LESSON 8: ART

EMERGING FROM
EUROPE
 ANCIENT GREECE
The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society. For
example, their political ideals eventually became the framework for the
democratic form of government in modern times. They also valued poetry,
drama, and philosophy, which remain interesting fields of study for the
contemporary times. For those who want to be involved in the arts—painting,
sculpture, and architecture—one is required to have a certain skill sets and body
of knowledge.
 ANCIENT GREECE
The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of
reason. For this civilization, man was at the center of society and
how they trained their minds could be the very foundation of how
they lived their lives. The humanist ideals of the Greeks were
notably passionate about natural phenomenon and believed that
nature should be in perfect order. These principles, belief systems,
and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture. The
development of Greek art can be divided into four periods:
GEOMETRIC, ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL, and HELLENISTIC
GEOMETRIC PERIOD
The Geometric Period was a
time when Greece was
starting to get back from
onslaught of what seemed to
be their Dark Ages. It was a
period when geometric shapes
and patterns have taken the
spotlight in most of the
artworks.
 ARCHAIC PERIOD
The Archaic Period, on the other hand, placed importance oh human
figures. This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with
other civilizations.
 CLASSICAL PERIOD
The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture was during the Classical
Period. It was during this time when the Greeks found themselves
rebuilding their temples and focusing on creating artworks.
 ma s a ke t
Di naman

s !
Kaya k o p a b e
I’m okay

Sanay naman akong masaktan

HELLENISTIC PERIOD

The time of Alexander the

Great was called the
Hellenistic period. During
this time, art was primarily
focused on showcasing
emotions and depicting
reality.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD

Hellenistic sculptures
started to emphasize
balance while
showcasing dynamic
poses and a number of
emotions evoked by the
subjects.
 HELLENISTIC PERIOD
The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. The
followers of Dionysus—the god of fertility—started the Greek theater. People who were
devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their
god. Eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama involving
dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually, the Greeks
organized theatrical contests where the performances were held in front of large citizens.
 ANCIENT ROME
The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization
eventually transformed into one of Western Europe’s mightiest empires.
Since they had expanded and covered many territories, they interacted
with neighboring civilizations, particularly with the Greeks.
 ANCIENT ROME

It can be said that Roman civilization came to age during the

Hellenistic Period. The Romans were fond of the Greeks and
their achievements in the arts. The fusion of Greek and
Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some
would argue that the Romans merely copied Greek art. This
eventually made the Romans produce artworks that are often
looking stern, harsh, and strong.
 ANCIENT ROME
They also invoked the principles of realism in most of their works,
highlighting the features of human beings. Aside from this, the Romans
were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for
grand monuments and architectural infrastructures. One of their
architectural achievements would have to be the Colosseum.
 ANCIENT ROME
This amphitheater was planned and constructed during the reign of
Emperor Vespanian. One of its main uses was for entertainment
purposes like public events and gladiator games. This structure
was a concrete manifestation of Roman builders’ craftsmanship
which focused on logical organization of the entire edifice.
 ANCIENT ROME

Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation in

Roman culture. There are a lot of Greek influences
evident in Roman theater and drama. Writers of comedy
like Platus and Terence have patterned their works to
those of Greek works. Since the Roman audience was not
as enthusiastic about theatrical works unlike their Greek
counterparts, most plays had to be included in the Roman
games.
 MIDDLE AGES

It is the period between the decline of the Roman empire and the
Renaissance. It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and
darkness. Another dominant characteristic of the period was that
the Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Since
the Church was the most important figure, the most important
products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the
Christian scriptures.
 MIDDLE AGES

The printing press came later after the Middle Ages,

so copies of the scriptures were done by hand.
Theses copies were also done with illustrations and
decorations which highlight the religious focus of the
period.
 MIDDLE AGES

During this time, great cathedrals were also built.

