Scribd
Upload
118 views32 pages

MATRICES Image Only

Uploaded by

devikadevz977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
118 views32 pages

MATRICES Image Only

Uploaded by

devikadevz977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32
Matrices Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular presentation of numbers (or sym- bols) arranged systematically in rows and columns describing various aspects of a phenomenon interrelated in some manner. Matrix is therefore a rectangular array of numbers (or symbols) For example: A and B pruchased from a market the following: A: 4kg of sugar, 1kg of onion and 1kg. of potatoe B : 2kg. of sugar, 2kg. of potatoe and 1kg. of onion These information can be represented by the following matrix. 411 24 3] I row shows purchases made by A TI row shows purchases made by B I column shows purchases of sugar Tl column shows purchases of onion II column shows purchases of potatoe 1. Rectangular matrix: Any matrix with ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ z : columns is called a rectangular matrix of order m X n : A Matrix of order m x n can be denoted by (a) where i = 1, 2, ».Mmand j = 1,2, ....n. qk an Pa $23) 4 1 a2 3) a3 x 4 matrix Here the matrix may be denoted is = = ®o = Sau = 2, coin ae rari ID 1.2 A matrix with equal number of rows ang oly ‘, ix: y? 2. Square mati trix, When there are ‘n’ rows and ‘1’ ¢ ns i asquare mal her and oe es onan of order ‘n’ or itis also known as ‘n’ royeg cae q matrix. 231 : eg: |0 4 2| is a square matrix of order 3 : 132 3. Rowmatrix: A matrixhaving only one rowis called a row Matty eg: (5 2 4 2) is a row matrix 4. Column matrix: A matrix having only one column is calleg column matrix. eg: BING Leading diagonal: Elements 911»°822, 833, qq etc form the leading 8: consider the matrix A = 2 é i 0-18 au = 3, a = 6, ag, = 8 . So elements inthe leading diagonal are 3, 6, 8 5. Diagonal matrix: + Asquar ix in whi, those in leading diag sq © matrix in which all th, 1 onal ar 5 ‘all the elements except = § © 710, is called a diagonal matrix. : Otherwords a square matrix % fi j and a «9 + (Gi) is diagonal matrix when aj = 0 aij When j = j hen aij 50g) 33} «sgn mai 6. 7A » eau etaletd grea a Which all the diagonal is when i a day = 9 = J and aj = 409 cg: By Li3 7. Unit matrix : A diagonal matrix in which each of the diagonal element is unity, is said to be a unit matrix, This is also known as an identity matrix and is denoted by 1 In otherwords (ajj) yx, is an Identity matrix if aj = 1 when i =j and aj = 0 when i #j 100]. i . eg: |0 1 0| is an Identity matrix. 001 8. Null matrix. (Zero Matrix) :_ A matrix in which every element is zero, is said to be null matrix or zero matrix. In otherwords (ajj) mx n is a null matrix if ai = 0 for alli and j eg: Oooo coco ecco is azero matrix | 9. Triangular matrix: Ifevery element above (or below) the leading diagonal is zero, the matrix is called a triangular matrix. Triangular matrix may be upper triangular or lower triangular. In otherwords a square matrix (ajj) is upper triangular if aj = when i > j and ay # 0 when i j 134 500 eg: (1) ; 8 j (2) E 7 4 002 153 First isthe upper triangular and the secondis the lower triangular, Inthe upper triangular matrix, all elements below the leading diagonal are zero and in the lower triangular matrix, all elements above the leading diagonal are zero. Equality of two matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equalif — (i) A and B are of the same order. (i) The elements in the corresponding places of the two matrices are equal. fi3s Baas wa felan- [2] oma -s 170) 170 ers a ‘Transpose of a Matrix trix A by ‘he matrix obtained from any given mai inter cs its remand columns is called its transpose and denoted by ,,'%™ on If A = (aj)mxny then Ab = (Aji) 5 x m 4 a Suen Naw 5 fila 3 4 then AS 3 3 415 1 Eg: fA = E Here A = (ajj)3x4 and A‘ = (aji) 4x5 10. Symmetric matrix: Any square matrix A is saidto be symmetric if it is equal to its transpos Thatis, A is symmetric if A = At eg: Consider A = Y J then At = e ] Here A= A' = Ais symmetric 11. Skew symmetric matrix: Any square matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if it is equal to its negative transpose. That is, if A = —At then A is skew symmetric, . eS 5) 03 5 eg: Consider A = |_3 9 3 then -At = |-3 9 2 520 520 A= -At So-A is skew symmetric 12. Order ofa matrix: The order of a matrix is the dimension of the Dats Stowing its number ofrows and columas, . eg: ice 1 al is of the order 2 x 3 13. Trace of a matrix: Trace of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the Jeading diagonals, iat 0 e & 1g ofr thetrace = 1-142 cea idempotent matrix and Ais _ piel ponent if a Pagemt matrix: A square mattrix nil; teat mati of index, is the ens that A eat ed a i ae i) Ex. 1 Write down a matrix of order (i) 3 x 2 (ii) 2 x 3 Ans: (i) 2 .2) 4 j is oforder3x2 (ii) ic B ] is of order2 x3 i 2-43 Ex: 2 Showthat |-1 2 1| is symetric - 2 4 2-13 eels hee A = | 2 1) and A‘ = [-1-2 1 Sia: 4 Bd Both A and At are equal Given matrix is symmetric 100 Ex. 3 Showthat | 0 1 0 is idempotent Opn ett iO 0) Ans; A = |0 1 0 O01 1 100 100 102.01 EA XA = |0 1. 0). X [01 0 = 010) =A 001 00: a ool AZ =A .. Ais idempotent. OPERATIONS OF MATRICES (a) Addition of matrices (b) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (c) Multiplication of two matrices (a) Addition of Matrices If A and B be two matrices of the same order, then their sum A +B is defined to be the matrix of the same order obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B. iss. 2, 59 a ot wae) i] oe - [32 | c 2 zo 7 8 + 33 542 247] 03 9 then Acew — [73 09! ‘8+7| = j-5 28 -2+1 41 8+2 = 310 1.6 Ex. 1 Given the matirces as 5-9 6 A= bi alana B= 23-5 25 9 4-9 7, Find () A+B (ii) A-B 2+5 3-9 5+6 76 11 Ans; (i) A+B = | 5+2 4+3 2-5 717-3 2+4 5-9 9+7| 6-4 16 3 12 -1 Boul 7. 214 2 2-5 349 S— (i) A-B = Ges Hae 7 3 5 2-4 549 9— apr ae 33 444 Ex2 A= {ii -3/,B = /30 iC— (5 -1 0 104 69-1 Zsa 1 find A + B-C 2 Ans; A+B-C =/11 -3] + 0 == aby i ww I Nan whe 4 0 1 oe "ao 2+3 243 243 =| 1+3 140 -3+5 146 0+9 4-1 mon wow 4 5 2 5 44 4 2] — [5-1 0 3 2st S-4 5-4 5-4 1 peel 2E0| ~ oman " 2S0" wernu W — 1 1 -2 - 2 4/,B=/0 4 | findthe matrix X such Se 34 that A+ B-X = 9 Ans: Given A+B—x = 9 A+B=xX an 12 i ? [} ‘] : [4] ¥ me fae pero 5.64 444 [= : 3a 5+3 . ; Ex. 4 Solvethe equation x+ |? 1 5 24 8 7 Ans: 0 2.55: 1 eae 0 4) = |? 3 f 2-6 8 iar al aa 3 Ol 25 Bien. 1) — 1-9 4 Gy 25h 2-6 8 1-0 2-1 3-5 112 Peeipeyo0 1-4) = [1 33 3-2 2+6 1-8 1 8- (b) Multiplication of a matrix by a Scalar Let A be any matrix and kany scalar. Then the matrix obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is said to be the scalar multiple of A by k, This is denoted by kA te es eg: IFA = I: 5 en 588329, 4 5x1 5x2 5x3 Biei0se5: BA = | 5x4 5x5 5x6] = | 20 25 30 5x7 5x8 5x9 35 40 45 Ex. 5 wa=[o45 } B = (ageies ] find 24 — 3B ei - Issa m -3[323)-[353] Bos - fei 3)-1233) [ise as) -[ Ex.61f A = [7 3jand B= i 3] find 64-38. ae Ans: 2A = 2 [ 1 0 on Ho mu © ay fos: 6A = (2 38] and 38 = [5 5] See Ba aA: is we 3 Ex.7 Given A=/21 -3 |, B = v0 thes [s Ca 4 6 9 nf | 1 determine 4 (7A—2B~—3C) Ans: . uM ss 6 2 4 a=! 