HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
-----□□&□□-----

Design Project I: Elevator drive system

Instructor: Dr. Le Minh Quy

Student: Tran Huy Toan – 20195818
Class: Advanced Program Mechatronics 01 – K64

Hanoi, April 2023

 Topic: Design Elevator drive system

Annotations on drawings: Given:

1 Engine Tonnage : Q1 = 1000kg
2 Elastic shaft coupling Cabin mass: G = 400kg
3 screw speed reducer box Cabin speed: v = 45 m/m
4 Pulley friction Service time: Lh = 24000h
5 Pulley change direction Cable embracing angle on friction pulley: α
R - Steel cable = 141°
CAR – Cabin The distance of 2 cable branches: cc =
CW – Counterweight Working characteristics: smooth
CW – Counterweight :
Qm = 2.6 Q1
Q2 = 0.8Q1
t1 = 2.5 min
t2 = 1.9 min
 Contents
Chapter 1: Overview.............................................................................................................4
1.1. General concept of elevator...........................................................................................4
1.2. Elevator classification....................................................................................................5
Chapter 2: Basic elements....................................................................................................7
2.1 Mechanical equipment of elevator.................................................................................7
2.1.1 Elevator Rail...............................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Shock absorber...........................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Cabin..........................................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Counterweight............................................................................................................8
2.1.5 Cable...........................................................................................................................9
2.1.6 Pully..........................................................................................................................10
2.1.7 Engine.......................................................................................................................10
2.1.8 Reducer box..............................................................................................................11
2.1.9 Elevator SAFETY DEVICES..................................................................................12
2.1.9.1 Governor elevator..............................................................................................12
2.1.9.2 Automatic Rescue Device – ARD.....................................................................12
2.2 Working principle of elevator......................................................................................13
2.2.1 Hydraulic Elevators..................................................................................................13
2.2.2 Pneumatic Elevators.................................................................................................14
2.2.3 Traction elevator.......................................................................................................15
2.3 Module to design...........................................................................................................16
Chapter 1: Overview
1.1. General concept of elevator

Elevator is a transportation device that requires strict safety, it is directly related to

property and human life. Therefore, the general requirements for elevators when designing,
manufacturing, installing and operating operation, use and repair is to strictly comply with
the technical safety requirements specified in the standards, procedures, codes, concepts of
elevators.

Elevators with only beautiful, luxurious, airy, and quiet cabins are not eligible to be
put into use, but must have full safety and reliability equipment such as backup lighting in
case of failure. electricity, internal telephone (interphone), alarm, insurance brake, cabin
safety (counterweight), safety switch of the cabin door, safety lock of the landing door,
rescue kit when power failure, etc..
1.2. Elevator classification

Elevators today have been designed and manufactured in a variety of ways, with
many different models and types to suit the intended use of each project. The concept of
elevators can be classified according to the following principles and characteristics:

1. According to the cabin drive system

2. According to the position of the winch set

3. According to the operating system

4. According to the basic parameters

5. According to the structure of the basic clusters

6. According to the position of the cabin and counterbalance the well

7. According to the moving trajectory of the cabin

8. According to use (TCVN 5744 – 1993) elevators are classified into 5 types:

a) Passenger lifts. This type is specialized for transporting passengers in hotels,

offices, motels, apartment buildings, schools, TV towers, etc.

b) Passenger lifts taking into account accompanying goods. This type is often used
for supermarkets, exhibition areas, etc.

c) Elevators to transport patients. This type is specialized for hospitals, sanatoriums,

etc. Its feature is that the cabin clearance size must be large enough to accommodate the
patient's stretcher (stretch) or bed, along with doctors, staff and patients. first aid kit
included. Currently, the world has produced according to the same size and load standards
for this type of elevator.

d) Cargo lifts with accompanying people. This type is often used in factories,
workshops, warehouses, elevators for hotel staff, etc., mainly used to transport goods but
accompanied by people to serve.
 e) Unaccompanied cargo lifts. The type is specialized for transporting materials and
food in hotels, canteens, etc. The feature of this type is that only controls are available
outside the cabin (in front of the floor doors) and all kinds of ladders. the other above
mentioned controls both inside and outside the cabin.
Chapter 2: Basic elements
2.1 Mechanical equipment of elevator

2.1.1 Elevator Rail

Elevator rail is one of the extremely important devices during the movement of the
elevator, the elevator chamber and the counterweight will slide along the rail. The rail
ensures that the cabin and counterweight are always lying and moving in the correct
position designed in the well, preventing them from moving horizontally. The elevator's
movement is good, smooth and durable. Depends on the quality of the rails or not.

