CHAPTER 1 - PIPE FLOW ANALYSIS

CO1
Apply hydraulics knowledge in civil engineering field.

PO1 (COGNITIVE)
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices.

1.1 APPLICATION OF HAGEN POISSEUILLE AND

DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION ON LAMINAR AND
TURBULENT FLOWS IN BOUNDED SYSTEM. USE OF
MOODY CHART IN DETERMINING FLOW FRICTION
FACTOR. APPLICATION OF HAZEN-WILLIAM EQUATION
FOR PIPE FLOW.

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 Able to apply Darcy - Weisbach Equation
to solve laminar and turbulent flow
problems
At the end of
this topic Able to explain the use of Moody
Chart in determining flow friction
student
factor
should be:
Able to solve different categories of
pipe problems

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 WHY DOES  AS THE MAIN FUNCTION?
➢ Turbulent flow conditions are far more likely in most engineering situations.
➢ The expressions will be developed for the losses incurred in turbulent flow in
both closed and open conduits.

Shear stress,  is a function that

indicate the type surface that the
wall of conduit made of (e.g. Smooth
pipe, roughened pipe)
Assume as small element
of fluid Stress dependent on the resistance
offered by the surface of the wall of
conduit:
➢ Measured by dimensionless
factor, f
➢ f is the measure of the roughness
WHY DOES  AS THE MAIN FUNCTION? of the surface

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 Assume as small element
of fluid

Based on the small element of fluid in conduit, the shear stress can be written in term of:
i. drop in piezometric head over a length l of the conduit = dp*/dx
ii. hydraulic mean depth, m (ratio of A/P ) A – flow area and P – wetted
perimeter

𝒅𝒑∗
𝝉𝟎 = 𝒎 Eqn 1.7
𝒅𝒙
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In order to express 0 , the concept of a flow friction factor f is introduced, which is a
non-dimensional, experimentally measured factor normally introduced in the form:

𝐯 𝟐 where 𝐯ത is the average velocity

𝒇𝝆ത Eqn 1.8
𝝉𝟎 =
𝟐
Rearrange Eqn. 1.7 and Eqn. 1.8

𝒅𝒑∗ 𝒇𝝆ത
𝐯𝟐 𝒅𝒑∗ 𝒇𝝆ത
𝐯𝟐 𝐯𝟐
𝝆𝒈𝒉𝒇 𝒇𝝆ത
𝒎 = = =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒎 𝑳 𝟐𝒎
Rearrange by making hf as the main function

where:
hf = head loss due to friction (m)
𝐯𝟐
𝒇𝑳ത f = friction factor
𝒉𝒇 = Eqn 1.9
𝟐𝒈𝒎 L = pipe length (m)
V = average velocity (m/s)
g = gravitational acceleration (m2/s)
m = hydraulics mean depth (ratio of A/P) (m)
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 𝟐
𝐯𝟐
𝒇𝑳ത For pipes running full of 𝑨 𝝅𝒅 ൗ𝟒 𝒅
From Eqn 1.9 𝒉𝒇 = 𝒎= = =
𝟐𝒈𝒎 fluid 𝑷 𝝅𝒅 𝟒
𝐯𝟐
𝒇𝑳ത 𝟒𝒇𝑳 𝐯ത 𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 = Eqn 1.10 Darcy-Weisbach
𝟐𝒈 𝒅ൗ𝟒 𝒅 𝟐𝒈

If the velocity is unknown, it can be written in terms of known discharge, Q

𝟒𝒇𝑳 𝐯ത 𝟐 𝐐 𝟒𝑸 𝟑𝟐𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐 𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐

𝒉𝒇 = 𝐯= ൘ 𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟐 𝟓 𝒉𝒇 =
𝒅 𝟐𝒈 𝛑𝐝 ൗ 𝝅𝒅𝟐 𝝅 𝒈𝒅 𝟑. 𝟎𝟑𝒅𝟓
𝟒
Eqn 1.11

➢ In fluid dynamics, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is phenomenological

equation, which relates the major head loss or pressure loss, due to fluid
friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity.
➢ The equation is valid for fully developed, steady, incompressible single-
phase flow.
➢ can be used to calculate the major pressure or head loss due to friction in
ducts, pipes or tubes

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 DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION FOR LAMINAR

𝟒𝒇𝑳 𝐯ത 𝟐 ➢ For laminar flow, dimensionless friction factor, f was derive

𝒉𝒇 = from Hagen Poiseuille equation
𝒅 𝟐𝒈
128𝜇𝐿𝑄 32𝜇𝐿𝑉
From Eqn. 1.6 ℎ𝑓 = 4
=
𝜌𝑔𝑑 2
𝜌𝑔𝜋𝑑
Rearrange Eqn. 1.6 and Eqn. 1.10

32𝜇𝐿𝑉 4𝑓𝐿 vത 2 32𝜇𝐿𝑉 2

ℎ𝑓 = = × 2𝑔𝑑 = 4𝑓𝐿ത
v
𝜌𝑔𝑑 2 𝑑 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔𝑑 2

64𝜇𝐿𝑉
= 4𝑓𝐿തv 2
𝟏𝟔 64𝜇𝐿𝑉 1 𝜌𝑑
Eqn 1.12 𝒇= 𝑓= ×
𝑹𝒆 𝜌𝑑 4𝐿തv 2

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 DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION FOR TURBULENT FLOW
𝟒𝒇𝑳 𝐯ത 𝟐 ➢ Friction factor, f, was shown experimentally by
Darcy-
Weisbach
𝒉𝒇 = researchers to a function of many parameters:
𝒅 𝟐𝒈 f = fn (v, d, , , k)
v = velocity, d=  = density,  = dynamic k = absolute
m/s diameter, m kg/m3 viscosity, Ns/m2 roughness, mm

➢ k is used to identify the pipe wall material and can be used to measure of the
size of the wall roughness

Table1.1 : Absolute roughness of pipe materials

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 f = fn (v, d, , , k)
➢ By combining some of the parameters into the dimensionless forms,
expression can be simplified to the following expression

➢ ‘Relative roughness’ or 'Roughness factor' of a pipe wall can be defined as

the ratio of absolute roughness to the pipe nominal diameter.
➢ It is an important parameter for determining friction factor based on
Reynold's number for flow in a pipe.
➢ Its often used for pressure drop calculations for pipes and other
equipment.

