITZ with the RCA [37]. There are several impacts
of silica fume on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) studied in order to
increase the effectiveness of using recycled concrete as an aggregate. Faiz A. M. Mirza and
Mohammed A. Saif (2010) conducted an experiment about the replacement rates for natural
aggregate with recycled aggregate were 0, 50, and 100% by weight. Silica fume was used to
replace cement to the extent of 5, 10, and 15% also by weight [38]. The findings demonstrated
8
that grade 40/50 MPa recycled aggregate concrete can be produced successfully. As
compressive and splitting tensile strength values were noted at all ages, the best combination
for RAC is composed of 100% recycled aggregate content and 5% SF as a partial replacement.
On the other hand, Ayser J. Ismail et al. summarized a systematic approach to determine how
recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) affected the mechanical properties and workability of RAC
[39]. Additionally, the effects of using silica fume (SF) in place of cement on RAC
performance were also examined. Four percentages of silica fume (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%)
were used. To achieve mechanical performance for the RAC comparable to the concrete
including NCA, silica fume can be used at contents of (10–20%) percent of cement mass. H.
Dilbas et al. conducted an experimental investigation to compare the mechanical and physical
characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without silica fume (SF) [19].
In this investigation, recycled aggregate (RA) with and without SF is employed in concrete
compositions made from destroyed building rubble. The ideal ratio for RA in concrete mixtures
is suggested to be 30 percent for improved results. It has been discovered that adding 5% SF
to RAC makes it easier to improve its weaker qualities, including compressive strength. An
experimental study was conducted by Jianhe Xie et al. to find out how silica fume (SF) and
particles of rubber could work together to improve the compressive strength of treated steel-
fiber recycled aggregate concrete was also rubberized [24]. The primary test parameters were
SF and rubber contents. In order to evaluate RSRAC's carbon emissions, we conducted a series
of axial compression tests to analyze its compressive strength, energy dissipation capacity,
elasticity modulus and failure cause. Compressive strength of RSRAC is improved by the
incorporation of SF due to the fortification of weak interfacial connections between the RCA,
steel fiber, rubber particles, and cement paste. The strength of this kind is affected by the
amount of SF present. It is discovered that RSRAC having 100% recycled coarse aggregate,
10% SF, and 5% rubber produces the best results when compressive characteristics and carbon
emissions are taken into account synthetically. George Dimitriou et al. discussed the impact of
RCA on concrete and a way for treating RCA to enhance its properties by minimizing the
amount of adhering mortar and, consequently, its characteristics (RAC) [40]. Cement was
partially replaced by mineral admixtures. Particularly, the proper usage of silica fume had an
important impact on the values of sportily and chloride permeability. According to an
approximative cost study it is found that RAC mixtures is less expensive than NA mixtures.
From various study it is found that compressive and split tensile strengths of recycled aggregate
concretes were significantly impacted by the use of SF and steel fibers at the same time, most
likely as a result of the steel fiber’s improved adhesion to the silica fume containing mortar and
9
the mortar's improved ITZ with the RCA. The impact resistance of recycled aggregate
concretes was dramatically decreased by the incorporation of 100% RCA of both types. Even
with the addition of silica fume, the same holds true. Liaqat Ali Qureshi et al. studied how the
addition of hook-ended steel fibers (HSF) and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs)
affected the durability and compressive performance of rice husk ash (RAC) [41]. The
compressive strength of RAC was increased by 22–25% and 18–24%, respectively, by 1% HSF
+ 10% SF and 1% HSF + 15% RHA. Moreover 1% HSF addition to RAC resulted in a 28%
improvement in tensile strength. The tensile strength was increased by more than 39% at the
age of 90 days due to the coupling action of fibers and other SCMs.
Jianhe Xie et al. conducted research to study the mechanical behavior of rubberized steel-fiber
recycled aggregate concrete (RSRAC) modified with silica fume in order to design RSRAC in
a safe and cost-effective manner [24]. The RSRAC with 10% silica fume and 5% rubber for
structural elements looks to be more sustainable than standard concrete from the point of view
of the synthetic analysis of mechanical improvement and manufacturing costs. According to
the investigation of Amnon Katz (2004) [42] the microscopic makeup of recycled material
made by smashing old concrete. It was discovered that the recycled aggregate is covered with
loose particles, which could hinder a strong bond between the recycled aggregate and the new
cement matrix. Because of the porous and broken old cement paste that was still on the natural
aggregate, the recycled aggregate's mechanical qualities were poor. At ages 7 and 28 days, the
recycled aggregate's compressive strength had increased by 15% and by 23-33 percent after
being impregnated considering 10% by weight silica fume treatment. Harpal Singh alongside
Mohd Ishfaq (2019) demonstrated in their study that M30 grade self-compacting concrete
(SCC) with recycled aggregate at different percentages (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and
varying percentages of silica fume had good compressive strength, good abrasion resistance,
and good chloride penetration resistance (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) [43]. Results were
contrasted with SCC which is typical. It was found that replacing recycled aggregates with
50% and silica fume with 10% respectively led to the greatest gain in compressive strength and
durability. On another study Ozgur Cakır and Omer Ozkan Sofyanli(2014) described the
impacts of adding silica fume (SF) to the concrete mix design to raise the caliber of recycled
aggregates used in concrete [44]. SF was used in place of Portland cement at percentages of
0%, 5%, and 10%. Considering 10% of SF as a cement replacement for recycled aggregate
concretes improved the hardened and physical qualities of concrete, according to tests on
compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity water absorption.
Hossein Sasanipour et al. provided an experimental study in which silica fume was employed
10
as a component of cementitious materials in order to enhance the qualities of self-compacting
concrete (SCC), which was manufactured with fine and coarse recycled aggregates [45]. In the
lab, three sets of mixes were created. In the first and second series, coarse recycled aggregates
were employed with replacement levels of 25, 50, 75, and 100%, along with or without silica
fume. The fresh characteristics and workability of SCCs were enhanced by silica fume. P.
Hosseini et al. explored how a colloidal nano-silica solution affected the characteristics of
freshly-poured and hardened concrete [46]. The dosage of nano-silica, which included 0%,
1.5%, and 3% of cement content, and the cement content of the concrete, which included 400
and 450 kg/m3, were the primary factors. Simple concretes were used to contrast the results.
The mechanical and microstructure (SEM test) properties of the concretes were tested. After
conducting the investigation, it was determined that using 100% recycled materials in place of
coarse natural aggregates reduced compressive strength by 15% to 20%. Compressive strengths
for nano-silica-added concrete are higher than those for normal concrete by a factor of 3%. The
lower workability of concrete was the outcome of increasing the amount of nano-silica and
recycled particles. Tang Yunchao et al. demonstrated that the addition of SF only strengthens
RAC later, whereas the significant pozzolanic activity of NS can strengthen RAC earlier.
Compression and splitting tensile tests were conducted to examine the mechanical properties
of SF-NS modified RAC (SSRAC) at different ages after curing [47]. The results demonstrated
that the combined use of NS and SF improved RAC's efficiency at both the younger and older
curing ages. Since the combination of NS and SF features displays good mechanical
performance, the proportions of 2% or 3% NS as SCMs are recommended. The XRD
examination showed that the characteristic diffraction peak of silica for RAC was almost
identical to that of NS modifies RAC(NSRAC), indicating that the crystal structure of silica
was stable. The unique properties of the C-S-H diffraction peak were also enhanced by the
addition of NS and SF. This occurrence demonstrates that both NS and SF underwent a
secondary hydration reaction with CH, which enhanced the synthesis of C-S-H and had a
positive pozzolanic influence. Its characteristic diffraction peak, CH, was thus larger in SSRAC
than in NSRAC and RAC. When using solely NS as the SCM, the typical diffraction peak of
C-S-H for SFRAC was similar to that of RAC and substantially lower than that for SSRAC. In
part because of this, the forces were weakened.
There needs to improve the situation because the production of building trash has been
increasing rapidly globally. This is because construction activities have significantly improved,
leading to the demolition of many ancient buildings that had to be torn down due to either
insufficient land for new development or structural issues with the older structures. The issue
11
of disposing of the estimated 12 billion tons of demolished concrete trash from the demolition
of buildings and other reinforced concrete structures must be addressed by the entire world
each year [48]. We must balance the demand for aggregate in order to make construction
materials sustainable and maintain our planet's habitability for future generations. This
equilibrium can be achieved by recycling the waste concrete from demolished structures. It is
possible to address both the disposal issue associated with the demolished concrete waste as
well as the environmental issues related to the manufacture of natural aggregate by recycling
destroyed concrete trash and using it in new construction projects.