2.1.2 Shock absorber

The device is placed under the pit. In case that the elevator is in use, there is a
problem that causes the elevator to exceed the allowed speed. The main effect is to limit
and protect the cabin and people inside the elevator when the elevator is in free fall. When
the cabin collides with the elevator pit, the impact force is very large, the shock absorber
has the effect of protecting these two parts, avoiding the cabin and the elevator pit from
colliding with each other.
2.1.3 Cabin

The cabin is the load-carrying part of the elevator. The cabin has a structure so that
each small part can be disassembled according to the cabin structure, consisting of 2 parts:
the bearing structure (cabin frame) and the walls, ceiling, and floor forming the cabin. On
the cabin frame, there are guide clamps, the car suspension system, the lever system and the
insurance brake, the door system and the door opening and closing mechanism.... In
addition, the cabin of the passenger lift must ensure the following requirements.
requirements for ventilation, temperature and light.

2.1.4 Counterweight

Counterweight is used to balance the weight of the cab and its passengers. This
technology has been around for over a century, but it has recently gained popularity due to
its energy efficiency and safety features.

Unlike traditional elevators that use a motor to lift the cab up and down,
counterweight elevators use a system of pulleys and cables to move the cab. This system is
much more efficient because it requires less power to operate, making it an ideal choice for
high-rise buildings.

Counterweight elevators work by using a counterweight that is attached to the

opposite end of the cab. The weight of the counterweight is equal to the weight of the cab
and its passengers, so when the cab goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa.

This system allows for a more efficient use of energy because the motor only needs
to lift or lower the weight difference between the cab and the counterweight. Additionally,
the counterweight acts as a safety mechanism in case of a power outage or other
emergency. If the power goes out, the counterweight will automatically bring the cab to the
nearest floor, preventing anyone from getting stuck inside.

2.1.5 Cable

Elevator cable is an important equipment in the elevator system. The cable is

designed to bear the force of lifting the counterweight and the entire cabin. The elevator
cable has a frictional structure with the pulley in accordance with the permitted process and
standards.
 Currently, elevator cables are divided into two types: traditional cables and steel
cables covered with plastic outside. Elevator cables play an important role in the operation
of the whole elevator system. After a period of use it will wear out. Therefore, during
operation and use of the elevator, it is necessary to pay attention to the operating time to
ensure safety.

2.1.6 Pully

Elevator pulley is an extremely important part in the machine month system, the
pulley part is mounted at the top of the elevator with the role of connecting the elevator
cable to help the elevator move and operate safely during use. This part helps to balance the
elevator, which is a necessary condition to help the elevator operate more smoothly,
smoothly and safely.
Elevator pulley with a cast iron wheel design with grooves in the middle plays the
role of a cable car for the cable fixing system to ensure a straight line to avoid deviation
from the torsion gasket to ensure safety. absolutely during elevator operation.
2.1.7 Engine

The elevator motor acts as the driving link for the reducer at a specified speed. From
there, turn the pulley to pull the cabin up and down, the engine is the point between the
cabin and the counterweight through a system called the friction pulley on the motor along
with other redirecting pulleys.
When the engine is running, the friction pulley system on the motor rotates and transmits
the motion to the cable as the cabin and counterweight to move up and down smoothly.

2.1.8 Reducer box

The main reducer is a direct-coupled transmission mechanism with a constant

transmission ratio. The reducer has a relatively simple structure, they only consist of gears
that are placed straight and tilted to match each other based on a certain gear ratio.
Whenever power is applied, the device can make a suitable number of revolutions for the
user's requirements. Gearboxes are often used to reduce engine rpm. When assembled, a
gear reducer will now be connected to the engine (such as a chain, belt, or stiffener). The
other end of the reducer will also be connected to the load.
2.1.9 Elevator SAFETY DEVICES
2.1.9.1 Governor elevator
The overspeed controller, also known as the mechanical brake, is an extremely
important part of an elevator. The mechanical brake will prevent the elevator from falling
freely, helping the cabin to stick to the guide rail in case the elevator breaks the load cable
or runs faster than the design speed. With the Pizzato overspeed control switch, it will help
to avoid unfortunate accidents even in the worst case - cable breakage. All elevators used
for the purpose of carrying people must have an overspeed control device and must be in
good condition to be allowed to operate.