47 21/,2B=| 6 0 10 and 3C 6 2) eS 12 18 -2 oa 6 oy 7A-2B-3C = | M—6-12 4-6-2 14-6-12 eed - 4 See ots) -tI-0-0 | = | -7 39 5) 7-12-6 0-18-9 28+ 2-3 U7 27 16-16 16 Hence 4(7A—2B-—3C) = | -28 40 -14 4-108 = 108 (©) Multiplication of two matrices The Matrices A, B are said to be conformable for multiplication when the number of. columns of A = number of rows of B., an ap a bu be by When A = | a am ay | ans B = ba be by a3 a32 433 bs b3z bas then the product AB = su Pntarbatands anbytazbytaysbs ay byytayybystaystby saPirtandrtanths ay bytanbatanbs a dyytay bystay by 8n1Putar bata by as bytax bytas3 by. ay; byytarg bys tay3 bs Note: Formultiplication, take each row and multiply with all columns. Ex. 8 Find the product of the matrices 133 aap Aes 4] a} 3 4 @ [22 fame: i] (i) [23 ]m[3 4 our [Pian =[2 23] 0 3 ot | [eee 1.143.2+2(-1) ie [2 : 4 AB = = 03424414 014+2.241(-1) 0.2+23+1.1 03454434 O.145.2+3(-1) 0.2+5.3+3.1 1.9 12 qi) vad = [53 5] mae - 34 21433448) 2243(-4)+46] — [ -9 16 6 AB = | 41423-5(-) -1242(-4)56 30 ~40 7 2 + 2 a 2 -1 moter =| ¢ sjee=[% 3 | and R= i ‘ Find P(Q+R) and PQ+PR, Hence prove P(Q+R) Ans: hoa +R J-[34 . es mas. oP oe 44+6 3+5 Adding, PQ'+-PR =| 0 a oe af x [atts 2h 1 10 8 -([2 s, Q) From (1) and (2), P(Q+R) = PQ+PR 192.3) 0 2-1 Ex. 10 fA=/]2 3 4| andB=|1 3 4 al lo “ {02-3 find the products AB and BA. Show that AB # BA. 10421430 12+23+3(-2) 1(-1)+2.4+3(-3) 22-2 = | 20431440 2.2433+4(-2) 2(-1)+3.444-3) | =| 3 5 2 —[0+1.14+20 124134202) -1-1)+14+2(-3) 453.3 1.10 02-4 1 ois Logee (ia 2 3 4 023 “112 01422-1(-1) 0.2+2.3-1.1 te E 5 M43244(-1) 12433441 13434442 33 =22-4%-1) 02-23-31 03-24-52 19 14 AB # BA Ex. U If 1 1-1 ee geil 2 34 > ali find A (BC), (AB)C and show that A (BC) = (AB)C acd 1234 Ans: BC = [: :)x[3 ea a 14 11432 1243.0 13+3(-2) 1(-4)+3.1 e = | 01422 02420 0342-2) 0-4)+21| =| 4 11442 12440 -13+402) -1(4)+4.1 oi 2 1-1 723-1 ABC) = 2 “023 [exe] «4 0 422 72 2-34 042 2 = 8) 3-12 -1 8, 27404437 22+00-32 2304311 21402438 LI+14-17 12410412 -13-1464111 -1.1412-18 37-14427 3210-22 -33414211 -3.1-12+28 444-7 3 2-39 2 312-27 1 Similarly (AB)C can be found 447 4 (AB)C = [3 2 -39 2) Hence A (BC) (AB) C 1227 1 Ex, 12 Two shops have the stock of large, medium and small sizes of eee ‘The number of each size stocked is given by the matrix large medium small = [150 2 12 a= (5 300 agers The cost matrix, B of the different size of the tooth paste is given bY cost (Rs.) 14 large B = | 10 medium 6 small find the investment in tooth paste by each shop. 14 . is a 150 240 = 120 Ans: Investment = AB = [ 9 300-210 ] x | = | 2100-+ 200 + 70 | _ 5220 1260 + 3000 + 1260 5520 Here first figure shows investment in tooth paste by shop I and the second by shop Il. Ex. 3A = Ans; A? = 14444 24244 24442 9 = | 24244 44144 44242 | =| 8 24442. 44242 44441 8 8 4 8 12 Also, 44 =4/2 1 22 100 mg srs [2 te 001 1,22 enn. “0 2 $2 A's a min = [23 | 491 a4 4058 m8 7 9gax ga a0 = 21 | os 1 11 18 14 B4+3+0 OF6+12 104044 | = | 20+74+0 0+14+27 25+0+9 | =| 27 41 34 B+1+0 04243 -10+0+1 =7. 