2.3 RECYCLED AGGREGATE ASSOCIATED WITH COARSE

AGGREGATE

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is a type of concrete that contains coarse aggregate that
are used, demolished or recycled. Although the use of RCA in the creation of RAC is
advantageous for sustainability and the environment, its performance is inferior to that of
natural aggregate concrete (NAC) [49]. When compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC),
recycled concrete (RAC) has more porosity and more interior microcracks [50]. The
replacement rate of RA is one of the major elements impacting the mechanical characteristics
of RAC as a result of the low application rate of RAC [51]. The performance of RAC is
reportedly worse than that of NAC. Concrete in both its fresh and hardened states is affected
by RCA [52]. Concrete's mechanical qualities and ability to be worked are both reduced by
RCA. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete may
all be reduced by up to 40%, 25%, and 20%, respectively, when compared to NAC [53].
Recycled concrete aggregates are different from natural aggregates in that they are formed of
two different materials and natural aggregate with cement mortar connected are one of two
according to several studies. Frondistou-Yannas (2007) assessed and contrasted the
mechanical characteristics of normal concrete with concrete that used waste concrete from
demolition in place of natural material [54]. The worst characteristics of recycled aggregates
are lower density, greater absorption, and greater abrasion come from cement mortar [55].
It was discovered that as the replacement rate of recycled aggregate increased the compressive
strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus of RAC decreased relative to those of normal
concrete (NC) [56]. This is primarily due to the recycled aggregate's high porosity, high water
absorption, and low strength. With the exception of a modest fall in young's modulus, it has

12
been reported that at recycled aggregate utilization levels of 25–50%, little or no adverse effects
were seen on the strength, workability, or fracture qualities [57, 58]. Previous research has
connected this behavior to the poor RCA. RCA is made of natural aggregate with porous mortar
connected to its surface that exhibits microcracks [59]. In addition to being very heterogeneous
and porous, recycled aggregates also have a high impurity level. Chandra (2005) stated that
using more cement or admixtures that reduce water by more than 30%, the coarse aggregate
from building and demolition debris can make a variety of concretes with acceptable
compressive strengths [60]. The quality and strength of recycled aggregate concrete mixes are
reduced because more water is required to achieve the same workability as natural aggregate
concrete mixes without the addition of admixtures. With the same proportions of water and
cement, it is common knowledge that the mechanical and physical properties of recycled
aggregate concrete decline as the percentage of recycled aggregate rises. Although concrete
making is one of the high-grade sectors where recycled aggregate can be utilized, using
recycled materials reduces the strength of concrete by as much as 40% [61, 62]. Recycled
aggregate is more absorbent than natural aggregate because it has a higher water absorption
rate, which is one of the physical properties that sets it apart from natural aggregate. Recycled
aggregate absorbs more water due to the higher rate of cement mortar adsorption linked to the
aggregate particles. Due to higher water absorption, recycled aggregate concrete has a lower
compressive strength than concrete made with natural aggregate [63, 64]. The mechanical
characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete performed worse than those of natural aggregate
concrete under the same combination proportions. These detrimental impacts were
significantly reduced when recycled aggregate was cleaned [65].
The qualities of freshly built concrete can be impacted by RCA's greater angularity, surface
roughness, absorption, and porosity [66]. Concrete is less workable and more challenging to
polish properly due to the higher angularity and surface roughness of RCA particles. No
statistically significant decrease in tensile strength occurred between 91 and 365 days, despite
the fact that several researches noticed that the ensile strength of RCA concrete is around 10%
lower than that of NCA concrete [67]. Concrete's permeability is influenced by both the
aggregate's ability to absorb water and the permeability of the concrete mix. Concrete's porosity
size distribution and pore continuity both have an impact on how permeable it is. For the same
w/c ratio, the permeability of RCA concrete seems to be higher than that of NCA concrete.
However, there hasn't been much research done on the creep of RCA concrete. RCA concrete
often has creep that is between 30 and 60 percent higher than NCA concrete [68]. In an effort
to better the qualities of RAC, many researchers focus on the way RAs are treated, such as by
13
employing physical or chemical activation to promote RA function. When RAs was processed
with acids, Saravanakumar et al. noticed that the RAC they created had greater compressive
strength [14]. According to Hosseini Zadeh et al., calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate
hydrate, which are already present in the old mortar on the surface of RAs, can react with CO2.
The mortar's pores can then be filled with the new chemical substance, reducing porosity and
increasing RAC strength [69]. By utilizing microorganisms to build calcium carbonate on the
surface of RAC, Khushnood et al. altered the material, which greatly decreased water
absorption and increased compressive strength [70]. As adhering mortar in recycled aggregate
is frequently much weaker than that of natural aggregate and new cement paste. Because of
this, improving the properties of ITZs and ancient cement mortar is crucial to the development
of high-strength RAC and its widespread usage in building engineering. The suggested
methods of activating or changing RAs to enhance RAC properties also have a limited
influence due to their downsides, such as challenging processes or the introduction of
dangerous ions (Cl, SO4) [71]. As a result, widespread application of these technologies in
construction engineering is challenging.

The situation needs to be improved because building waste generation has been rising quickly
on a global scale. This is owing to a considerable improvement in construction activities, which
has resulted in the demolition of numerous historic buildings that had to be demolished due to
either a lack of land for new development or structural problems with the older structures.
Every year, the entire world must deal with the problem of disposing of the estimated 12 billion
tons of demolished concrete waste that result from the destruction of buildings and other
reinforced concrete structures. To make construction materials sustainable and keep our planet
habitable for future generations, we must balance the demand for aggregate. Concrete scrap
from demolished buildings can be recycled to create this equilibrium. By recycling destroyed
concrete waste and utilizing it in new building projects, it is feasible to handle both the disposal
issue related to the demolished concrete waste as well as the environmental difficulties related
to the creation of natural aggregate.

14
2.4 ELEMENTS OF RAC

2.4.1 CEMENT

When used in construction, cement acts as a binder, binding materials together by setting,
hardening, and sticking to them. Rarely is cement used on its own; rather, it is utilized to bond
sand and gravel (aggregate) together. It offers a mass of particles that can withstand applied
stresses, abrasion, moisture percolation, and the effects of the weather. It lessens the volume
fluctuations brought on by the hardening and setting processes as well as by changes in the
cement paste's moisture content. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which complies with
ASTM Standard Specification for Portland Cement (ASTM C150) Type-1, has been used to
create recycled aggregate concretes. Unfortunately, ASTM C150's chemical and physical
criteria are somewhat ambiguous, and cements that meet these hazy requirements can have a
wide range of chemical and fineness compositions. As a result, cements of the same kind
ostensibly will have very variable strengths, especially when combined with chemical
admixtures and additional cementing elements. Therefore, it is essential to consider the
cement's fitness and chemical qualities while selecting Portland cement for use in recycled
aggregate concrete. However, further research has demonstrated that high C3A levels should
be avoided in cements used for recycled aggregate concrete since they typically cause a rapid
loss of flow in fresh concrete [72].

