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8 Area by Offsets From A Straight Line

The document describes two methods for calculating the area between an irregular boundary line and reference line using offset measurements: 1) The trapezoidal rule assumes the boundary consists of trapezoids formed by the offsets and connection lines. The area is calculated using the formula provided. 2) Simpson's one-third rule assumes the boundary consists of parabolic arcs between offsets. The area is calculated using the alternative formula presented. Three examples are provided to illustrate calculating the area using the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule based on given offset measurements for irregular boundaries like a curved line or stream cross-section.

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Nich Wacguisan
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412 views3 pages

8 Area by Offsets From A Straight Line

The document describes two methods for calculating the area between an irregular boundary line and reference line using offset measurements: 1) The trapezoidal rule assumes the boundary consists of trapezoids formed by the offsets and connection lines. The area is calculated using the formula provided. 2) Simpson's one-third rule assumes the boundary consists of parabolic arcs between offsets. The area is calculated using the alternative formula presented. Three examples are provided to illustrate calculating the area using the trapezoidal rule and Simpson's rule based on given offset measurements for irregular boundaries like a curved line or stream cross-section.

Uploaded by

Nich Wacguisan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Area by Offsets from a Straight Line

TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
- ends of the offsets in the boundary line are assumed to be connected by straight
lines, forming a series of trapezoids

- offsets are assumed to be spaced at regular intervals and the area of the whole
tract is equal to the enclosed trapezoids.

FORMULA:

hi + hn
A = d( + h2 + h3 + h4 + ⋯ + hn−1 )
2

where:
A = summation of the areas of the trapezoids comprising the total area
d = common interval between offsets
h1 = end (first) offset
hn = end (last) offset
h2, h3, etc = intermediate offset
hn-1 = last intermediate offset

- offsets spaced at an interval which are not equal

FORMULA:

2A = d1(h1+h2) + d2(h2+h3) + d3(h3+h4) + … + dn-1(hn-1 + hn)

SIMPSON’S ONE THIRD RULE


- based on the assumption that the curved boundary consists of a series of
parabolic arcs, where each arc is continuous and are equally spaced

FORMULA:

d
A= [(h1+hn) + 2(h3+h5+…+hn-2) + 4(h2+h4+…+hn-1)]
3

where:
A = area bounded by the tract
d = common interval between offsets
n = number of offsets
h1 = end (first) offset
hn = end (last) offset
h3, h5, etc = odd-numbered intermediate offsets
h2, h4, etc = even-numbered intermediate offsets
hn-1 = last even-numbered intermediate offset
hn-2 = last odd-numbered intermediate offset
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

E1] A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from a base line to a curved boundary
line. These offsets were taken 3.5 m apart and were measured in the following order:
0.8, 3.6, 4.7, 5.3, 3.9, 2.7, 4.6, 5.5, 4.9, 7.6, 8.8, 5.4 and 6.0 m. Using the
trapezoidal rule, determine the area included between the baseline, the curved
boundary and the end offsets.

FIG:
d = 3.5 m
n = 13

Solution:
hi + h n
A = d( + h2 + h3 + h4 + ⋯ + hn−1 )
2

0.8+6.0
= 3.5[( )+3.6+4.7+5.3+3.9+2.7+4.6+5.5+4.9+7.6+8.8+5.4]
2

A = 211.4 sq. m.

E2] For problem 1, determine the area bounded by the baseline, curved boundary and the
end offsets using the Simpson’s-third Rule

FIG:
d = 3.5 m
n = 13

Solution:
d
A= [(h1+hn) + 2(h3+h5+h7+h9+h11) + 4(h2+h4+h6+h8+h10+h12)]
3

3.5
= [(0.3+6.0) + 2(4.7+3.9+4.6+4.9+8.8) + 4(3.6+5.3+2.7+5.5+7.6+5.4)]
3

A = 211.17 sq. m.
E3] Vertical offsets or measurements were taken at varying distances along a section of a
stream as illustrated in the accompanying figure, determine the area of the cross-
section.

FIG:

Solution:
2A = d1(h1+h2) + d2(h2+h3) + d3(h3+h4)+…+d12(h12+h13)

2A = 1.2(0+2.5) + 2.3(2.5+3.9) + 1.5(3.9+5.6) + 1.7(5.6+5.4) +2.0(5.4+6.7)


+ 1.4(6.7+6.6) + 1.8(6.6+4.9) + 1.4(4.9+3.3) + 1.5(3.8+4.2) + 0.8(4.2+2.3)
+ 0.6(2.3+2.6) + 1.8(2.6+0)

2A = 151.19
A = 75.595 sq. m

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