5-9 uu 27 -7 (AB)! =| 18 41 5 “4 9 410 2 5-2 BAT =] 0 2.3] x | 3.71 a So a 491 8+3+0 20+7+0 -8+1+0 N27 -7 - O+6+12 0+14+27 0+2+3 =/]18 41 5 10+0+4 «254049 = -10+0+1 “4M -~9 (AD) DETERMINANT A Determinant is a compact form showing a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns, the number of rows and the number of columns being equal. The numbers in a determinant are known as the elements of the determinant. ~ Determinant refers to a mathematical operation to be effected on the elements. The effect of the operation gives rise toa simplified value of the determinant known as determinant value. Order of a determinant Every determinant has equal number of rows and columns. Order tac peterminant is the number of rows or the number of columas of (1) |} 3] isa determinant of order 2. is a determinant of order 3. Computation of determinants Determinant with 2 rows and 2 columns: a. ad (2)| Zana! 223-6 1.13 Value of |} | = ad-be Determinant with 3 rows and 3 columns; b as ° © f i f af eet] arsed OUST + eles = a(ci-hf)-b (di-gf) + c(dh-ge) Ex: 15 Find the value of the determinants 192-3 ©|33| (i) | 2-1 2 oo 324 ai | = = ans: @) |} 3 | = 4-32 = -28 123 a om -1 2 22, eee) 7134 = 1(4-4)-2(8-6)-3(4--3) = 1(-8)-2(2)-3(7) = -8-4-21 = -33 Determinants of order 4 Determinant value of abcd Fee ceeek efgh ; es ay igy ak la|> bik +(b +0) (c—b) = 1(ba + b? - ce? — acy Beg Gone ot = bat —-ac- a —abtact a +be- b+ 2, =0 iS b cta © atb Ex. 18: Show that S23 342 382 o|itif-oo[si3 <0 @/210 >0 466 2-28 * 3-2) S72 = =5/31 21 243 ans: (1) | 23.1 =5(22]-7|23 +2|23| = 5(6—6)—1(4—4) + 212-12) = (5x0)—(7x0) + (2x0) =0 Q | | -3[32]-s|23| | = 36-9) — 40 — -6) + 2(0- 2) = 3(2) — 4(6) + 2(-2) = 6 — 20 4m 12210 342 aos 2-28 : Bua 2) 121% 13 2 13 sl-2|ts]+e]2 3] = 32-0)-2(4-0) +8(6~1 =GX2)-@x4) + @x5) Sree 5s 0 Determinant of a square matrix Every square matrix eg If A = i lini — 1 3 3] ‘enits determinant is ey 2 Determinant of A is denoted by Jal Perel (A= aaa 1.15 then }A| = [33] = (1x 4)-2%3) = 46 = -2 then | A | Ao Bgample: (2) WA= 1/3 1 2 [243] 2 2 5 |: 5 sa 62 1 (5-4) -5 (15—12) + 2(6-6) 1(1)-5(3) + 2(0) = 1-15+0 = -14 Singular matrices: A square matrix is said to be singular if its deter- = 12 32 =1)251-5165] 421631 s Ex. 19 Show that (1) RS] 2) E 4 12 Ans: @) Al = |? $|=6-6 =0 Ss 7 2 = ay a4 241 3 @ |Al = Ee eee teali als sale lige = 5(6-6)-7(4-4) + 212-12) = 5()-7() +2) =0+0+0=0 3.42 Ex. 20 stort | £2] an sng 228 Ans: BA. 2 JA] = Jo 1-3] = 3) 1314193) 42192 Kala las las | laa = 3(8-6]-4[0--6] + 2[0-2] = 3[2]-4[6] + 2-2) = 624 =-2 -._Ajis non singular. Minor of an element of a matrix Every clement of a square matrix has a minor. It is the value of the determinant formed with elements obtained when the row and the Column in which the element lies, are deleted. 23d - 0 -1e-i og: If A Re Consider element 2. It appears in row and I column, py, a Om th iven matrix delete Irow and I column. The determinant formed we Se remain elements is minor of ‘2’ i Sena 6 2-16) = 1 Minor of 2 is = |") | 6-(-16) 0 Co-factor of an element f an element is obtained by multiplying the minor of that esata. (-1)'*) where 4 is the number of row and jis the number of column of the element. That is, cofactor of the ele: ment a23is obtained by multiplying the minor of ax with (-1)2+3 } | Cofactor ay3 is azg = (-1)2+3 [3 71) =-Gy G--5 = -(3) =-1 Be4o7 Ex 21 fA = [> 5S 6| Find the Co-factors of elements 6,-9 parsies, Element 6 is ap3. Co-factor of a93 is 23 os Plea 4 bar yan ouw ora | Ans: = ~9-28) = +49 ‘The co-factor of the element ~9 is 7 Ga, fee +(1I5+8) = trix : Adjoint of a given square Matrix is the transpose of mre matrix formed by co-actors of doing ais i takes Le “ments of a given Square an an ay FE A= lan an an |i ey e Bo =| 931 Ax ass 21 22 aay 1 ay ay © Stang: ee B. tow clements of Ex. 22 Find the adjoint of the matrix ee Ans: Finding cofactors of all the nine the given matrix. tae a ll! 1.17 ay = cofactor of0 = (-1)? |? 