Relationship Between f, Re and k/d

i. Moody Chart ii. Colebrook – White

➢ Reynolds number, Re Friction Equation
➢ Relative roughness, k/d factor, f 1 𝑘 1.26
= −4 log10 +
𝑓 3.71𝑑 Re 𝑓

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 i. Moody Chart

The straight line labelled ‘laminar flow’, representing f = 16/Re,

is a graphical representation of the Hagen Poisseuille equation

k/d
=0.0057

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 i. Moody Chart

1 x 104 3 x 104 2 x 105

2 x 104 10 x 104 = 1 x 105 10 x 105 = 1 x 106

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 Example 1.3
A pipe of 500 mm long, conveys water at 20 l/min. If the pipe has a diameter of 30 mm
and is made of material with an absolute roughness of 0.09 mm, determine the head
loss due to friction for the following condition:
i.  = 800 kg/m3 and viscosity is 0.08 Ns/m2.
ii.  = 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity is 1.14 x 10-3 Ns/m2
Step to solve:
1. Convert all the given data and unit into SI.

20𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 1𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄 = 20𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × × = 3.333 × 10−4 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 60𝑠
L = 500 mm = 0.5 m; diameter of 30 mm = 0.03 m

i. Calculate head loss due to friction if  = 800 kg/m3 and viscosity is 0.08 Ns/m2.

𝛒𝐯𝐝
2. Check for Reynolds Number, Re =
𝛍

𝑄 3.333 × 10−4
v= = = 0.471 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝐴 𝜋 × 0.032 ൗ
4
ρvd 800 × 0.471 × 0.03
Re = = = 141.3 < 2000; 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
μ 0.08
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 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝝁𝑳𝑸
1st option – solve using Hagen Poiseuille 𝒉𝒇 = Eqn. 1.6
𝝆𝒈𝝅𝒅𝟒

𝟏𝟐𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝟏. 𝟕𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟑𝒎
𝟖𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝝅 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐

ഥ𝟐
𝟒𝒇𝑳 𝒗
2nd option – solve using Darcy Weisbach 𝒉𝒇 = Eqn 1.10
𝒅 𝟐𝒈

16 𝟏𝟔
where f= Eqn 1.12 𝐟= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑
Re 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟑

𝟒 × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟏𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝟑 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓𝟏𝒎
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

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ii. Calculate head loss due to friction if  = 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity is 1.14 x 10-3
Ns/m2

𝛒𝐯𝐝 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑

𝐑𝐞 = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟒 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎; 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘
𝛍 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

4𝑓𝐿 vത 2
Solve using Darcy Weisbach ℎ𝑓 = Eqn 1.10
𝑑 2𝑔

𝒌 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝐦𝐦 Using Moody Chart

where = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 ✓ Reynolds number, Re Friction
𝒅 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐦 factor, f
✓ Relative roughness, k/d

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 f =0.0089 k/d
=0.003

Re = 1.2394 x 104
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 From Moody Chart, f = 0.0089

4𝑓𝐿 vത 2
Head loss due to ℎ𝑓 =
friction, 𝑑 2𝑔

4 × 0.0089 × 0.5 0.4712

ℎ𝑓 = = 0.6 × 0.0113 = 6.78 × 10−3 𝑚
0.03 2 × 9.81

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 Example 1.4
A concrete circular pipe of 750 mm diameter conveys water at rate of 5000 l/min to
housing area. Determine the head loss over a distance of 5 km. Take absolute
roughness as 0.9 mm.
Step to solve:
1. Convert all the given data and unit into SI.

5000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 1𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄 = 5000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × × = 0.0833 𝑚3 Τ𝑠
1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 60𝑠
L = 5 km = 5000 m; diameter of 750 mm = 0.75 m REMINDER!!!!
If density and dynamic viscosity
𝛒𝐯𝐝 are not given:
2. Check for Reynolds Number, Re = ASSUME  = 1000 kg/m3 ;
𝛍
 = 1.14 x 10-3 Ns/m2
𝑄 0.0833
v= = 2 = 0.189 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝐴 𝜋 × 0.75 ൗ
4
ρvd 1000 × 0.189 × 0.75
Re = = = 124342 > 2000; 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
μ 1.14 × 10−3

𝑘 0.9 mm Using Moody Chart

= = 0.0012 ✓ Reynolds number, Re Friction
𝑑 750 mm factor, f
✓ Relative roughness, k/d
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 From Moody Chart, f = 0.0058
4𝑓𝐿 vത 2
Head loss due to ℎ𝑓 =
𝑑 2𝑔
friction,

4 × 0.0058 × 5000 0.1892

ℎ𝑓 = = 154.667 × 0.00182 = 0.281𝑚
0.75 2 × 9.81

Example 1.5
The pipe in Example 1.4 is now replaced with a pipe diameter of 500 mm. If the head
loss is to remain the same as in Example 1.4, determine the discharge of the pipe.

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 ECW321- Sept
2014

ECW321- Sept 2015

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 ECW321- Jan 2018

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