URBAN

PLANNING
(Introduction)
Lecture: May 04, 2023
Arch. Nick Kary Latogan MS Arch.
CONTENTS:

I. What is Planning?
II. What is City Planning?
III. What is the Importance of
City Planning?
IV. Who are the planners?
V. The role of planners
VI. The manual for urban planner.
VII. The task of planner
 I. What is Planning?

• Planning is not architecture; planning is not

sociology; planning is not economics; planning is
not politics; planning is not psychology; planning is
not technology; planning is not engineering;
planning is not analysis; planning is not law;
planning is not philosophy about planning;
• but planning is an interconnected
series of statements, goals, objectives,
plans, and strategies which pertain to
optimum relationships between
analysis and synthesis of all the
factors involved which may have
something to say about man’s
intelligent forethought applied to the
development of a community as a
whole in such a way that the
community functions properly, is
economical to arrange and build, and
the physical elements (in which all
aspects of life-social, economic, and
cultural) are beautiful to look at and
live with.
• According to Catanese (1988),
Planning is a universal human activity, a
basic survival skill involving the
consideration of outcomes before
choosing among alternatives. Although
planning is practiced by everyone, urban
planning differs from other forms in
several important respects:
1. Urban planning is concerned
primarily with public issues
involving a broadly defined group
of clients with diverse interests.
2. It is a deliberate, self –conscious
activity that usually involves
persons trained professionally as
planners.
3. Its goals and objectives, as well
as the means of achieving them,
are often highly uncertain.
4. Urban planners themselves seldom
make
decisions; rather, they lay out major
alternatives and recommendations
for those elected or appointed to
make such decisions.
5. Urban planners employ a variety of
specialized tools and methods in
analyzing and presenting alternatives.
6. The results of most planning
activities are discernible only
to 5 to 20 years after the
decision has been made,
making feedback and
corrective actions difficult.
• Urban planning can be defined as
a technical and political process
concerned with the welfare of
people, control of the use of land,
design of the urban environment
including transportation and
communication networks, and
protection and enhancement of
the natural environment. Urban
development is societal
development. Planning and
managing the development of
contemporary cities is one of the
major societal challenges all over
the world today.
• https://www.careerindia.com/courses/unique-courses/what-is-urban-
planning-scope-career-opportunities-011615.html?story=1
 1. Economic Study
Scope of 2. Physical Study
Urban 3. Population Study
Planning 4. Land Use Study
Studies 5. Environmental Study
6. Transportation Study
7. Political Study
8. Tourism Study
9. Socio-Cultural Study
10. Etc.…
https://www.careerindia.com/courses/unique-courses/what-is-urban-planning-scope-career-
opportunities-011615.html?story=2
• SENSE PLANNING:
- Is seeking for a better humanity
through better environment. It is
foresight common sense and good
business judgment applied to cities.
 II. What is City Planning?

• An activity directed toward assisting urban

communities to meet their needs over a period
of time.
• This activity consists of the systematic
development of policies, programs and plans to
guide urban change.
• According to
Antoniades (1986),
“Urban Planning is a
sphere of environmental
design that is more
comprehensive than urban
design and architecture. As
the term suggests, urban
planning deals with
concerns of the urban
environment.”
• Urban planning has been
called different names on
different occasions and in
different places. It has been
called “planning,”
“comprehensive planning,”
“town planning,” “city
planning,” “structure
planning,” and finally here,
“urban planning.”
• The professionals who
perform this aspect of
environmental design in
the United States prefer to
call themselves planners;
in Europe, especially in
France, they call
themselves Urbanists.
• Urban planning concerns itself with
many facets of the urban
environment.
• Therefore, it is a field for many
professionals, each possessing a
basic specialization on a certain
facet, and beyond that, possessing a
comprehensive understanding of
interrelationships of the various
facets involved.
• The urban planner is
not a solitary
professional.
• The urban planner is a
group of individuals
with different basic
specializations, but with
a common vocabulary.
• Because of this
common vocabulary,
the members of the
group can communicate
among themselves.
• Antoniades (1986)
further stated: each
member of the round table
is concerned with a certain
issue; they coordinate their
arguments and put them
together in an interrelated
way.
• Their conclusions, as a
whole, represent the work
of the “table” on the
planning of the urban
environment under scrutiny.
• The solution must evolve
as a result of the
interrelationships and
coordination of all facets
involved
“comprehensive
planning.”
• Urban planning then is an
intelligent forethought for
development of urban
community as a whole in
a functional, physically
appealing, socially
balanced, equitable and
economically feasible way.
• This must happen according
to the goals and objectives
of the said community.
• Urban Planning – is in a
way an effort to control, to
guide and accomplish the
physical development of
towns and cities and
thereby provide for the
people who are living and
working in them, the best
possible environment.
(Yadav, 1988 P.2 )
• The whole spectrum of
urban planning includes in
its urban unit as a whole,
inclusive of the regional
setting action, intervention,
interrelation, co-ordination,
efficiency, health, utility
and beauty are among its
key watch words.
III. What is the Importance of City Planning?