3) = + (23) = -1 au = cofactor of1 = (-1) |} 7 | =- (1-9) = 8 ayy = cofactor of2 = (1) | } i] = +06 =-5 aq = co-factor of1 = (-1)3 | uM | =-@2) =1 @ny= cofactor of2 = (16 | 3 2) = +06) = 6 ax = co-factor of3 = (-1)5 | 2 i| =-@3) =3 Guar cofactor of3. = (1) | 3'2] = + G4 = ax = cofactorof1 = (1)5 | ° 3| = -@2 =2 @33 = co-factor of1 = (-1)6 | : Al = +41) =41 . adj-A = transpose of F 3] = [: 33] -1 2-1 —S. aaew Ex. 23 Find the adjoint of the matrix aA 1 1 i 2-13 and verify the theorem A (Adj A) = (AdjA)A = |Alr Ans: yy = cofactor ofa,, = (-1)!+1 = fis = =a 12 = co-factor of ayy = (-1)1+2 = I 5 9 13 = cofactor of a3 = (-1)143 = ie am sings Similarly oy = (4241 kt 4 = ay = (122 A zl ae = (ay+3 %% = (12+ fe | =3,ay = (1)341 za mis Sa = (-1)3+2 | nel =4,a = (1)343 i zt aa 1.18 3-9-5 3-4-5 iA = pose of |-4 13] = |-9 1 4 Adj - es (5 41 S$ 31 ia 1 3-4-5 ; = {1 2-3] x |9 14 A(Adj A) A at rs i 395 AHI+3 -St4+1 -1 0 0 = |31415 442-9 5483] =/0 -11 0/ |... @) 649-15 8-149 10-443 0 0 -11 34-5 ie jAJA= [5 14] x [1 23 a) 34 2-13 3410 38+5 3412-15 -11 0 0 = |ovits 9424 9342] =]0 -11 0] ...., Q) “$4342 -S+6-1 -5-943 0 0-11 JA| = 1(63)-1G--) + 1(-1-4) = (1x 3)-(1x 9) + (1x-5) = -11 100 11.0 0 JA|E=-i11}/o010) =/o-n oj ..... (3) oo1 0 0-11 A (Adj) = (AdjA) A = |A| I Inverse of a matrix For a square matrix A, if there exists a square matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then Bis said to be the inverse of A or reciprocal of A. The inverse of A is denoted by A-! IfA™ exists, A is said to be invertable. : Note: (1) For a given matrix A there exists inverse only if (i) A is a square matrix (2) A is non singular, Note: (2) If B is the inverse of A, then A is the inverse of B. Ex. 24 Find the inverse of Awhere A = |2 5 7 aa 2 3 5 Ans: lal=[3 a x e331, x a Pig i= 2Ge) +773 1.19 = 3(-6-1)-5 (4-1) + 7(2--3) = 3(-7)-5(3) + 7(5) = -21-15.+ 35 = -1 Cofactors: on = GY |S) +en-7 en = CH? |? | --@-) =3 ay = Ct [2 B= +@--3) = 5 Se cy [5 ,|--an-3 on SeGiyy| | = +67) = -1 az = CI) |? S| =-@5) =2 fee Cy | | = + G20. = 26 etc | 2 || = -G-4) = 1 a3 = (-1)* | S58 [ss 0) = -19 -7 3 2% Now AdjA = |-3 1 11 5 2-19 ‘ a 7 1 3 -%6 Al = Mid a5 33 leer | aoe le IAI Ee 5 2-19 5-29 Ex. 25 Find the inverse of (5 {) ans: JA |= {33 il = 4-6 = 10 ay = (AQ) = 1 ay = (A> (3) = -(3)= 3 an = (1) Q) = -? aa = Cy @) = +4=4 Aga = (3% —————— 1.20 Bd \ ee ata Mahon (34) matrix a Bass A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if the product of and its transpose is a unit matrix. ‘That is, if AA’ = A'A = I then A is orthogonal matrix Note: If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A’ = A Solution of Simultaneous equations with the help of matrices omiae[? ¢] [5] - [4] This can besimplified as axtby =k ax+by =1 These are simultaneous equations. Ex. 26: Express 2x + 3y = 4 4x + Sy = 6 in the matrix equation form Ans: The two equations can be expressed as (2) G) - i ~-» Ex. 27 Given the system of equations 2x + 3y + Sz = 7, Sx+4y +72 = 9 and 3x—7y + 8z = 10 Express these equations