2.4.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

The targeted compressive strength and the maximum size of coarse aggregate utilized in earlier
research were used to determine the maximum size of coarse aggregate. Using an excellent
coarse aggregate, a good coarse aggregate with a maximum size range of 2 to 6 mm and a
compressive strength of up to 70 MPa can be produced. In this investigation, concrete of grade
30 was made with 10 to 20 mm-sized particles. The coarse aggregate's fineness modulus was
determined to be 7.31 by gradation. In order to make concrete with a 30 grade, it is essential to
consider the aggregate's inherent strength as well as the bond or adhesion between the paste
and the aggregate. In order to use it as coarse aggregate, aggregate is collected from building
and demolition waste. According to experiments, crushed stone aggregates produce concrete
with a better compressive strength than gravel aggregate when the same size aggregates and
cementing ingredients are used. The hazardous coatings of dust and clay should not be present

15
on the large, coarse particles used in concrete. Since crushed rock particles are nearly equal in
size and match the requirements for strength and property, they are suitable coarse aggregate
particles, especially if they are of glacial origin. It is imperative to keep away from any flat or
elongated particles.

2.4.3 SAND

Sand serves a lesser role in providing workability and surface finishing qualities in recycled
aggregate concrete than it does in standard strength mixes due to the high quantity of
cementitious material in the mix. Gradation of sand revealed a medium coarse sand with a
fineness modulus (FM) of 2.61. It is thought that a coarse sand that has a fineness modulus
(FM) of about 2.8 is adequate for offering good workability and strong compressive strength
[73]. The Cost/Benefit Ratio decreases significantly as the fineness modulus of sand rises.
When FM is increased from 2.0 to 3.0, this is reduced by 29%. This indicates that utilizing
concrete with coarse sand has many benefits [74]. Sand's compressive strength increases from
43.07 to 49.00 MPa as its fineness modulus increases from 2.0 to 2.5. For example, strength
rises by 14% [75]. Contrarily, by raising the Fineness Modulus from 2.5 to 3, compressive
strength increases from 49.00 to 56.83 MPa, yielding a 16 percent improvement in strength
[76]. Flexural Strength rises by 2.1 to.5% for every 0.1 increase in FM of sand from 2.0 to 3.0
[77]. The sand's coarser side is where the strength increases the most.

2.4.4 SILICA FUME

Old mortar clung to the aggregate's surface, according to the characteristics of recycled
aggregate. Silica fume becomes vitally required for creating strong bonds. It should therefore
be incorporated into the RAC mix wherever possible, even though it is reasonably priced and
readily available. Because silica fume is a waste product from the production of silicon and
silicon alloys, its composition is not well known [78]. The characteristics of concrete are
enhanced by silica fume, a nano-sized SCM that has a stronger pozzolanic activity than SF and
further refines the particle size distribution of the raw ingredients [51]. Zareei et al. [79]
suggested that using NS could be a great substitute for using less cement to make high-strength
concrete. Due to its large specific surface area and strong reactivity, NS can encourage cement
hydration, increase concrete strength early on, and decrease porosity to create a thick

16
microstructure [80]. Every new source of silica fume should have its silica, alkali, and carbon
concentrations evaluated by nitrogen adsorption, together with the specific surface area of the
source. There are numerous ways to obtain silica fume. It is difficult to handle in bulk form
because of its high unit weight in bulk, which ranges from 118 to 147.5 pcf (200–250 kg/m3).
There is now densified silica fume available, with bulk densities between 400 and 500 kg/m3,
almost twice as high as those in the bulk form. Compared to bulk silica fume, densified silica
fume is more expensive.

17
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 GENERAL

This chapter represents the general materials and methodology used in this research work. This
chapter comprises the materials used in preparing RSACSF mixes. Instrumental set up and
methodology of compressive and splitting tensile strength has been described. It includes the
material composition of cement, coarse recycled stone aggregate, sand and silica fume. This
also includes some property tests results of fine and coarse aggregate. The preparation of test
specimen and curing, mechanical characteristics analysis methods, microstructural analysis
methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction test are described.

3.2 MATERIALS

3.2.1 CEMENT

Cement influences the most crucial properties of the mix, including workability, compressive
strength, drying shrinkage, and durability, significant in concrete mixtures. The strength matrix
is created as a result of the reaction between the water and cement particles during the hydration
process, which binds the aggregate [81]. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the basic
ingredient of concrete. Premier Cement was used in this research work. It conforms to the
Bangladesh Standard BDS EN 197-1:2003 CEM-I 42.5 N and 52.5 N, European Standard EN
197 type CEM I, and American Standard ASTM C 150 Type-I mark. It contains Portland
Clinker: 95-100% and Gypsum: 0-5%. The specific surface area of cement was 388 m2/kg.
Ordinary Portland cement has been shown in Figure 3.1. The chemical ingredients of Ordinary
Portland Cement has been shown in Table 3.1.

18
 Figure 3.1: Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Table 3.1: Chemical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement

Constituents Weight (%)

OPC
SiO2 19.01
Al2O3 4.58
Fe2O3 3.20
CaO 66.89
MgO 1.26
Na2O 1.205
MnO 0.19
K2O 2.76
SO2 0.45
Loss of Ignition (LOI) 1.235

19
3.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

Concrete's mass and volume, respectively, range from 70 to 85% of aggregates. The strength,
elastic, thermal, dimensional, and volume stability of concrete are all greatly influenced by
coarse aggregate. The likelihood of shrinking is higher for cement. Coarse aggregate can reduce
shrinkage and stop cracking by being added to the mix. The coarse aggregate used for this
study was obtained from local suppliers. Crushed natural stone chips with a maximum particle
size of 20 mm were used in this study. In all test procedures, ASTM standard sieve size 10 mm
retained & 4.75 mm passing stone chips were used to prepare the mixes. The physical
properties of aggregates such as fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture content, void
ratio, and loose and compacted bulk density were determined according to the standards set out
by ASTM C136/C136M-19, ASTM C127-15, ASTM C566, ASTM C128-15, ASTM C29/
C29M_17a respectively [82-85]. The values of the property tests for coarse recycled stone are
shown in table 3.2. The coarse recycled stones are collected from the demolished building
concrete from RUET. Then it was broken down into small pieces and washed it, afterward
soaked into HCl solution for 24 hours so that the adhered mortar can be removed from the
aggregate as much as possible. After 24 hours it is placed for sundry for 24 hours. After
following those steps freshly recycled stone can be obtained for use to make recycled stone
concrete. Figure 3.2 shows the processing of recycled aggregate. Gradation curve of coarse
aggregate is shown in Figure 3.4.

(a) (b)

20
 (c) (d)

Figure 3.2: Processing of recycled concrete aggregate

(a) Crushing of demolished concrete (b)Soaked in HCl solution
(c) Placed for sundry (d) Fresh recycled aggregate

Table 3.2: Physical Properties of fine and coarse aggregate

Parameter Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate

Fineness Modulus 2.61 7.31

Specific Gravity 2.63 2.78
Moisture Content (%) 1.83 2.01
Loose Density (Kg/m3) 1465 1457
Bulk Density (Kg/m3) 1555 1572
Void Ratio (%) 40.75 43.33

3.2.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Concrete mixtures become more compact with the aid of fine aggregate. They are a necessary
component in the building and upkeep of stiff structures since they also reduce the consumption
of cement and water and increase the mechanical strength of the concrete. Concrete mixtures
become more compact with the aid of fine aggregate. They are a necessary component in the
building and upkeep of stiff structures since they also reduce the consumption of cement and
water and increase the mechanical strength of the concrete. In this study, Sylhet sand was used
and collected from the local market. The values of the property tests for fine aggregate are

21
shown in table 3.2. The saturated surface dry (SSD) conditioned Sylhet sand and silica fume is
shown in figure 3.3. Gradation curve of Fine aggregate is shown in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.3: Sylhet Sand

Grain Size Distribution Curve

100
90
80
Cumulative Percentage Passing (%)