• It is being realized because the cost of the mistakes

that result from unguided growth of cities due to
unbridled (unrestrained influence) human interest is
being impressed up to the taxpayers.
• It is a well-recognized fact that lack
of proper city plan creates
congestion in the city. Resulted in
both inconvenience and loss of time
and inadequate recreational space.
• Thus, city planning is a process
through which systematic and
orderly development of the city is
achieved. It eliminate chaos and
create order so that citizens achieved
a number of desirable facilities,
convenience is attained.
• Time is saved, congestion
is eliminated, working
efficiency is increased
and both commerce and
industry make progress.
• Thus, all these
achievements
contributed to the
welfare of the citizens.
(Yadav, 1988 P.2)
 IV. WHO ARE THE PLANNERS?

• Who have the eye that can see and mind that can
visualize many potential improvements in the
physical city.
• Who has the managerial capability, creative
capability, public spirited and socially sensitive.
• And who is practical that his perceptions of the
imaginable to ideal.
• Levy (1988) said: Planners
come from variety of
backgrounds.The single most
common educational
background is formal training
in planning, most often a
masters degree.
• But the field and particularly
larger agencies and
consultants, absorb people
with many other
backgrounds.
• Agencies that are large enough to have a separate research
operation are likely to hire people with training in economics
or statistics.
• Agencies that do transportation planning are likely to hire
people with training in civil engineering and particularly,
transportation engineering.
• Large agencies often do a substantial
amount of data handling and are likely to
have on staffed a few people with
background in programming and data
processing.
• Agencies which do significant amounts
environmental planning are likely to hire
people with backgrounds in biology,
chemistry, environmental science and
remote sensing.
• Planning inevitably involves
mapping and spatially organized
data so that a certain number of
geographers and
cartographers find their way
into the profession.
• Planning involves many issues of
law, particularly in regard to land
use and environmental
considerations.
• Thus, many attorneys and
people with joint training
in law and planning have
entered the field.
• In fact, several universities
have joint law and planning
degree programs.
• The majority of planners are
employed by the government.
• Planning regards to the entire
urban community with
governmental jurisdiction as a
unit to be designed for aesthetic
satisfaction and for maximum
efficiency of function.
Planning maybe viewed as an important specialty
within the broader field of Administration such
fields like:

a. Economics
b. Sociology
c. Law
d. Geography
e. Public Administration
f. Cultural Anthropology
g. Public Health
h. Mathematics
i. Statistics…..Contributed to concepts and
methods of planning profession.
 V. THE ROLE OF PLANNERS: (Yadav, 1988 p.8)

• To the urban planners, there are three distinct sequential

roles to be played:
1. First they are visionaries
Ex. E. Howard
2. Municipal missionaries or muscular utopians.
Ex. Haussmann
3. Bureaucratic keeper of amenity.
• In the decade between 1960 and 1970, planning has
been considered at the national policy level as an evil,
not an aid, and planners as among the most obstructive
bureaucrats.
• However, this disgraceful assignment to planner was
uplifted by the adoption of the definition of planner used
by Canadian occupational classification manual (Canadian
Dictionary of Occupations 1971, vol. 1).
 VI. The manual identifies an urban planner as
some one whom: (Yadav, 1988, p.8.)