2.1.9.2 Automatic Rescue Device – ARD

It is a device that helps the elevator run back to the floor and open the door to let
people in the cabin out in case of sudden power failure. At that time, the power source that
helps the ladder to operate is a reserve source.
Backup power for ARD can be from battery or UPS. Currently, UPS is more
commonly used due to its high stability and good durability. The UPS will be automatically
charged by the electrical cabinet system, so to maintain the best state to help maintain its
life, the UPS should also be discharged periodically.
Discharge the UPS with power failure simulations – run the ladder and turn off the
grid power supply to the ladder, then the ARD will run to help the UPS discharge the load.

2.2 Working principle of elevator

2.2.1 Hydraulic Elevators

The below figure shows the working of a hydraulic elevator wherein hydraulic fluid
with a pumping system moves the elevator car up and down. In this type of elevator, a tank
or fluid reservoir supplies hydraulic oil and the pump forces this oil through a least
resistance path and returns it to the reservoir when the valve is opened. So when the valve
is closed, the pressurized oil created by the pump pushes the piston upside so that the car
moves in the upward direction. And when the valve is opened, the fluid returns back to the
tank, and hence the piston moves downwards.
 If the elevator reaches the correct floor, the elevator-control system sends the
signals to a motor driver, which stops the motor, and then the pumping of fluid is halted at
that position. While lowering, the car stays on exact floor by controlling the signals to the
valve mechanism to open or close the valve. This is how the hydraulic system is operated
for lifting and lowering the elevator car.

Due to a special type of fluid in this system, the force required to push the piston is
very less. This is an advantage of it, but, in order to elevate the car, the piston length
required should be more. In other words, if the building height is more, the piston length
required should also be longer. This requires an in-depth buried structure for high-storied
buildings that’s why these are limited for high-storied buildings.

2.2.2 Pneumatic Elevators

This type of elevator consists of exterior cylinder which is transparent self-

supporting tube consisting of modular sections, which can be easily fitted into one another.
The roof of this tube is made up of steel that ensures air-tight closures with suction inlets
and valves. An elevator car runs inside this cylinder, and the head unit on the top cylinder
contains turbines, valves and controllers to control the movements of this elevator.

The vacuum pump of the elevator generates higher and lower atmospheric pressures
above or below the elevator car, which cause to move the elevator upwards and
downwards. As shown in the below figure, the car is lifted high by a higher atmospheric
pressure below the car and a lowered air pressure above the car.

When the valves in the low-pressure chamber allow air into it – this causes to lower
the car. These valves are also involved in controlling the speed of the car in a desired level.
But, this type of elevator cannot build enough pressure to push the car to more than 3- 4
storied high building. That’s why these elevators find limited usage.

2.2.3 Traction elevator

This is a typical and most popular type of elevator consisting of a few numbers of
hoisting ropes or steel cables which run over a pulley connected to an electric motor. This
elevator can be a geared or gearless-traction elevator. In this type of elevator, five to eight
wire cables or hoisting cables are attached to the top of the elevator car by wrapping around
it on sheaves at one end, and the other end is attached to a counter weight that moves up
and down on its guiderails. This counter weight is equal to the weight of the car plus half of
the maximum passenger load in that car. This means, during the lifting operation, it needs
power for the extra passengers in the car, and, the rest of the weight is balanced by the
counter weight.
 Whenever the control system attached to the elevator drives the motor in the
forward direction, the sheaves also turn around causing to move the car elevator upwards,
and then stopping in the desired floor wherein the car is balanced by the counter weight.
For the downward movement of the car, reverse happens through a rotating motor via a
control mechanism. Some of the elevators use motors with four-quadrant operation to save
the energy in regenerative mode. Due to high speeds and high-rise capabilities, these types
of elevators are found in many of the applications of lifts and escalators.

2.3 Module to design

In this project I will design the elevator drive system according to the traction
elevator motion module. Because it matches the requirements of the topic.