70 Fine Aggregate
60
50
40 Coarse Aggregate
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100
Particle Size (mm)

Figure 3.4: Gradation curve of fine and coarse aggregates

22
3.2.4 SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL: SILICA
FUME

Silica fume which is also referred to as micro silica (CAS number 69012-64-2, EINECS
number 273-762-1), is a non-crystalline (amorphous) form of silica, which is also known as
silicon dioxide. As a byproduct of the manufacture of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys, it is an
ultrafine powder that has been collected. The main ground of application is as pozzolanic
material for recycled aggregate concrete. In this study, it was collected from the ‘NEOTECH
Construction Chemical Company Ltd, Dhaka’. The chemical composition of the OPC and
silica fume (La Adcrete MS) are shown in Table 3.3

Figure 3.5: Silica Fume

Table 3.3: Chemical Properties of Silica Fume

Constituents Weight (%)

Silica Fume
SiO2 89.94
Al2O3 0.51
Fe2O3 0.65
CaO 0.75
MgO 1.52
Na2O 0.21
MnO -
K2O 0.47
SO2 0.09
Loss of Ignition (LOI) 5.26

23
3.2.5 WATER

In this study, fresh water that was fit for drinking was used for the concreting process. The pH
of the water ranged from 8.35 to 8.6, which made it somewhat alkaline in nature.

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

3.3.1 MIX DESIGN

Concrete mix proportions that were calculated according to ACI 211.1-91 [46]is written below:

Here, Desired strength of concrete, fmin (MPa)

Standard deviation, s (MPa)

Now, the next steps are:

a) Assume 5 percent of results are considered to deviate below specified desired strength,

The mean strength, fm = fmin + ks -------------------------------------------------- (3.3)

b) The selected water to cement ratio is 0.46.

c) For 50 mm of slump, highest size of aggregate was used 20 mm, for no-air entrained
concrete, the water content is 185 kg/m3 of concrete.

The required cement quantity = 185 / (w/c) -------------------------------------- (3.4)

d) For 20 mm coarse aggregate, for fineness modulus of 2.61, the dry rodded bulk volume
of C.A. is 0.64 per unit volume of concrete.

e) Therefore, the weight of C.A. = 0.64 * Bulk density in (kg/m3) --------------- (3.5)

f) The density of fresh concrete for 20 mm maximum size of aggregate and for non-air-
entrained concrete = 2355 kg/m3

g) The weight of all the known ingredients of concrete,

Weight of water, w (kg/m3)

Weight of cement, c (kg/m3)

Weight of coarse aggregate, w1 (kg/m3)

Weight of Fine aggregate, w2 = [2355– (w+ c+ w1)] kg/m3 -------------------- (3.6)

24
Practically, the mix proportions can change depending on the characteristics of the individual
elements and the desired attributes of the concrete in service. Details of the mix code and
proportion of the mixtures are also presented in Table 3.4. The different concentrations of silica
fume used as a cement substitute led to different concrete mix designations at the rate of 0%,
4%, 8% and 16%. Five concrete mixes have been done with respect to the silica fume
percentage variation shown in Table 3.4. The basic mix composition of the concrete comprised
of a 1:1.9:2.50 ratio by volume of Ordinary Portland Cement, fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate. The ratio of water to binder was set as 0.46 in this study. Besides, silica fume was
used as a mineral admixture. Figure 3.4 shows the preparation for concrete, casting and casted
mounds with hardened concrete. The control mix is done with 0% silica fume. All authorized
concrete mixes were mixed in accordance with ASTM C685 guidelines.

Table 3.4: Mix Proportion of concrete

Mix. type Cement Water W/C Fine Coarse Silica

Aggregate Aggregate Fume
(Kg/m3) (L)
(Silica Sand) (Recycled (%)
Stone)
(kg/m3)
(Kg/m3)
RSACSF-0 386 185 0.46 762 1006 0

(Reference)

RSACSF-4 386 185 0.46 762 1006 4

RSACSF-8 386 185 0.46 762 1006 8

RSACSF-12 386 185 0.46 762 1006 12

RSACSF-16 386 185 0.46 762 1006 16

(a) (b)
Figure 3.6: (a) Casting of concrete (b) Casted moulds with hardened concrete

25
3.3.2 MIXING

The concrete mixes were prepared manually. At first cement and sand and the required
percentage of silica fume are mixed until they are of the same color. Then the mixture was
poured down into stones and mixed it with a spade. After that a small pit was dug into the
mixture and water is poured accordingly. Then the mixture was mixed from outside to inside
until it reaches the desired consistency. When mixing manually 10% extra cement was used.
The mixing of concrete is shown in figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7: Mixing of concrete

3.3.3 PREPARATION OF TEST SPECIMEN

The concrete prepared was poured in steel moulds which were oiled with proper lubricant
material. Three equal layers of newly mixed concrete were poured into the molds, and each
layer was tamped 25 times with a 16 mm tamping rod. Excess concrete was formed the top of
the mould and smoothened without imposing pressure on it. A total number of 60 nos mixed
were made; 30 nos cubic mould and 30 nos cylindrical moulds were prepared for overall tests.
Then the moulds were marked properly with their mixed proportion ID for future identification.
Those mix id was stated as RSACSF-0, RSACSF-4, RSACSF-8, RSACSF-12, and RSACSF-
16 with silica fume of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of cement weight accordingly. Then the
specimens were put at room temperature until hardening. After 24-36 hours, the moulds were
removed carefully so that no damage occurs to the specimens during demoulding. According

26
to the mix utilized and the serial number, each specimen was labeled. A day before testing, the
samples were then removed from the water and allowed to dry in the air. Demolded specimens
are shown in Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8: Demoulded specimens

3.3.4 CURING

The specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days in room temperature. Steel curing tanks were used
to cure the specimens. Figure 3.9 shows the curing of the specimens.

Figure 3.9: Curing of the specimens

27
3.4 TEST SET UP AND INSTRUMENTATION

3.4.1 FRESH TEST: SLUMP TEST

ASTM C143 was followed for conducting the Slump test. This test was carried out to ascertain
whether freshly mixed concrete was workable in compliance with the standard. To further
understand the impact of the substitution of silica fume for cement on the workability of the
concrete, slump tests were performed on all of the replacement options. The slump cone was
dampened before the test, which was then conducted with it, and it was then placed on a rigid,
level, moist steel surface. Then, using a scoop, the mold was filled with concrete. Three layers
of sample were added to the cone, and each layer was tamped 25 times using a 16mm-diameter
tamping rod. The layer was rodded 25 times while slightly angling the rod to get the edges,
ensuring that the whole surface area inside the cone was covered. It's crucial to remember that
tapping shouldn't be done on the cone's sides. This top layer must always be maintained, so if
it starts to sink below the cone's rim, some concrete should be poured. The extra concrete was
shifting and twitching. Without any sideways motion or twisting, the cone was pushed straight
up into the air. The lifting operation took between 3 and 7 seconds, depending on how many
people were involved. The slump cone was then moved to one side, and the tamping rod was
placed on top of the cone to complete the process. As illustrated in the image, measurements
were taken from the displaced center to the rod, and the slump was recorded to the nearest
quarter of an inch on each side. Figure 3.10 shows the slump cone setup and its measurement
of it. The slump value for M30 to M40 concrete can be taken as a minimum of 50 and a
maximum of 100. In table 3.4 slump value for the mixes is shown.

Figure 3.10: Measuring slump value

28
 Table 3.4: Slump value of concrete mixes

Concrete Mix Slump Value (mm)

SFRAC0 82

SFRAC4 78
SFRAC8 72
SFRSC12 70
SFRAC16 65

3.4.2 HARD TEST

3.4.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

According to the ASTM C140 standard, which was applied in this investigation, the cubic
specimen underwent a compressive strength test. Equation 3.1 was used to determine the test
results after the calibration of the testing device. The testing device could support 3000 kN.
The plates underwent a thorough cleaning. 20 cubes of 152 x 152 mm were tested for
compressive strength at 7 and 28 days after casting. The compressive testing machine was used
to apply the compression load in a single direction. The load was applied continuously and
uninterruptedly with a constant force of 0.25 MPa/s. On the basis of the failure load readings,
compressive strength was determined. It was also noted that the concrete had a type failure and
a bad appearance. By dividing the greatest load attained by the cross-sectional area of the
specimen during testing, compensatory strength is calculated. The next chapter will include a
representation of the maximum load and strength. In figure 3.11 compression testing machine
and testing specimens is shown.