1. Develops programs, plans for controlled

utilization and physical facilities in rural and
urban areas.
2. Compiles, analyses and reports data on
economics, legal, political, sociological and
physical factors affecting land uses.
3. Discuss with local authorities, civic leaders, social
scientists, lawyers and planning and development
of specialist to advise and recommend zoning
arrangements for land.
4. Prepares and present narrative and graphic
programmed plans to civic and industry
authorities.
5. Recommends, measures affecting land use, public
utilities, community facilities, housing
transportation, to control and guide community
development and renewal.
6. Supervises and coordinates the work of
technologies and technicians.
• Thus, the planner’s role is to lay down norms to be
adopted in the future and to meet the expectations of
the planners.
• The planner needs to be a manager over a wide
spectrum of public sector effort.
• The planners should act as advisers on the allocation of
land and not as dictators.
• A person who can work equally with politicians and
professionals.
• The planners can play an effective
role when they act as reformer
and not as a professional who is
free to impose his expertise and his
values on the people whom he plans.
• In other words of a planner (Gans,
Herbert J. 1969, pp.33-69.) “as a
public official he ought rather to be
their servant, helping them solve their
problems and achieve their goals,
except when goals have antisocial and
self-destructive consequences.”
• “In this process, planner ought to propose a variety of
programmes to solve problems and achieve goals so
that people have maximum choice”.
• The prime function of the planner is thus not
to determine goals, for that is the duty of the
politicians and electorate.
• The planner ought to
concern himself principally
with determining the
best programmes for
achieving goals and since
most goals pertain to the
improvement of the social
and economic
environments, he ought to
devote himself to
programmes which will
achieve these goals.
 VII. The task of planner (Simonds)
• The first task of the planner is to clarify
and define objectives.
1. Analyze the goals and objectives, which will
describe for the city and each aspect of its
development the conditions to be achieved,
2. Record the existing conditions such a
comprehensive analysis will normally provide all
useful information on the following elements.
3. Prepare a Comprehensive
Program
• This will set the frame of
reference for and give
motivation to the long-
range planning.
A. Planning Rationale
- Concept
- Policy and objectives
- Standards and criteria
B. Land Use Goals
- Development structure and
growth patterns.
- Land use types and descriptions.
- Environmental quality controls.
- Economic improvement.
- Sociopolitical considerations.
 C. Traffic and
Transportation Plan
- Transportation
systems
- Transit
- Major transmission
routes
D. Community Facilities
- Public buildings
- Safety systems
- Medical and welfare
- Educational
- Cultural
- Entertainment
- Recreational
E. Housing and Renewal Plan
- Private and public
improvements
- Innovative programs
- Priorities
4. Initiate Studies and Planning
• For each area of consideration-such as
traffic ways, neighborhoods, parks,
Schools and so forth-first convert the
program into detailed standards and
criteria and then into study solutions.
• To be meaningful, each study
proposal should include notes
as to costs and a brief
environmental impact
assessment.
• All such studies are best
evolved through the process
of comparative analysis,
moving always toward
improved performance within
the limits of feasibility.
• As the studies progress, conclusions or directions
are recorded on a set of long-range development
plans.
• These may be published from time to time and
approve in principle by the governing bodies, but
it is essential that they be considered no more
than recommended guidelines.
• They must always be kept flexible and responsive
to new factors and changing conditions.
 5. Put the Plan to work
• No plan is worth preparing
unless it can be translated into
reality. A crucial aspect of the
planning process is therefore the
formulation of a feasible
implementation program to be
reviewed and updated each year.
It will comprise:
A. Capital improvement plan
- Long range proposals
- Costs
- Methods of financing
- Priorities
B. Capital budget
- Income-level
projections
- Proposed
expenditures
- Debt limits
- Funding
C. Legislative program
- (Federal), state and
(county) local
- Zoning ordinance
- Subdivision ordinance
- Housing code
- Building code
- Landscape
development standards
- Environmental
protection ordinance
• A proper implementation program describes
priorities, establishes costs and means of funding,
defines legislative needs, and assigns agency
responsibilities.
 (3) Three Basic Ideologies which Urban
Planners Try to Adopt: Foley (1960, p.11.)