into the matrix equation Ax Ans: The given equations are 2 + 3y+5z = 7 = B. oe) ik+4y+ Ty =9 2) 3x-Ty + & = 10 eae -3(3) Oo x 7 5 ag = 44] :] [3 imknowsand the third siete of coefficients and second is of ie AX =B 3-78 x 10 Method of solving simultaneous equations. Express the equations in the form AX = B so that X = A-1B, qhen find A“. Multiply A~! and B, we get x which is the solution. Ex. 28 Solve completely the following equations: 2x-3y = 3 and | 1.21 where A = [ii] 3 win = [3 ax- y Ss 11 using matrices, Ans: The above equations can be writen in the matrix form as | Ee | Ax = B thn x=A'™B cooeeapetL): -1 _ Adj A bet or aA j we have |A| = i = (2+12) = 10 Cofactors are @y = 24701) = 4, ay = (-1)14#2 (4) = 4 @i = AP*4(-3) = 3, am = (1+? (2) = 2 maa - [33] pie a [-1 3 2 10 |4 2] Ans: ‘The above system in the matrix notation is le a S44 x 15 7:43] ly] = | 19 2016 Z 4 AX =B X= a's . 54 4 At =AGA where |A| = | 7 4-3 [Al 2 1 6 B 43 73 74 Stic) Ola od +41.2.11 5 (24--3) + 6 (42-6) + 4(7-8) = 5(27) + 6(48) + 4(-1) = 135 + 288-4 = 419 Cofactors an = (Att | $3] = +0443) = 27 ay = Cait? [23] = -@2+6) = -48" ag = ¢1)'*5 | ay = (AP+ | ay = (12+? | a3 = (-1)?+3 | a3, = (13+ nel =+ (18-16) = 2 ax = (A+? | $4) =~ (45~28) = 43 0 8 (ay = (1+3 Pet = + (20-42) i 7 40 2 . AdjA = |48 22 43 4-7 @ Ut em BBA ge ag 2272 A TAT ap [8 2 2 1 -17 62 Substituting inX = Al B, 1.23 _ , [7 02 15 y| “ap | 2 43] x | 19 . “9 | 1-17 «2 46 - 1. [ 2718 + 40.19 + 246 1 [1357 3 ¥| = ap [A835 + 22.19 + 43.46 a9 | 16% | =| 4 2 M9 | 115 +-17.19 +6246] 419 | asi4 x=3,y = 4 andz = 6 Crammer’s Rule Consider a set of simultaneous ue say 3x+2y+z=6 a-3yt+3z = 2, xt+y+z = 3. ‘The equations can be expressed in the form ew Ax=B aed Sen Where A= |2-3 3] Then A, = | 2-3 3 Ae 3 eat 361 A 326 = [223] an = (23.2 ee a3 e agai <3, Here Ay is obtained by replacing first column of AbyB. Bis [:]. wna — Ay ite teplating the eocond colmn‘of A by B and A; is obtained by replacing the third column of A by B. The values of the unknowns are obtained by the formula, Bee A] | LA Bem) Say 77 TAI For the above example ees =3\/3 3 23 Ee Bees t|-*3 lets] 123 = 3(3-3)-2(2-3) + 1(2--3) = 3¢-6)-2(-1) + 1(5) =-8+24+5=-n Bee 1 WAg |= = 613 3 23 | 430 Sle h2| 33 | o.|23| 1.24 = 6(-3-3)-2(2-9) + 1(2--9) = 6(-6)-2(-7) + 1(11) = -%+144+11 = -11 3.61 lal = ]2 23 a.31 = 32-9) -6 (2-3) + 166-2) = 3-7) -6(-1) + 1(4) =-2+6+4= -11 23 23 = 3{aa)4 | Ft] +1] 23) 326 : = 3/3-2]5122 24 int = [23 $= 9) 3]2 [23] -«) 25) = 3(-9-2)-2(62) + 6(2--3) = 3(-11)-2(4) + 6(5) = -3-8 +30 = -1 Seen Cea coc 2 = (Ae y (jen = 2 Asi) z= peel ralenen — + Ex. 30 Solve the following equations by cramer’s rule. 2x-3y = 3 and 4x-y = 11 Ans: Mecpetiosce te wicca | 2-2] (i ~ le} ie AX = B Toa " |e A ae = @x-)-(3 x 4 = 2-Cl2) = 2412 = 19 [Ar = let = 3433 = 39 | A2| calcul = 2-2 = 19 nt Sole the following simultaneous equations using crammers Semis, Tx +4y-32 = 19, X+y +62 = 46 _— 1.25 ‘Ans: The equations can be written as 4 x 3 y| = 6 2 $ 7 2 =5|43 73 74 16} 7S ta) Sadho is 19 46 ic, Ax = B wae 4 4 1 4 jal 43 16 = 5(24--3) + 6(42--6) + 4(7-8) = 5(27) +6 (48) + 4-1) = 135 + 288-4 = 419 53 4 4 ears |= 15] 43| 16] 9-3 | +414 4% 16 | 2 :| |e s| | % ‘| = 15(24--3) + 6 (114--138) + 4 (19-184) = 15(27) +6 (252) + 4(-165) = 405 + 1512-660 = 1257 154 Be ce 5\7% [+4|22 [Ail = JA] = | 7 93 2 4 6 = 5(114-- 138) - 15 (42--6) + 4 (322-38) = 5(252)-15 (48) + 4(284) = 1260-720 + 1136 = 1676 Pa ei 46/2 