The formula for calculating compressive strength of cube is shown in equation 1 and 2 below.

Cs= P/A…………………………………………………………………………………….(3.1)

Where, P= Load (N), A= Area (mm2)

29
 (a) (b)
Figure 3.11: (a) Compression testing machine (b) Testing specimen

3.4.2.2 SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

According to ASTM C496 standard, the cylinder specimen used in this investigation underwent
split tensile testing. The same equipment from the previous test was utilized to evaluate
compressive strength. Up until failure, the sample was subjected to a continuous rate of
diametric compressive loading. Figure 3.12 depicts the test configuration. The sample
experiences tensile failure when tensile stress is applied to the plate carrying the imposed load.
After 7 and 28 days of curing, 20 cylinder of 304 x 152 mm was removed from the water and
tested for tensile strength. The steel case was put on the lower plate with the compression
testing machine adjusted to the necessary range, and the specimen was then loaded into the test
apparatus. To ensure that each end is centered and vertically aligned, it was measured and
aligned. The upper plate was moved lower to prevent it from crashing into the case. Finally,
breaking load was noted. The final load was computed using the 3.1 equation and will be
showed in the following chapter. The split tensile strength setup is shown in figure 3.12.

30
 Figure 3.12: Splitting tensile strength test setup

3.4.2.3 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TEST

The microscopic structure of the recycled aggregate concrete sample with varied amounts of
silica fume was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The specimen was
broken down into small pieces sized around 2 cm for conducting the test. Because of their
facilities for SEM analysis, this test was conducted in Photovoltaic and Nanotechnology lab,
department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering &
Technology. Department of EEE, RUET provided the additional chemical elements needed to
conduct the test. The test was conducted in JCM-6000Plus Versatile Benchtop SEM. In figure
3.13 SEM testing setup and specimens are shown.

(a) (b)

Figure 3.13: (a) Specimen for SEM analysis (b) SEM test machine

31
3.4.2.4 X-RAY DIFFRACTION TEST

This test was also conducted in Photovoltaic and Nanotechnology lab, department of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology for their great
lab facilities. XRD analyses of those powders were performed using diffractometer with Cu
radiation over the range 10–80° 2θ, step size of 0.02° and scan speed of 2 degree/min. Silica
fume and cement about 5gm were given for this test to conduct. In figure 3.14 the specimens
for XRD test and XRD test machine is shown.

Figure 3.14: XRD machine

32
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 GENERAL

This chapter represents the experimental findings of this research work. It contains the
compressive and splitting tensile strength test results of the concrete mixes. Five mixes were
tested and entitled as RSACSF0, RSACSF4, RSACSF8, RSACSF12 and RSACSF16 with 0%,
4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% of silica fume by weight of cement respectively. The deviations in
strength test results and crack propagations of those specimens are discussed in this chapter.
The micro-structural behavior of RSACSF and reference mixes has also been illustrated, which
were extracted from Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction tests.

4.2 WORKABILITY OF RSAC WITH SILICA FUME: SLUMP TEST

The changes of slump values with addition of silica fume in RSAC are demonstrated in figure
4.1. From this graphical representation, it is seen that the slump values are decreasing with the
increment of silica fume percentages. 26.16%, 20%, 10.77%, and 7.69% linear declination of
slump values were found for RSACSF4, RSACSF8, RSACSF12, and RSACSF16 mixes over
control mix respectively. Silica fume sticks the ingredients of concrete together because of its
cementitious properties and it would be the first cause of the reduction of slump value. When
recycled aggregate is processed, the surface roughness is also increased, which tends to lessen
the flow characteristics and decrease the slump value. More specifically, resistance mobility
and grain locking in concrete could be happened due to the rough texture and uneven shape of
RSACSF. The decreasing trends of slump value with the inclusion of silica fume in concrete
have also been observed by findings from some researchers [39, 46, 86, 87]. It is found by
Younis, Alzeebaree et al. (2021) that the addition of up to 20% silica fume content in concrete
decreases the slump value from 110 mm to 55 mm [39]. Hosseini, Booshehrian et al. (2011)
stated in their study that the addition of nano-silica in concrete decreases the slump value from
120 mm to 30 mm [46]. Duval and Kadri (1998) showed in their study that the addition up to
10% silica fume to partial cement replacement has no effect on the workability of concrete
[86]. Mittal, Borsaikia et al. (2011) also found that fresh concrete has less workability to a
certain point after the addition of micro-silica [87]. However, the slump value of all the

33
concrete mixes were stayed within desired slump range is 20 mm to 100 mm, which is
suggested by ACI 211.1-19 [88].

SFRAC Mixes
90
Slump Value (mm)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0% 4% 8% 12% 16%
Silica Fume (%)

Figure 4.1: Slump value for different % of silica fume

4.3 EFFECT OF SILICA FUME CONTENT ON COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH

Table 4.1 represents the summary of compressive strength test results, those were analyzed by
varying statistical tools in terms of mean strength, standard deviation, coefficient of variation
(COV), standard error and the lower and upper range at 95% confidence interval. It is
noteworthy that three specimens of each percentage of silica fume were tested in the laboratory
and mean value was calculated from the test results of compressive strength at 7 and 28 days.
The statistical analysis shows that the compressive strength of the concrete specimens at all
curing ages ranged from 19.63 MPa to 31.39 MPa. At 7 days, the compressive strength of the
control mix was ranged from 19.63 to 19.89 MPa, while at 28 days, the strength of the control
mix was ranged from 31.20 to 31.39 MPa. The standard deviation concrete specimen ranges
from 0.112 to 0.087 with the corresponding COV of 0.57% to .28% and the standard error is
varied from 0.064 to 0.50. The compressive strength has the lowest value of 19.76 MPa at 7-
days for RSACSF-0 with 95% confidence interval of 19.63 MPa to 19.89 MPa and has the

34
highest value of 21.58 MPa at 7-days for RSACSF-16 with 95% confidence interval of 21.37
MPa to 21.78 MPa. In contrast, the compressive strength of 28-days for RSACSF-0 has the
lowest value of 30.08 MPa with 95% confidence interval of 29.91 MPa to 30.25 MPa and has
the highest value of 32.03 MPa at 28-days specimen with 95% confidence interval of 31.78
MPa to 32.28 MPa. The results of this study show that for adding silica fume with concrete
gradually increases its strength. However, 12% addition of silica fume shows better result than
further addition of silica fume at 28 days. Bajpai, Choudhary et al. (2020) reported that the
inclusion of silica fume in the range of 5 to 25% in concrete increases its compressive strength
from 6% to 30% [89]. Also, the highest co-efficient of variance identified from the Table 4.1
is 0.855% for the RSACSF-12 mix and the lowest co-efficient of variance is found as 0.136%
for the 8 percent incorporation of SF. The usages of silica fume at different level have
significantly affected the standard deviation of the all RSACSF mixes. However, this may not
always be the case due to material properties, environmental conditions, and the various
parameters used in various studies.

