Socio Cultural Anthropology Reviewer
Socio Cultural Anthropology Reviewer
RACE AND ETHNICITY conflict, and how they come to shape and permeate
both
Race identities and institutions.
- Physical appearance
- A category of humankind that shares LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
certain
distinctive physical traits A language is a form of human
- Biological race communication, consisting of structured and
- Identity within a group of people conventionally used words delivered
descended through speech, writing, or gesture.
from a common ancestor
Culture can be defined broadly as the sum
4 Types of Race total of ways of life developed by a group of
1. Caucasians - white men humans and transferred down from
2. Mongoloid - kayumangi, yellow skin generation to generation.
3. Negroid - Maitim
4. Astroloid - mas maitim pa kesa sa negroid UNIVERSAL FEATURES OF LANGUAGE
1. Language is Arbitrary
Socially Constructed - binuo lang ng lipunan. 2. Language is a Social Phenomenon
3. Language is a Symbolic System
18th-19th – enlightenment 4. Language is Systematic
5. Language is Vocal, Verbal, and Sound
Johan blumenback - Ist introduces race 6. Language is Non-Instinctive,
Conventional
Ethnicity 7. Language is Productive and Creative
- Based on their common tradition, beliefs 8. Language is a System of Communication
language, and so on. 9. Language is Human and Structurally
- Large groups of people are classed Complex
according to 10. Language is Unique, Complex, and
the common racial, national, tribal, religious, Modifiable
cultural origin or background.
- Ethnicity refers to the identification of a Biological Language
group
based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness The study of biology and the evolution of
that makes the group into a “people. language is known as biolinguistics. It is
interdisciplinary in nature because it is
Paganism related to various fields of biology,
- Paganism is a term first used in the fourth linguistics, anthropology, mathematics,
century by early Christians for people in the psychology, and neurolinguistics that
Roman Empire who practiced polytheism or explain how language is formed.
ethnic religions other than Judaism.
- 18th century The Biological Adaptation of Language
Relationship between Language and Culture 2. Non-renewable energy – These resources have
been the most used type of energy in the
Language and culture are closely connected. modern era. it includes fossil fuels and nuclear
Language and culture have a close relationship materials that are removed from Earth and can
because it is impossible to understand a culture be possibly depleted.
without language.
Evolution of Energy
A Specific language usually refers to a specific
group of people. When you communicate with ● In the 18th Century, people relied upon body
another language, you're also dealing with the energy and biomass energy such as physical labor,
culture of that language's speakers. You cannot and agricultural resources. Windmills and
understand a culture without first learning its watermills were other forms of sources that have
language. their specific purposes.
● It is normally the men who do the preparation of a Non-fraternal polyandry in which a woman's
kaingin while women do the planting. Planting and husbands are not related.
harvesting crops like rice, gallang, ginger, taro and
kamote (sweet potato) have been the Kalanguyan’s Sororal polygyny (White 1988) is described as a
way of life while growing up. They are a very marriage in which a man is married to two or more
hardworking tribe that does not discriminate sisters.
between men and women when it comes to work.
Non-sororal polygyny is the practice of one man
● There is still a low level of acceptance of being married to at least two women at the same
LGBTQ+ in the Mangyan Indigenous Group, but time, but the co-wives are not related to each other.
like in Cordillera IPs, many of them did not reveal it
because some LGBTQ+ in Mangyan were ● Monogamy- the practice or state of being married
experience discrimination. to one person at a time.
● Same-sex marriage- a marriage between partners
● Examples of discrimination against LGBTQ+ in of the same sex and/or gender identity.
Indigenous communities in the Mangyan IPs
Problems of Marriage ● Levirate Marriage- Forced marriage of a
• Divorce and Remarriage widow to the brother of her deceased husband.
• Child Abuse
• Domestic Violence ● Sororate Marriage- Forced marriage of the
sister of a deceased or infertile wife to marry or
Economic Aspects of Marriage have sex with her brother-in-law, the
•Bride Price - A gift of money or goods from the widower/husband.
groom or his kin to the bride’s kin. ● Arranged marriage- Bride and groom are
primarily selected by individuals other than the
• Bride Service - The provision of labor to the couple themselves, particularly by family
bride's family. members such as the parents.
KINSHIP
Consanguinity (Kadugo)
Consanguinity literally means "with the blood"
Socially recognized biological descent link, such as
between a woman and her father, aunt, or daughter.
Individuals who have a consanguinity relationship
are "consanguines".
FICTITIOUS/FICTIVE KINSHIP
Fictitious kinship is, in other words, a kind of
relationship in which two individuals create a kind
of parent-child relationship without any blood or
marriage ties.
Through:
1. adoption
2. fostering
3. god-parenthood, etc.
Functions of Kinship:
1. Vertical Function – binding together successive
generations, thereby providing social continuity.
2. Horizontal Function – typing people across a
single generation through marriage practices.
DESCENT
DETERMINANTS OF CLAN
A kind of kin group whose members claim a shared
identity and certain rights based upon descent from
a common ancestor.
Neo-locality