Nature and Characteristics of an Academic Text An academic text is a written language that provides information, which contain ideas and concepts that are related to the particular discipline. Essay, Research Paper, Report, Project, Article, Thesis, and Dissertation are considered as academic texts. Structure The basic structure that is used by an academic text is consist of three (3) parts introduction, body, and conclusion which is formal and logical. This kind of structure enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text. In academic writing a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a cohesive text. Tone This refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing. The arguments of others are fairly presented and with an appropriate narrative tone. When presenting a position or argument that disagrees with one’s perspectives, describe the argument accurately without loaded or biased language. Language Itis important to use unambiguous language. Clear topic sentences enable a reader to follow your line of thinking without difficulty. Formal language and the third person point- of-view should be used. Technical language appropriate to area of study may also be used, however, it does not mean using “big words’ just for the sake of doing so. Citation Citing sources in the body of the paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes is a very important aspect of an academic text. It is essential to always acknowledge the source of any ideas, research findings, data, or quoted text that have been used in a paper as a defense against allegations of plagiarism. Complexity An academic text addresses complex issues that require higher-order thinking skills to comprehend. Evidence-based Arguments Whatis valued in an academic text is that opinions are based on a sound understanding of the pertinent body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to a specific discipline. Thesis-driven The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or position applied to the chosen research problem, such as establishing, proving, or disproving solutions to the questions posed for the topic.Features of Academic Texts: 1. Complex - Written language has no longer words, itis lexically more varied vocabulary. + Written texts are shorter and the language has more grammatical complexity, including more subordinate clauses and more passives. 2. Formal - Should avoid colloquial words and expressions. 3. Precise - Facts are given accurately and precisely. 4. Objective - has fewer words that emphasize on the information you want to give and the arguments you want to make - mostly use nouns (adjectives), rather than verbs (adverbs) 5. Explicit - Itis the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 6. Accurate - Uses vocabulary accurately - Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 7. Hedging - It is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject, or the strength of the claims you are making 8 Responsible - You must be responsible for and must be able to provide evidence and justification for any claims you make. 9. Organize - Well-organized. - It flows easily from one section to the next in a logical fashion. 10. Plan - Well-planned. - It usually takes place after research and evaluation, according to specific purpose and plan. Factors to Consider in Writing Academie Text 4. State critical questions and issues; 2. Provide facts and evidence from credible sources; 3. Use precise and accurate words while avoiding jargon; 4. Take an objective point of view; 5. List references; and, 6. Use cautious language. Purposes in Reading an Academic Text 1. Tolocate a main idea; 2, Toscan for information; 3. ‘To identify gaps in existing studies; 4. Toconnect new ideas to existing ones; 5. Togain more pieces of information; 6. Tosupporta particular writing assignment; and, 7. ‘To deeply understand an existing idea,Academic Language Academic language is the language needed by students to do the wark in schools It includes, for example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and applications of rhetorical conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g, essays, lab reports, discussions of a contraversial issue.) Students who master academic language are more likely to be successful in academic and profes nal settings. Social language is the set of vocabulary that allows us to communicate with others in the contextof regular daily conversations. Here are some of the differences hetween social and academic language includes: Social Language ‘Academic Language In everyday interactions in spoken/written form In textbooks, research papers, conferences in spoken/written form For everyday conversation Used in schaol/work conversations Used to write to friends, family, or for ‘Appropriate for written papers, classwork, conventions necessarily, with phrases like, "you're hungry?" other social purposes homework Informal, such as words like “cool,” | Very formal and more sophisticated in its "guy," "kidding") expressions, such as words like “appropriate,” "studies," implementation” Gan use slang expressions Don't use slang Can be repetitive Uses a variety of terms Can use plrases Uses sentences Sentences don't follow grammar | Sentences begin with appropriate transitions, like, “moreover” or “in addition”) (Gociat & Academic Language Acquisition: Differences & Characteristics, 2020) Characteristics of Academic Language A. Formal Itshould not sound conversational or casual. Colloquial, idiomatic, slang or journalistic expressions should particularly be avoided. Examples: Use... Consider, monitor Revise, review Solve, repair, amend B. Objective - This means it is unbiased. It should be based on facts and evidence and are not influenced by personal feelings. Impersonal Instead... Look at Go over Fix ~ This involves avoiding the personal pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. For example, instead of writing ‘I will show’, you might write ‘this report will show’. The second person, ‘you’, is also to be avoided.