Table 4.1: Regression summary of the compressive strength test result

Mixes Days Mean Standard COV Standard 95% confidence

Strength Deviation (%) Error interval
(MPa)
Lower Upper
range range
RSACSF-0 7 19.76 0.112 0.566 0.064 19.63 19.89
28 30.08 0.152 0.505 0.087 29.91 30.25
RSACSF-4 7 20.34 0.078 0.383 0.045 20.25 20.43
28 30.20 0.121 0.469 0.069 30.06 30.33
RSACSF-8 7 20.52 0.028 0.136 0.016 20.48 20.60
28 31.12 0.162 0.513 0.093 30.94 31.30
RSACSF-12 7 21.36 0.176 0.823 0.102 21.16 21.56
28 32.03 0.220 0.855 0.127 31.78 32.28
RSACSF-16 7 21.58 0.182 0.843 0.105 21.37 21.78
28 31.29 0.087 0.278 0.050 31.20 31.39

After curing those specimens for 7 and 28 days, compressive test was conducted. For the
control and RSACSF mix, Figure 4.2 shows the variation in mean compressive strength from
the data of 3 specimens of each mix. From Table 4.1, it is observed that the compressive
strength of RSACSF specimens at 7 days is between 59.90 and 62.13% of the strength of
concrete specimens at 28 days. The illustration of figure 4.2 shows that the concrete made from

35
recycled stone and silica fume performed admirably by giving the needed strength and the
highest value was found 32.05 MPa for RSACSF-12 mix which is consists of 12% silica fume.
From figure 4.2 it is seen that after adding 16% silica fume decrease the strength compared
with previous one. The study clearly shown that SFRAC had higher compressive strength than
control concrete specimens after 7 and 28 days of curing.

7 days 28 days
35
Compressive Strength (MPa)

30

25

20

15

10

0
RSACSF-0 RSACSF-4 RSACSF-8 RSACSF-12 RSACSF-16
Variation of Mixes

Figure 4.2: Compressive strength test results of the concrete mixes at 7 and 28 days.

Figure 4.3 demonstrates that at 28 days, the progressive percentage change in compressive
strength of RSACSF relative to control mix is greater for silica fume concentrations of more
than 12%. The highest ideal silica fume level in this investigation is therefore 12%.
Yunchao et al., 2021[90]demonstrated from his study that for the age of 28 days, the strength
increased with the increase in NS content, and for other ages, it reached a peak at 2%. When
the RA replacement was 50%, the compressive strength of RAC decreased with a low NS
content of 1%. For a RA replacement of 100%, NS enhanced the compressive strength of RAC
at early curing ages. with an increase in the content of SF, compressive strength of SFRC at
different ages generally showed a tendency of first decreasing, then increasing, and finally
decreasing. This means that excessively low or high SF contents affect SFRC properties. The
compressive strength is increased by silica fume addition by up to 11.23%. Thus, the optimum
value found for the SFRAC mixes is the 12% incorporated one after considering the 28 days
compressive strength test.

36
 12

Increase of Compressive Strength 10

6
(28 days)

0
4% 8% 12% 16%
Silica Fume %

Figure 4.3: Increase of compressive strength of the concrete mixes

The failure patterns due to compression testing of cylindrical control and RSACSF specimens
with different concentration of silica fume at 28 days testing period are represented in figure
4.4. An inclined fracture wedge surface is formed just after the peal stress attained in cubic
specimens of RSACSF-4 and RSACSF-8. Therefore, concrete started to spalling leading to the
so-called cone and shear failure mode indicated as shown in Figure 4.4 (b)-(c). It can be seen
that the degree of cracking in this wedge formation causes the cubic specimens to lose more
energy. The sample fracture pattern demonstrated the silica fume's confining impact in
conjunction with the crushed recycled stone used as aggregate, which tends to hold the
materials together and has the opposite effect of lateral stress. Again, cone and shear failure
were detected by the specimen (a) and (c) having the mix id of RSACSF-16 and RSACSF-8
and indicated in figure 4.4. The smaller size aggregates spall out from the mortar bonding due
to cement matrix particles and this behavior is similar to previous experimental studies [91]. In
figure 4.4 (d) microcracks have been seen in RSACSF-12 after the ultimate load has been
implemented.

37
 (a) RSACSF-16 (b) RSACSF-4

(c) RSACSF-8 (d) RSACSF-12

Figure 4.4: Observed compressive strength failure patterns of the specimen at 28 days of
(a) RSACSF-16 (b) RSACSF-4 (c) RSACSF-8 and (d) RSACSF-12

38
4.4 EFFECT OF SILICA FUME CONTENT ON SPLITTING TENSILE
STRENGTH

Table 4.2 represents the summary of splitting tensile strength test results, those were analyzed
by varying statistical tools in terms of mean strength, standard deviation, coefficient of
variation (COV), standard error and the lower and upper range at 95% confidence interval. It
is to be noted that three specimens of each percentage of silica fume were tested in the
laboratory and mean value was calculated from the test results of splitting tensile strength at 7
and 28 days. The statistical analysis shows that the splitting tensile strength of the concrete
specimens at all curing ages ranged from 1.55 MPa to 3.14 MPa. At 7 days, the splitting tensile
strength of the control mix ranged from 1.55 to 1.60 MPa, while at 28 days, the strength of the
control mix was ranged from 3.09 to 3.14 MPa. The standard deviation concrete specimen
ranges from 0.019 to 0.025 with the corresponding COV of 1.20% to .80% and the standard
error is varied from 0.010 to 0.83. The splitting tensile strength has the lowest value of 1.58
MPa at 7-days specimen with 95% confidence interval of 1.55 MPa to 1.60 MPa and has the
highest value of 2.01 MPa at 7-days specimen with 95% confidence interval of 1.84 MPa to
2.17 MPa. In contrast, the splitting tensile strength of 28-days specimen has the lowest value
of 2.64 MPa with 95% confidence interval of 2.57 MPa to 2.61 MPa and has the highest value
of 3.26 MPa at 28-days specimen with 95% confidence interval of 3.19 MPa to 3.33 MPa.
Also, the highest co-efficient of variance identified from the Table 4.2 is 4.78% for the
RSACSF-12 mixture and the lowest co-efficient of variance is found as 0.80% for the
RSACSF-16 mix. According to ACI code, the tensile strength of concrete should be around
10% of the compressive strength, and in this investigation, it was found to be around 7-8%;
however, for low-strength concrete, it can vary up to 11-12% [92]. Due to the characteristics
of the materials, the surrounding environment, and the many criteria utilized in different
research, this might not always be the case.

39
 Table 4.2: Regression summary of the split tensile strength test result

Mixes Days Mean Standard COV Standard 95% confidence

Strength Deviation (%) Error interval
(MPa) Lower Upper
range range
RSACSF-0 7 1.58 0.019 1.20 0.010 1.55 1.60
28 2.64 0.059 2.23 0.034 2.57 2.71
RSACSF-4 7 1.60 0.044 2.75 0.025 1.56 1.65
28 2.78 0.028 1.00 0.093 2.74 2.61
RSACSF-8 7 1.69 0.049 2.89 0.028 1.64 1.64
28 3.01 0.042 1.39 0.014 2.93 3.06
RSACSF-12 7 1.82 0.087 4.78 0.050 1.72 1.72
28 3.26 0.061 1.87 0.020 3.19 3.33
RSACSF-16 7 2.01 0.142 3.06 0.082 1.84 2.17
28 3.12 0.025 0.80 0.083 3.09 3.14

The concrete cubes were tested after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Figure 4.5 reflects the
variation of mean splitting tensile strength for control and SFRAC mix from the data of 3
specimens of each mix. Figure 4.5 illustrates that the results of the splitting tensile strength test
of the concrete mix with and without silica fume. It is found from the study that after 7 and 28
days of curing, RSACSF-16 showed maximum strength of 2.04 MPa at 7 days and RSACSF-
12 showed highest splitting tensile strength of 3.36 MPa at 28 days. From figure 4.5 it is seen
that adding more percentage of silica fume tends to decrease the splitting tensile strength.