1. Town planning’s main task is to reconcile

competing claims for the use of limited land so as
to provide a consistent, balanced and orderly
arrangement of land uses.
2. Town planning’s central function is to provide a
good (or better) physical environment, a physical
environment of such good quality is essential for
the promotion of a healthy and civilized life.
3. Town planning, as part of a broader social
program, is responsible for providing the physical
bases for better urban community life.
 (3) Three Major Criticism of Modern
Planning (Grawbow and Heskin, 1973, p.108.)

1. It is Elitist, Establishing a rational comprehensive

advisor. Quite separate from the planning client
Joint participation by both planners and plannee is
not part of the game.
2. It is a centralized activity, since it requires
monitoring and control of planning action
consistent with rational planning objectives.
3. It is a change resistant, since all changes other than
that prescribed in the plan must be controlled and
eliminated.
• The criticism of Grabow and Heskin (1973) is well
aimed because there is a contradiction between
planning assumptions and realities.
• So they further state that unpredictable change is
uncontrollable and is considered synonymous with
undesirable change.
BIASED PLANNING PROCEDURES: (Yadav, 1988, pp.4-5.)

• Today the aim of planning is to help people solve their

problems and realize their goals. The objective of the
urban planner should be to plan for community, but
on an examination of procedures, it is found that it
deals only with a portion of that community.
• Most of the planners have provided designs for land
uses, the allocation and design of buildings, streets,
transportation facilities and open space.
• They have primarily devoted their attention to the
natural and man made physical artifacts of the
city (Gans 1969).
• The urban planners have arranged or rearranged the
physical artifacts in order to create an orderly, static
efficient and attractive community.
• By doing so, in essence, the planners provide only a
partial solution to the whole community, they have in
their attempt ignored almost entirely the people
who live in that community and without them,
there would be no buildings or land uses.
• It is a contradiction in terms that planners have not
made any effort to plan for them either as individuals
or as members of groups.
• They have completely neglected the social
structures, institutions, culture and subcultures, socio-
economic classes’ age groups and political blocks
which are vital elements of the fabric of settlements.
• The planners have completely forgotten that
man is a social animal who has his family, the
job and friends.
• The planners further did not recognize the goals,
aspirations, problems and worries of a group of
people; they visualize them only as occupants of
dwellings, so that the main efforts of planners were
devoted towards physical planning of the
environment.
Q. Now a question
is posed. Why has
city planning taken
these directions?
• The answer can be found within a historical
perspective and political organization, as a matter
of fact the city planning was developed as a
reform movement in the late nineteenth
century.
• The objective of the reformers was to improve
the terrible living conditions of the people.
However, these reformers were mostly
missionaries, and politicians who did not have a
desire to change the economy or the social order.
• Although city planning in its initial stage has been
principally concerned with improving the physical
environment, it has also been planning for certain
people although only indirectly and implicitly (Gans
1969).
• The objective of the planners was so biased that they
planned for themselves for their political supporters
and upper middle-class citizens.
• The master plans emphasized more on downtown
retail area.
• In their conception the ideal city was good for
business and for property ownership.
• Finally, it was also noticed that planners planned
for people of his own class culture for middle
and upper middle-class professionals.
• While planning for these goals, the planners were
not conscious that they were planning for
themselves.
• Their supporters and for people of their own
class on the contrary they believed that they were
focusing on desirable type of housing, business and
industry, in doing so they thought they were
planning for everybody.
• They were mistaken to believe that as professionals
they had the expertise that trained them to change
the community and to change people’s lives
according to their dictates.
• As a matter of fact, since they were descendants of
a missionary reform.
• They never questioned their objectives and
activities.
• Indeed, these master planners were not having any
requisite expertise with them.
• Their judgment was not rational based on any
empirical analysis.
• Gans (1969) has rightly remarked: “The Standards
and other tools used by planners in various community
facilities often reflected the vested interests and cultural
values and biases of the planner himself and of his
allies.
Thus, the planners were conspirators who
intentionally allied themselves with conservative political
reformers and then with businessmen and property
owners, in order to enrich themselves and their
profession.”
• CityPlanning, the unified developm
ent of cities and their environs.
• For most of its history, city
planning dealt primarily with the
regulation of land use and the
physical arrangement of city
structures, as guided by
architectural, engineering, and
land-development criteria.
• In the mid-20th century, it
broadened to include the
comprehensive guidance of the
physical, economic, and social,
environment of a community.
End
 Quiz No. P1