These cathedrals can be categorized into two
periods: Romanesque (1050-1200), inspired by the
old Roman Empire; and Gothic (1200-1500), which
had a more northern flavor from the Goths—vulgar
and barbarian.
 RENAISSANCE ART
During the Renaissance Period, artists valued the “individual” as a subject of
arts. The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the
Renaissance Period to empower the “individual”. Most artworks emphasized
naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great
influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality
of the human body.
RENAISSANCE ART
Most artists also added perspective of
depth wherein spaces were explored
in different artworks. This technique
provided a three-dimensional
perspective of most Renaissance
paintings. Renaissance artists also
gave importance to non-religious
themes or subjects. This was also
brought by the privatizations of the
art during the Renaissance Period,
however most artworks remained
religious in its focus and theme.
 RENAISSANCE ART
During the Renaissance period, there was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays. These
plays were performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princes. The plays
were done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience.
Aside from the song and dance numbers, they invested in elaborate stages and costumes
for the actors. Eventually, this would lead to Italy’s opera, which have greatly influenced
their tradition of popular theater.
MANNERISM
Mannerism was a period in art history,
which was a product of the Renaissance
period. During the Renaissance, artists
would observe nature and try their best
to emulate it based on their
observations. As the Renaissance
ended, artists started directly copying
subjects from existing works of art.
Most artworks during this period
displayed distorted figures,
two-dimensional spaces, discordant
hues and colors, and lack of defined
focal point.
BAROQUE ART

Baroque art emerged around the year

1600, about 70 years after the end of
the Early Renaissance in France and
the High Renaissance in Italy.

The term “Baroque” is thought to have

emerged from the Italian
word barocco, which was used by
Medieval philosophers to refer to an
“obstacle in schematic
logic.” Barocco later became a term
for any contorted idea or complex
thought process.
 BAROQUE ART

Compared to the more classicist motifs and passive space in

Renaissance works, Baroque art was perhaps “contorted” in that it
was shockingly different. Baroque paintings were illusionistic
(sharing physical space with the viewer, and providing multiple,
changing views), while sculptures and architecture were adorned
with illustrations. Together, Baroque works created a decorative
unity in the churches and other spaces in which they were
commonly seen.
BAROQUE ART
Chiaroscuro, the use of intense
light and dark contrast in fine art
painting, became widely used in
Baroque period art to depict
depth, three-dimensionality, and
a sense of drama. Baroque art
characteristics included radiant
colors, sources of hidden light,
and experiments with
contrasting surface textures.
 BAROQUE MUSIC
Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque
period. This is because people believed that music could
serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can
evoke certain feelings among its listeners. Baroque music
was able to clearly distinguish loud from soft and solo
from ensemble. Since the birthplace of this period was in
Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers
come from Italy.
 BAROQUE MUSIC

This include Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monte Verdi.

Eventually, the influence of Baroque music spread
outside Italy and reached other parts of Europe. Other
well known Baroque composers include Germany’s Bach
and Handel. Since Baroque composers, through their
works, tried to evoke certain emotions from their
audience, they began to make more complex musical
compositions and performances.
 ROCOCO ART

At the turn of the 18th century came the period of Enlightenment (1700-1780).
This was a celebration of reason, whereby “the goals of rational humanity were
considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.”

Rococo arose in France in the early 1700s, which had already shown signs of
breaking from Baroque with its own French Baroque style. Rococo was not, of
course, associated with the church, but rather with French King Louis XV. The
movement later spread to other European countries throughout the 18th century.
 ROCOCO ART

• Though Rococo emerged from Baroque art, Rococo artists turned away
from Baroque’s dramatic symbolism of the church’s power. Instead,
they honed in on elegantly elevating the power and class of French
aristocrats. Rococo represented “secular high fashion.”
• The Rococo art movement, which primarily came about through interior
decoration, saw pastels replacing Baroque’s vivid light and shadow;
light became present and scattered, not hidden. Rococo paintings often
show jovial scenes of society’s elite, whether at home or out frolicking
in open green pastures. Symbols of play, romance, beauty, sex and
mythology are often apparent in artworks of the period.
 NEOCLASSICISM
Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late
18th and early 19th centuries. It was the dominant art movement that time
which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and
Roman into art and architecture.
NEOCLASSICISM
The ancient Greeks and Europeans
had placed emphasis on human
reason and keeping society in
order. These very principles were
also the dominant principles during
the Enlightenment Period. Some
historians would also say that this
movement was a reaction to the
artworks produced during the
Baroque Period. There was a call to
veer away from such extravagance
in terms of style and form of the
Baroque Period.
wazzup m
ad lang pipol!
?
 ROMANTICISM
Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of Neoclassicist artworks as
a springboard. Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into their work, During
the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and
nationalistic movements. One of the major revolutions in history would be the French
Revolution. Such revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic
works.
ROMANTICISM
The major and central themes
of Romanticism movement
include the emphasis on the
goodness of mankind. Most
works also promoted justice,
equality, and social order.
Artists also emphasized
emotions and feelings of man,
which was a deviation from
the humanist principles of
rationalism.
 REALISM
Realism as a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts
and somehow mirrors reality. There is little room for imagination in this
movement since emphasis is placed in observable traits that can concretize
through artworks. Realism was heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek
culture since most artworks during that period placed emphasis on the
human body.
REALISM
Realism is a modern movement in art
veered away from traditional forms
of art. In that way, it revolutionized
themes and techniques in paintings.
In addition, this movement also
expanded and widened existing
notions of what can be considered as
art. Since artists worked within the
context of revolutions and social
change, artistic works began to
depict real-life events.
 REALISM

Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real

manifestations of society. There is a move to
combine both art and life in artistic works since the
modern world were suitable for subjects of art. This
movement also reexamined existing belief systems
and traditions.
 IMPRESSIONISM
The impressionism started in France, which led to a break from the
tradition in European painting. Impressionism is a style of painting that
emerged in the mid- to late 1800s. Impressionist artists incorporated
scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color.
 IMPRESSIONISM
The distinctive characteristic of this style is that it allows the artist to
emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene.
The said impression is communicated by the artist through his work and
can be seen through the brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights
and shadows used by the artist.
POST-IMPRESSIONISM
It is an art movement that emerged
in France, which is a result of both
the influence and rejection of
impressionism. Most artists that
belong to this movement started
off as impressionists but later on
saw the inherent limitations and
flaws of started off as
impressionists. This eventually led
to the development of individual
style that gave emphasis to
defining from the use of broken
colors and short brush stroke.
 NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical
realism of impressionism. Most painters who subscribe to such movement rely on
a systematic and scientific techniques that have a predetermined visual effects not
only on the art work itself but also how the audience perceive the art.
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

The leading figure in

neo-impressionism was
Georges Seurat who
recorded optical
sensations on a more
scientific manner. His
color theories paved the
way for the technique
called pointillism.
 NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
This art technique basically utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color.
These elements are believed to blend with the viewer’s perspective.
ART NOUVEAU
Between 1890 and 1910,
countries from Europe and the
United States witnessed the
emergence and flourishing of
a new art style. This
ornamental style of art was a
break from the conservative
historicism, which was the
prevailing and dominant
theme of most Western
artworks.
ART NOUVEAU
This ornamental style uses long and
organic lines that are concretely
manifested in architecture, jewelry and
glass design, among others. In most
works, the defining characteristic of Art
Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that
usually is in the form of insect wings or
flower stalks. The line is done in such a
graceful and elegant manner that
somehow evokes a certain power to it.
FAUVISM
This is a style of painting that
emerged in France around the turn
of the 20th century. What makes
fauvists revolutionary is that they
used pure and vibrant colors by
applying straight from the paint
tubes directly to the canvas. This is
done to produce a sense of
explosion of colors in the canvas.
FAUVISM
The fauves, just like the
impressionists, painted directly
from nature. The difference lies
with how the fauves have this
strong and expensive reaction to
how they portray their subjects.
Most fauvist works reject the
conservative and traditional
renderings of three-dimensional
space. What artists did was they
introduced and promoted a picture
space that is defined by the
movement of color
CUBISM
Between 1907 and 1914, French
artist Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque introduced a new visual arts
style called cubism. This style would
later on have a huge influence on
artists during the 20th century.
Cubists highlighted the
two-dimensional surface of the
picture plane. Focusing on a flat
surface was a rejection of the
dominant techniques like the use of
perspective, foreshortening, and
modeling.
 CUBISM
In addition, one of the things that cubism rejected was the existing and
prevailing notion that art should imitate nature. Cubists emphasized that
they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space.
They presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented
objects for viewers.
 anuna bes?

dito naman ako ah?

niloloko ka lang nun!
 FUTURISM
It is an early 20th century art movement that started in Italy, which
highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines. In
addition, common themes for works in this movement are restlessness and
the fast-pace of modern life.
 FUTURISM
Later on, the movement’s influence branched out not only in Europe but
also in Russia. The greatest impact of futurism is evident in poetry and
visual arts.
FUTURISM

Italian poet and editor Filippo

Tommaso Marinetti coined
the term “futurism” to reflect
his purpose of disregarding
the traditional methods of the
art in the past. He believes
that art should embrace and
embody change, innovation,
creativity, and originality.