2| 415| 2 4| 2 1 4 = 5 (184-19) + 6 (322-38) + 15 (7-8) = 5(165) +6 (284) + 15(-1) = 825 + 1704-15 = 2514 |A3| = pela) 43257 eeaay: = a9. peel 16% 7 Fal ~ 49 ee! . Al 419 Rank of a matrix : j A non zero matrix is said to have rank ‘k’ if at least one of its eee 2-70 aod all minors of order mare than if any, are a 1.26 Therefore rank of a matrix is said to be 2, if all minors of or more are zero and at least one minor of order 2s not zero, } matrix is a square matrix, the highest minor eb with all elements of the given matrix in determinant formed position. 521 Ex. 32 reat aks [2 r | i te Sam Kns: This is a square matrix of order 3 x 3. So highest minor thy can be obtained is of order 3 which is soz A 03 O51 le tal-s raj2iosfrt[ 23 2-4 . = 5(0 — 3)-2(0-6) + 10-2) eas ie — 2 5 (which is not zero) So rank = 3. | 2 6 Ans: Highest minor,is of order 3. Ale | Sale Bie 1 e222] | 35 yur aan Ex. 33 Find the rank of the matrix 1. 253 3) 16-9) 2 AiG) = 1(36-36) -2 (18-18) + 2(12-12) = 0-0. +0 =0 So rank is not 3. Now consider minors of order 2. They are 12] [23 36 69 3 26a) | 26 295te| Sosa isla: Al : All these minors have the determinant = So rankisnot2. -. The rankis 1 Note: Minimum rank of a non zero matrix is 1. hed ery aieed gular matrix of order m xn then tit highest minor is of order equal to m or n whichever is less. 2 2.0:5 Bs a4 indie ranker | 3} 3 24 10 ' ‘ 1.27 ‘ ‘The matrix is of order 3 x 4. So est ans: Sretbeder scaly highest minors that can be 120 nwrwe [2 Ea] [EE ‘These two have only zero values, So rank is not 3. Now consider minors of order 2. a2 20 0s ae at | ) 31 Bed | 2 10 Since at least one of these not zero, Rank = 2. 208 123 REVISIONARY EXERCISES Qn. 1 Find x and y if [4 5} + [x y] = [7 3] 204 8 4-2 8 2.0 21A|6 28|;B = |]0-2 0] andC =|0 24 [é3] [243] $24] Compute (a) A+(B+C) (b) (A+B)+C () A-(B-C) (d) 3A+2B-3C { 3. WA = [$23] find 3a 7-23 4, Find A + B and 4A -5B, where ae (s83] 8 (252 72 3 150 5. Find the additive inverse of: 316 2 @) ff | (2) [i] QB) 1-3 10 5 2 8-2 0 ‘Hint; Additive inverse is obtained by changing the sign of all elements). 6. Does ABexist? where A = [sa]. - [33] : f s 9 | | a 1.28 68 [6 7. Does BA exist? where A = [ps]. Be- |; & Verify that AB exists and compute it: 60 0 10 6 whreA = |9 5/5 B= |9 » 12 i 2 oe = 1- awa= [32].B- [33]. ¢- [24 Show that A(B + C) = AB + AC and(AB)C = 4p, mwa-[f33]. B- [324] me 0 W r find a matrix X such that (3B-2A) C + 2X re? 3 105 101) Menem 00), B— |24 2], C= (24, ahi": a (0°12 lao Find () 2A+3B-4C i) 4(A-B+C) (iii) ab (wy) BA (vy) A(B+C) (vi) AB-BC___ (wii) (aB)c 12. Accompany is considering which of the three methods of produc. tion it should use in producing three goods A, B and C. The amom, of each good produced by each method is shown in the matrix. ABC Method I 482 Method II S71 Method IT s 39 The matrix [10 4 6] represents the profit per unit for the goods A, B and Cin that order. Using matrix multiplication find which method maximises total profit. 13. There are two families A and B. There are 2 men 3 women and 1 child in family A and 1 man, 1 woman and 2 children in family B. ‘The recommended daily diet for caloric is Men : 2 400; women : 1900; ei : 1800 and for protiens is Men : 55gm; women : 45 gm; Represent the above information by matrices, Using matrix mul tiplication, calculate the requirement of calories ‘otiens for cach of the two families. = 4135 4 A= [£43] sowmar ad = 4 4135 15. 17. 