• Explain what is:

a. Planning from City planning.
b. Sense planning.
• May 21, 2023. first 15 minutes.
Seat Work • Explain what is:
a. The objective of city planning in the late

No. P2 nineteenth century.

• May 21, 2023. before 2 pm today.
 Characteristic
Elements of city
planning include:

(1) General plans that summarize the

objectives of (and restraints on)
land development;
(2) Zoning and subdivision controls
that specify permissible land uses,
densities, and requirements for
streets, utility services, and other
improvements;
(3) Plans for traffic flow and public
transportation;
(4) Strategies for economic revitalization of
depressed urban and rural areas;
(5)Strategies for supportive action to help
disadvantaged social groups; and
(6)Guidelines for environmental protection and
preservation.
 Research • Characteristic Elements of city planning.
Work No. P1 • Due May 18, 2023. first 15 minutes.
 Research • Historical Point Of Urban planning. Due May 20,
Work No. P2 2023. first 15 minutes.
 Research
Work No. P1
• THE ROLE OF PLANNERS.
According to Yadav, C.S. (1987).
City planning: problems and
prospects.
• Due May 18, 2023.
 Experiential
LEARNING
no.P1

1. Read and dissect the

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
PROCESS according to Antoniades
(1986). On short bond paper, provide
write ups and follow the standard
format of research work.
Due May 30, 2023 (Monday)
Seat Work No. 1 due May
20/23
before 5:25 pm

• The Major
Criticism of
Modern Planning.
• The Components
of Planning.
 Seat Work
No.1
• City Planning terminologies from
A to Z.
• Due before 11AM today.
 Seat work No. 1

• Find out the listed city issues that are

still prevailing to our present time.
Make brief discussion and citation. Use
below the book as your reference.
• Yadav, C.S., ed. (1987). City planning :
problems and prospects. New Delhi :
Concept Pub.
• Due before 11:30 AM Today. June 24,
2023.
 QUIZ No. 01
02/15/23
Q. What do you think with the statement,
“Planning is a universal human activity, a
basic survival skill involving the
consideration of outcomes before
choosing among alternatives.” How do
you think this could be adapted by the
people who are in the position?
Q. How can sensible planning be applied to
a system of government such as ours?
Provide a basis to support your
answers?
References:
Books:
• Catanese, Anthony. (1988). Urban Planning
• Yadav, C.S., ed. (1987). City planning : problems and
prospects. New Delhi : Concept Pub.
• Antoniades, Anthony C. (1986). Architecture and
allied design: An environmental design. Iowa:
Kendall Hunt.
• Levy, John M. (2003). Contemporary urban
planning. 6th ed. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall.
• Gans, Herbert J. (1969). Planning for People, not
building, Environment and Planning.
• Foley, D.L. (1960). British Town Planning: One
Ideology or Three.
• Grawbow, S. and Heskin, A.(1973). Foundations
for Radical Planning.
• www.careerworkstoday.com/?pageid=developm
ent Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008
Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Internet:

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