7 days 28 days
4
Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)

3.5
3
2.5
1.9 2.04
2 1.6 1.64 1.72
1.5
1
0.5
0
RSACSF-0 RSACSF-4 RSACSF-8 RSACSF-12 RSACSF-16
Variation of Mixes

Figure 4.5: Splitting Tensile Strength of the concrete mixes at 7 and 28 days
Figure 4.6 demonstrates that at 28 days, the progressive percentage change in splitting tensile
strength of RSACSF relative to control mix is greater for silica fume concentrations of more

40
than 12%. The highest ideal silica fume level in this investigation is therefore 12%. The reduced
cohesive force between the RSCA surfaces and cement matrix, which improves the lower bond
tendency in the concrete mix, is the reason of the lower value of the split tensile strength, and
this conclusion is consistent with the results of earlier experiments [67]. According to Thomas,
Thaickavil et al. (2018), when RCA is around 25% of the total, the reduction in the concrete's
splitting tensile strength is between 2% and 8%, which is pretty similar to the study [91].
However, González-Fonteboa and Martínez-Abella (2008) reported that the inclusion of nano
particle of silica fume into concrete mix can minimize the drop of splitting strength when
replaced natural aggregate by recycled aggregate. Thus, this increment also valid for the
optimum usage of 12% incorporation of silica fume [93].

Increase of Strength
Increase of Splitting Tensile Strength

30

25
at 28 days

20
(MPa)

15

10

0
4% 8% 12% 16%
Silica Fume (%)

Figure 4.6: Increase of split tensile Strength of the concrete mixes

The splitting tensile testing failure patterns of cylindrical specimens with the variation in silica
fume percentage by replacement of cement in RSAC at 28 days testing are illustrated in Figure 4.7.
Failure behaviors were considered for the further study of the strength of the concrete and to
understand the usage of this mix as per standard procedure. Also, from the crack pattern the
microstructural morphology can be enhanced for future characteristics of this type of cement
replacement in concrete. It can be observed that the Control and RSACSF mix specimen are

41
failed in a reduced amount of brittle manner at ultimate stage of loading after the crack
developed in the center of the cylinder diameter under uniaxial loading as shown in Figure 4.6
(a) and (b). The crack pattern was split out when the primary crack appeared. Further examining
the failure nature, it can be seen that the primary crack was first initiated for RSACSF-16 from
the Figure 4.6. However, the increments in toughness diminish as the amount of strength
increases. The energy required to fracture an aggregate of a given size is proportional to the
aggregate type. This is because the aggregate type's strength, stiffness, shape, and surface
texture and those all may play significant role in the fracture process. It should be noted that
the crack pattern of concrete specimen was observed primary crack when the split-out of the
specimen. This indicates the smaller size of aggregate with silica fume has the capacity to
control the crack of the RSAC and resisting the specimen from fall apart. The higher
concentration of RSACSF particles developed multiple distributed cracking at the softening
stage of loading. For the recycled stone aggregate the fracture path tracks the weakest zones of
the concrete such that the path of pore space due to inherent bond between RSACSF and cement
mortar matrix.
Feng et al., 2021 stated in his study that the specimens with 0% RA replacement showed
numerous microscopic microcracks and huge inclined cracks, which are consistent with the
failure patterns of typical concrete [94]. It indicated that SF and NS could effectively inhibit
the development of cracks when RAC was subjected to compressive loads. In another study
Xie et al., 2018 clearly demonstrated that the concrete cylinders with 10% SF developed large
longitudinal macrocracks, whereas the concrete without SF showed numerous minor
longitudinal cracks[95]. These results could be explained by how the microstructure of the
calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel was dramatically altered by the rise in silica fume and
forming a denser interface between the cement matrix and the PPF or steel fiber, all of which
increase the concrete's brittleness while enhancing bonding performance and preventing crack
propagation[96]. The main cause of the phenomena may be the development of stronger ITZs
as a result of the SF's pozzolanic and filler actions[19].

42
 (a) RSACSF-4 (b) RSACSF-8

(c) RSACSF-12 (d) RSACSF-16

Figure 4.7: Observed compressive strength failure patterns of the specimen at 28 days of
(a) RSACSF-4 (b) RSACSF-8 (c) RSACSF-12 (d) RSACSF-16

43
4.5 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) TEST ANALYSIS
OF RSACSF

Figure 4.8 presents the graphical presentation of the findings from Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) Test. Figure 4.8 (a) shows the microstructure of RSACSF-0 at 7 days in
which micropores are being seen. Those voids were formed because the old cement mortar of
recycled stone aggregates absorbed cement particles on their surface. As a result, these varieties
of concrete have a somewhat higher ITZ porosity than traditional concrete. Figure 4.8 (b)
depicts the microstructure of RSACSF-0 specimen without silica fume at 28 days. It can be
noticed that there are a lot of crumbs on the surface which is shown in figure 4.8(b). The crumbs
are loosely bound to the main aggregate and range in size from a few microns to several
hundred microns. These bits of debris were probably created when the old cement paste and
concrete were crushed [97].
The old cement matrix that surrounds the new aggregate surface from the old concrete is visible
in lower left corner of figure 4.8(b) and upper left corner of figure 4.8(a). Figure 4.8 (a) shows
microcracks and damage to the cement matrix that was caused by stress created during the
crushing process. The old cement matrix of RSACSF-0 is more porous and deteriorated than
specimen (b). The old cement matrix that surrounds the new aggregate surface from the old
concrete is visible. Apart from the w/c ratio of the old cement matrix, two factors appear to
have a negative impact on the quality of the recycled aggregates. These are breaking of the old
cement matrix, which lowers the mechanical strength of the recycled aggregate, and covering
aggregates with loose particles. It weakens the link between the new cement matrix and the
recycled aggregate. On the other hand, comparing figure 4.8 (c) & (d) and figure 4.8 (e) & (f),
It is evident that silica nano-particles have reduced even very small holes in the transition zone
of recycled concrete, making it denser and more uniform. This is especially true due to the
unique performance of nano-particles. Figure 4.8 demonstrates that the specimen's inner
microstructure was denser than that of the specimen with 12% silica fume. This explains from
these findings that C-S-H gel, able to fill the void spaces, was created as a result of the chemical
interaction between silica fume and Ca(OH)2 [98]. RSACSF-12 mixes at 28 days shows more
compactness in micro level than RSACSF-12 mixes at 7 days.
Physical filling and chemical filling are two different types of the filling effect. The internal
voids of the cement paste and the compactness of the RSAC were both significantly improved
by activation of silica fume. Additionally, NS, acting as an activator, sped up the cement's
hydration, altered the degree of CH's orientation in the ITZ, and reacted with CH to create a

44
low-density C-S-H gel, which filled the pores and made the internal structure dense [99]. These
particles undergo a pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide crystals (Ca(OH)2) to make
dense calcium-silicate-hydrate gelatin, which is the primary cause of the transition zone's
greater uniformity and density. In fact, the SEM images from the figure 4.8(c), (d), (e) &(f), it can
be overall stated that there were less pores in the mortars with NS powder than the mortars
without NS powder.

(a) RSACSF-0 (7 days) (b) RSACSF-0 (28 days)

(c) RSACSF-12 (7 days) (d) RSACSF-12 (7 days)

(e) RSACSF-12 (28 days) (f) RSACSF-12 (28 days)

45
 Figure 4.8: Microstructure of specimens from SEM analysis
(a) RSACSF-0 (7 days) (b) RSACSF-0 (28 days)
(c) RSACSF-12 (7 days) (d) RSACSF-12 (7 days)
(e) RSACSF-12 (28 days) (f) RSACSF-12 (28 days)

4.6 X-RAY DIFFRACTION TEST ANALYSIS OF RSACSF

X-Ray Diffraction Test was conducted of cement and silica fume sample, which is illustrated
in figure 4.9. It is observed from figure 4.9 that the diffraction characteristic peak of silica is
almost equal to the ordinary Portland cement and which indicates that the crystal structure of
silica was stable. From the chemical composition of these materials, the highest peak is
obtained for SiO2 for silica fume and CaO for cement. Since there is more periodicity in one
direction than the other and some peaks have a high intensity, the diffraction peak of C-S-H is
found almost same for the both specimens. Some peaks are tall because of a desired crystal
orientation, while others are short because the crystals are put in an arbitrary order. The
intensity of the plane reflecting in the XRD pattern increases with increasing electron density
variation.

(a)

(b)
Figure 4.9: (a) XRD pattern of OPC (b) XRD pattern of silica fume

46
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER STUDIES

5.1 CONCLUSION

In this research work, five concrete mixes with varying percentages of silica fume inclusion
were tested to investigate how silica fume performed as a partial replacement for cement in
recycled aggregate. Additionally, an experimental program was run to assess the mechanical
and microstructural characteristics of recycled aggregate concrete when silica fume was
present. The obtained mechanical and microstructural properties are concluded as follows:

• Th slump values of RSACSF mixes were ranged from than 65 mm to 82 mm. The
higher silica fume percentage in RSAC also results in mixes with a higher density and
lower workability.
• The compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete has been strongly influenced
by mixtures with varied concentrations of silica fume replacement. However, the
recycled aggregate's rough and pointed edges help to increase interlocking, which
results in a strong bond between them. However, from the test it is found that the
compressive strength increases 11.23% compared to control mix. RSACSF12 mixes of
12% silica fume of 28 days shows maximum compressive strength of 32.05 MPa.
• Split tensile strength was also found increased about 25.5% compared to reference mix
which is greater compared to compressive strength. SFRAC12 mixes of 12% silica
fume of 28 days shows maximum split tensile strength of 3.36 MPa.
• From SEM analysis it is found that mixes with silica fume fills the micro pores of the
structure and make the structure compact than the mix in which silica fume was not
used.
• A great similarity was found in peak intensities of Ordinary Portland Cement and silica
fume.

47
5.2 FURTHER STUDIES

• Further research can be done on the effects of mixture proportion, RCA replacement
percentage, and the use of additional supplementary materials such as fly ash, steel slag,
and powdered granulated blast furnace slag with varying cement replacement
percentages. The examination in the future may involve the use of non-destructive tests
like the rebound hammer test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test, as well as the selection
of a wide range of variables for concrete specimens.

48
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54
 APPENDIX

1. RELEVANT DATA FOR GRADATION OF FINE AGGREGATES

Diameter Soil Retained Cumulative % Mass % Passing

(mm) (gm) Retain (gm) Retain
4.75 4.25 4.25 0.85 99.15

2.36 22.55 26.80 5.36 94.64

1.18 75.70 102.50 20.50 79.50

0.60 161 263.50 52.70 47.30

0.30 145.25 408.75 81.75 18.25

0.15 90.45 499.20 99.84 0.16

Pan 0.80 500 100 0

2. RELEVANT DATA FOR GRADATION OF COARSE AGGREGATES

Diameter Soil Retained Cumulative % Mass % Passing

(mm) (gm) Retain (gm) Retain
20 500 500 10 90
10 850 1350 27 73
4.75 2550 3900 78 22
2.36 635 4535 90.7 9.3
1.18 300 4835 96.7 3.3
0.60 120 4955 99.1 0.9
0.30 30 4985 99.7 0.3
0.15 15 5000 100 0

55
3. RELEVANT DATA FROM PROPERTY TESTS OF AGGREGATES

3.1 FINE AGGREGATE

For unit weight test:

Weight of empty mold, M1 = 5.443 kg

Weight of mold + sand (when loose), M2 = 46.902 kg

Weight of mold + sand (when compacted), M3 = 49.5 kg

Volume of mold, V = 0.0283 m3

For moisture content test:

Weight of fine aggregate in S.S.D condition, W1 = 500 gm

Weight of fine aggregate in oven dry condition, W2=491 gm

For specific gravity test:

Weight of pycnometer, M1 = 180 gm

Weight of soil (dry), M2 = 100 gm

Weight of pycnometer + water, M3 = 678 gm

Weight of pycnometer + water + soil, M4 = 740 gm

3.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

For unit weight test:

Weight of empty mold, M1 = 5.443 kg

Weight of mold + aggregate (when loose), M2 = 46.676 kg

Weight of mold + aggregate (when compacted), M3 = 49.930 kg

Volume of mold, V = 0.0283m3

56
For moisture content test:

Weight of coarse aggregate in S.S.D condition, W1 = 1318 gm

Weight of coarse aggregate in oven dry condition, W2 =1292 gm

For specific gravity test:

Weight of recycled stone in water, A = 853 gm

Weight of recycled stone in S.S.D. condition, B = 1318 gm

Weight of recycled stone in oven dry condition, C = 1292 gm

4. RELEVANT DATA FROM THE WORKABILITY TEST

Percentage (%) of steel Slump value (mm)

RSACSF0 (Reference) 82

RSACSF4 78

RSACSF8 72

RSACSF12 70

RSACSF16 65

57
5. RELEVANT DATA FROM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Mixes 7 Days 28 Days

Load (KN) Compressive Load (KN) Compressive

Strength (MPa) Strength
(MPa)
447.62 19.53 698.54 29.78

RSACSF0 442.65 19.45 704.36 30.41

446.20 19.92 702.12 31.30

459.41 20.41 721.46 30.35

RSACSF4 457.14 20.46 719.34 30.87

451.23 20.25 722.05 31.32

468.08 19.85 724.80 31.54

RSACSF8 464.54 20.96 720.75 32.02

461.44 20.73 718.41 31.97

471.94 21.678 739.05 32.46

468.55 21.285 737.85 33.65

RSACSF12
474.45 21.04 736.44 32.86

476.82 21.553 735.27 31.46

RSACSF16 474.05 21.802 733.36 31.65

475.32 22.08 732.21 32.72

58
 Mixes 7 Days 28 Days

Load (KN) Compressive Load (KN) Compressive

Strength (MPa) Strength (MPa)

447.62 19.53 698.54 29.78

RSACSF0 442.65 19.45 704.36 30.41

446.20 19.92 702.12 31.30

459.41 20.41 721.46 30.35

RSACSF4 457.14 20.46 719.34 30.87

451.23 20.25 722.05 31.32

468.08 19.85 724.80 31.54

RSACSF8 464.54 20.96 720.75 32.02

461.44 20.73 718.41 31.97

471.94 21.678 739.05 32.46

468.55 21.285 737.85 33.65

RSACSF12
474.45 21.04 736.44 32.86

476.82 21.553 735.27 31.46

RSACSF16 474.05 21.802 733.36 31.65

475.32 22.08 732.21 32.72

59
6. RELEVANT DATA FROMSPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Mixes Load (KN), 7 Days Load (KN), 28 Days

122.17 199.32

RSACSF0 124.35 198.77

122.71 201.63

143.19 209.36

RSACSF4 145.58 207.04

143.34 209.27

161.52 223.73

RSACSF8 163.78 222.94

165.49 210.31

185.52 248.98

RSACSF12 187.02 246.83

186.81 246.32

184.37 245.75

RSACSF16 183.51 244.26

181.35 242.45

60
 Mixes 7 Days 28 Days

Load (KN) Splitting Tensile Load (KN) Splitting Tensile

Strength (MPa) Strength (MPa)

122.17 1.61 199.32 2.65

RSACSF0 124.35 1.59 198.77 2.83

122.71 1.63 201.63 2.85

143.19 1.62 209.36 2.76

RSACSF4 145.58 1.66 207.04 2.87

143.34 1.62 209.27 2.98

161.52 1.71 223.73 3.12

RSACSF8 163.78 1.72 222.94 3.01

165.49 1.87 210.31 3.10

185.52 1.85 248.98 3.32

187.02 1.95 246.83 3.40

RSACSF12
186.81 2.10 246.32 3.40

184.37 2.12 245.75 3.43

RSACSF16 183.51 1.95 244.26 3.22

181.35 2.25 242.45 3.43

61