1.29 ae raA= [: “3 0} Show that A? + 442 A121 = 0 where tia 1 is the unit matrix, 23 ShowthatA = | 3 . } satisfies the equation aaa A?-23 A-401 =0 a-@ 4 2 m= (2 1 2) and B= ion 2 1-2 2 2-3-1 Verify that (AB)! = B a-t Verify that following results (@ (= A @) (AB) = Bat (3) (A+B)! = at+Bt from the matrices given below Bio 2 1 0-41 See 0 11 5B = |°2 5 | 2 s-9 Bie St . Find the adjoint of the matrix A = ie and Verify A(Adj A) = (AdjA)A = "| A [1 ). Find the adjoint of the matrices and verify that A(AdjA) = (Adj A)A = | A/T 145 1 0-1 @ifA -[3 2 2|:@ = [; 4 3] 013 0 +47 1 -2 2 IfA = [: 3]. Show that Adj A = 3at 321 Compute the determinant of the matrix. i sa Jay |; ‘3 ic. ict 1-1 2-3)4 SoM (a) [33 zJo [3 4 2. 4 +H+% =O + =0 Sanat, =? x+3y+4z =H 2B. ‘A trucking company owns three types of trucks X, Y, Z which are equipped to carry three different types of machines per load a, shown below: Trucks Type X Type ¥ Type Z Machine I 2 3 4 Machine II 1 1 2 Machine II 3 2 1 How miany trucks of each type should be used to carry exactly 29 \oftype Xmachines, 13 of type Y machines and 16 of type Z machines? ‘Assume that each truck is fully loaded. 0 0 ae w» wa=[}{]and B -[23] Show that (aA + bB) (a@A-bB) = (a? + b?)A 1-1 ie! a 30. KA = (ts)ee [ss] and A? + B? = (A+B)? find a, b 31. Show that A= zy [|] is orthogonal 32. Show chat A = Deas, -l 4 | is idempotent. 1-3-4 er 33. Show that A = [ 23] peeich icc 3 2-1-3 34, A manufacturer produces three products A, B, C which are sold in Delhi and Calcutta. Annual sales of these products are given bellow: Products i ns B c Delhi 5000 7500 15000 Calcutta 9000 12000 8700 If the sale price of the products A, B, C per unit Rs.3, Rs. 4 soepectrely calculate A UerMnore ese oes by using 131 paras gs. WA fa4|; B= | 3] nd x such that Ax in 3B i 2-11 % Show that the matrix A = a satisfies the equation 12 Abba? + 9A-41 = 0. Hence find the inverse of A. [Hints A? 64° +9A-41 = 0, multi in ; ply by A ~ AM-6A+ 91-4 A71 = . Als 0 « Al =1[A2-6A +91] 37. Apply Crammer’s Rule to find the solution to the following equations @ at3y=h axt+y = 5 @ wtytz=8 x+y +z= 6 wx+y-z=1 ‘x. 8: Demand and supply functions of two commodities are given below. Find equilibrium price of each commodity. Xd,=20- p, +P, Xd,=36 - 5p, +4p, Xs, =6 - 2p, + 3p, .. Xs,=8 - p, + 3P; [Hint: For equilibrium Demand = Supply : =P, +P, = 6 - 2p, +3p, and 36 - Sp, +4p,=8 - P, + 3p, Ans. p,=10 p,~12] Ex.9; The prices of three commodities X , Y and Zare not known. A sells 5 units of X , 4 units of Z and purchase 6 units of Y. B sells 7 units of X, 4 units of Y and purchases 3 units of Z. C cells 2 units of X , one unit of Y and 6 units of Z. Inthis process, A, B and C earn respectively Rs. 15, Rs. 19 and Rs. 46. Find the prices of the commodities X , Y, andZ [Ans: equation are 5x - 6y + 4z = 15, 7x + 4y - 3z= 19 and ‘Ix+y + 6z = 46. Solution: x = 3, y=4, z= 6] ere anan Hone nabs 1,32 Answers: Q) B 2 2 @ 8 6 6 2 410 est 0 60 3% No (7) Yes (8) [s 190 i] | a -18 -50 -30 = awe ws 1417 484 822 (@ @ {214 di) |} 8 00 (iii) | 3 ra] 287 434 iS 6-313 2311 @) }229 o [433] [3 in| 245 erst 16 -10 6 a a 12300 oa fe t H| (2) Motos as) [3 fal [22] (@) -46, (b) 13x-8y-22 (c) ab(b-a) + be(c-b) + cafe) (23) [B44] (A) x=3,y =1 b 16 @)x=Ly =27 =3 6) x =1, m =-1, 5 =-1 QQ) r=Ly=3 2-3 (28) 2, 3,5 ) a=. b= 4 (4 (02500 B80) G5) [3] a[2: te (36) | G) @ 24 @) 1,23 G8) a2 23 @) 3

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy