Internet Basic

Basic concepts:-
Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems across the world. It uses
the Internet protocol suite to link devices located in different corners of the world.

The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and services including
World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It uses standard internet protocols,
such as TCP/IP and HTTP, etc.

An internal web comprises of all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) nodes on a private
network; for example, an organization’s LAN or WAN.

Features of Internet
Let us now discuss the features of Internet. The features are described below −
Accessibility
An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in a remote
part of an island or interior of Africa can also use Internet.
Easy to Use
The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is designed very
simple; therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy to develop.
Interaction with Other Media
Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For example, News
and other magazine, publishing houses have extended their business with the help of
Internet services.
Low Cost
The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are comparatively low.
Extension of Existing IT Technology
This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations and even
facilitates other trading partners to use.
Flexibility of Communication
Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates communication through
text, voice, and video too. These services can be availed at both organizational and
individual levels.
Security
Last but not the least, Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the security system
both at the individual and national level with components such as CCTV camera, etc.

Internet Software
Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through computer.
Following are a few important components of the Internet Software −

 Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

 Dialer Software
 Interment Browser

Internet Applications
Internet applications are server-based applications. Following are a few Internet
Applications −

 World Wide Web (WWW)

 Electronic mail (e-mail)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely)
 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting)

Communication on the internet:-

Internet communication refers to communicating with people over the internet. It

could be in any form: messages, voice, or video calls.

One of the major advantages of internet communication tools over traditional

communication is cost savings. In addition, many free tools make internet

communication easier, such as WhatsApp, Skype, Google Meet, and Messenger.

Even businesses can communicate with overseas customers at pocket-friendly prices

using the internet.

Internet domain:-
An internet domain is an administrative structure for organizing, delivering
and accessing services on the internet. The terms "domain" and "domain
name" are often used interchangeably (in context of the internet) because
the domain structure is associated with how domains are named.

Internet server identities:-

An identity server is a core part of any identity and access control
infrastructure. It is the central database that stores user credentials.
The identity server is the server that all IT resources check with to
authenticate user access.

Establishing connectivity on the internet:-

Internet Service Providers (ISP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. They offer
various services:
 Internet Access
 Domain name registration
 Dial-up access
 Leased line access
ISP Types
ISPs can broadly be classified into six categories as shown in the following diagram:

Access providers
They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cable wi-fi or fiber optics.
Mailbox Provider
Such providers offer mailbox hosting services.
Hosting ISPs
Hosting ISPs offers e-mail, and other web hosting services such as virtual machines,
clouds etc.
Virtual ISPs
Such ISPs offer internet access via other ISP services.
Free ISPs
Free ISPs do not charge for internet services.

Connection Types
There exist several ways to connect to the internet. Following are these connection
types available:
1. Dial-up Connection
2. ISDN
3. DSL
4. Cable TV Internet connections
5. Satellite Internet connections
6. Wireless Internet Connections
Dial-up Connection
Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a
modem to setup dial-up connection. This modem works as an interface between PC
and the telephone line.
There is also a communication program that instructs the modem to make a call to
specific number provided by an ISP.
Dial-up connection uses either of the following protocols:
1. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
2. Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
The following diagram shows the accessing internet using modem:
ISDN
ISDN is acronym of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection
using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals.
There are two techniques to deliver ISDN services:
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
Key points:
 The BRI ISDN consists of three distinct channels on a single ISDN line: t1o
64kbps B (Bearer) channel and one 16kbps D (Delta or Data) channels.
 The PRI ISDN consists of 23 B channels and one D channels with both have
operating capacity of 64kbps individually making a total transmission rate of
1.54Mbps.
The following diagram shows accessing internet using ISDN connection:

DSL
DSL is acronym of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it
provides connection over ordinary telephone lines.
Following are the several versions of DSL technique available today:
1. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
2. Symmetric DSL (SDSL)
3. High bit-rate DSL (HDSL)
4. Rate adaptive DSL (RDSL)
5. Very high bit-rate DSL (VDSL)
6. ISDN DSL (IDSL)
All of the above mentioned technologies differ in their upload and download speed, bit
transfer rate and level of service.
The following diagram shows that how we can connect to internet using DSL
technology:

Cable TV Internet Connection

Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial cable
which is capable of transferring data at much higher speed than common telephone
line.
Key Points:
 A cable modem is used to access this service, provided by the cable operator.
 The Cable modem comprises of two connections: one for internet service and
other for Cable TV signals.
 Since Cable TV internet connections share a set amount of bandwidth with a
group of customers, therefore, data transfer rate also depends on number of
customers using the internet at the same time.
The following diagram shows that how internet is accessed using Cable TV connection:
Satellite Internet Connection
Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. There are two
types of satellite internet connection: one way connection or two way connection.
In one way connection, we can only download data but if we want to upload, we need a
dialup access through ISP over telephone line.
In two way connection, we can download and upload the data by the satellite. It does
not require any dialup connection.
The following diagram shows how internet is accessed using satellite internet
connection:

Wireless Internet Connection

Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the
internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained
by either WiFi or Bluetooth.
Key Points:
 Wi Fi wireless technology is based on IEEE 802.11 standards which allow the
electronic device to connect to the internet.
 Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of short-wavelength radio waves and
helps to create personal area network (PAN).

Client IP address:-
Client IP addresses describe only the computer being used, not the user. If
multiple users share the same computer, they will be indistinguishable.
Many Internet service providers dynamically assign IP addresses to users
when they log in.

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses

are expressed as a set of four numbers —
an example address might be 192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can
range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255.

A brief overview of TCP/IP and its services:-

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and
is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network
devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications
protocol in a private computer network (an intranet or extranet).
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP is a suite of protocols used for the communication of devices on a network. The
network can be of any type: Internet or personal networks like the intranet, extranet,
etc.
The modern developments that we use on the Internet are only possible because of the
TCP/IP suite. Although the name suggests only two protocols, it contains other
protocols in it. Let us look at the functioning of this suite in detail.

Working of TCP/IP
In simple terms, TCP takes care of how data is transferred in a network.
  It breaks down the data into smaller packets that can be shared across a network
effectively.
 At the receiver's end, TCP helps to arrange the data packets into a specific order
to convey the initial information transferred through the web.
 To share the data packets, we should have a particular address. Each connection
will have a specific IP address. It helps the transmitter to know the destination.
 The IP address consists of two addresses: of the receiver and the sender. The
subnet mask divides and helps to identify the two addresses from one another.

Layers of TCP/IP
Following are the layers of TCP/IP −
 Application Layer − It consists of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File
Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol), and SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). It is called the
application layer because it consists of application data.
 Transport Layer − The transfer of data is done in this layer. It is responsible for
maintaining the communication between the sender and receiver. TCP or UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) is used for this purpose.
 Network Layer − It consists of IP and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
IP takes care of the destination and host addresses and makes sure the
connection is maintained. ICMP reports errors in case the connection is not
proper.
 Physical Layer − The protocol in this layer works in the link between different
devices in the network. It includes Protocol for Ethernet and Address Resolution
Protocol.

Advantages of using TCP/IP

Following are the advantages of using TCP/IP −
 It is used in many varieties of fields even after three to four decades after its
introduction.
 It helps to communicate between heterogeneous networks (i.e., networks with
many differences like that in protocols, etc.)
 It follows a client-server architecture. Therefore, more devices can be added or
removed easily because of its scalability.
 It helps to identify each device on the network via IP address, giving better
security to the network. If any device makes any illegal actions, it is easier to
identify the device using the IP address.

Disadvantages of using TCP/IP

Following are the disadvantages of using TCP/IP −
 It cannot represent other protocols than in TCP/IP suite like those used in
Bluetooth connection.
 The boundary between the concepts of services, interfaces, protocols is blurry.
Web server:-
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests
made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to
display website content through storing, processing and delivering
webpages to users.

Web client:-
The web client is a computer system that sends requests to the web server and displays the
webpages it receives in response. Together, the web server and web client enable users to
access and view webpages from anywhere in the world.

Domain Registration:-