Coordinate

Geometry

Introduction

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In Class9, we have learnt about 'Cartesian Coordinate System'. Let us once recall it.
Y

II Quadrant I Quadrant
(-, +) (+, +)

X' 0 X

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(-, -) (+, -)
III Quadrant IV Quadrant

Y'
• In the cartesian co-ordinate system, there is a cartesian plane which is made up
of two number lines i.e. X-axis (horizontal) ; Y-axis (Vertical)
• The intersection point of these two lines is known as centre or the "Origin" of the
co-ordinate plane denoted by O.
• Any point on this co-ordinate plane is represented by the ordered pair of
numbers. Let (a,b) is an ordered pair then a is the x-coordinate and b is the
y-coordinate.
• The distance of any point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate or abscissa
and the distance of any point from x-axis is called its y-coordinate orordinate .
E.g. (7, 3) => here 7 is abscissa and 3 is ordinate.
 Distance Formula
The distance between any two points A(x 1 , y1 ) and B(x2, y2 ) is given by

A(x 1 , y 1 )• d
•B(x , y )
2 2

Remarks :

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(i) The distance of a point P(x , y) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by
OP =
(ii) Ham agar chahe toh ye formula bhi use kar sakte hain, answer dono se same
aata hai.
d=

Let's Practice :
Example: Find the distance between the following pairs of points:
(i) (2, 3) , (4, 1) (ii) (a, b) , (-a, -b)
SOLUTION: Using above distance formula to find distance between given points.
(i) d = (ii) d =
= =

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= =
= = units
= units
Example: Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-2, -11) are collinear.
Three points A, B and C are collinear if AB + BC = AC.
Here points are A(1, 5), B(2, 3) and C(-2, -11).
•
• • AB = = = √
= 5
= √
|

BC = = 212
=√
|

AC = = 265
Since, clearly AB + BC =/ CA.
Therefore, the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-2, -11) are not collinear.
Example: Find the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from (2, -5) and (-2, 9).
SOLUTION: We know that y-coordinate of any point on x-axis is 0.
So, let the required point on X-axis be P(x, 0).
It is given that P is equidistant from A(2, -5) and B(-2, 9).
••• PA = PB
=
/
=>
/

/
/

/
/

/
2 2
=> (x - 2) + 25 = (x + 2) + 81
=> X2 - 4x + 4 + 25 = X2 + 4x + 4 + 81

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2 2
=> X - X - 4x - 4x = 4 + 81 - 4 - 25
=> - 8x = 85 - 29
=> x = 56 = -7
|

-8
•
• • Required point on X-axis = (-7, 0)

Example: Find a relation between X and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant
from the point (3, 6) and (-3, 4).
Let the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(3, 6) and B(-3, 4)
•
• • PA = PB
=
/ / /
/
/

/
/
/

Squarring both the sides, we get

2 2 2 2
=> (x - 3) + (y - 6) = (x + 3) + (y - 4)

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2 2
=> X - 6x + 9 + y2 - 12y + 36 = X + 6x + 9 + y2 - 8y + 16
2
=> X 2 - X - 6x - 6x + y2 - y2 - 12y + 8y = 9 + 16 - 9 - 36
=> - 6x - 6x - 12y + 8y = 25 - 45

=> -12x - 4y = -20

|
|
|

4 4 4
=> -3x - y = -5
=> 3x + y = 5
=> 3x + y - 5 = 0
Hence, this is the required relation between X and y.

*Tip: Practice different types of questions from PYQ's , reference books, etc to
be fully prepared from this topic, because NCERT me kam questions hain.
 Section Formula

•
A(x1 , y1 )
m
•
P(x , y )
n
•
B(x2, y2)
If P(x, y) is any point on the line segment AB, which divides AB in the ratio m : n
then the coordinates of the point P(x, y) will be

( X=
mx2 + nx1
m+n
, y=
my2 + ny1
m+n )

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*Note: Point P(x, y) has divided the line segment internally here.

• Mid-Point Formula
• 1
1
1
• 1
A(x , y ) P(x , y )
•
B(x2, y2)
If P(x, y) is the mid-point of the line segment AB, which divides AB in the ratio of
1 : 1 then the coordinates of the point P(x, y) will be
(X=
x1 + x2
2
y+y
, y= 1 2
2 )
• IMP for Questions:
If the Point P(x, y) divides the line segment AB internally, but the ratio is not
given in the question, then it is taken to be k : 1 and the coordinates of point P

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will be

Example: Find coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining
(4, -3) and (8, 5) in 3 : 1 internally.
SOLUTION: Let P(x, y) the the required point which divides AB in the ratio of 3:1.
By using the Section formula, we have

A(4, -3) •3 1
•
P(x , y ) B(8, 5) •
3(8) + 1(4) y = 3(5) + 1(-3)
=> X= ;
3+1 3+1
=> X = 24 + 4 ; y = 15 - 3
4 4
28 y = 12
=> X= ;
|

4 4
=> X=7 ; y =3
Therefore, (7, 3) is the required point.
Example: Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points A(-6, 10) and
B(3, -8) is divided by (-4, 6).
*suno ratio nahi diya hai, toh k : 1 lene ko kaha tha.....Remember!
SOLUTION: Let (-4, 6) divides AB internally in the ratio k : 1. Using section formula,

•
A(-6, 10)
k
•
(-4, 6)
1
•
B(3, -8)

=> ( 3k + 1(-6) , -8k + 1(10)

k+1 k+1 )
= -4, 6 ( )

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3k - 6 , -8k + 10
=> ( k+1 k+1 ) ( )
= -4, 6

3k - 6 -4 =>
Taking = 3k - 6 = -4(k + 1) => 3k - 6 = -4k - 4
k+1
=> 3k + 4k = -4 + 6 => 7k = 2
=> k = 2
Ratio = k : 1 => 2 : 1 => 2 : 7
7 |
|

7
So, the point (-4, 6) divides the line segment joining the points A(-6, 10)
and B(3, -8) in the ratio 2 : 7.

Example: Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle

whose centre is (2, -3) and B is (1, 4).
SOLUTION: Let the coordinates of point A be (x, y).

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AB is a diameter of circle, then mid-point of AB is centre of circle which
is (2, -3).
A • B

Mid point of A and B =

•
••

=> =2 ; = -3
=> x+1=4 ; y + 4 = -6
=> x=4-1 ; y = -6 - 4
=> x=3 ; y = -10
Therefore, coordinates of A are (3, -10)
Example: If the points (6, 1), (8, 2), (9, 4) and (p, 3) are the vertices of a
parallelogram, find the value of p.
SOLUTION: Let the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a
parallelogram. Also we know that diagonals of a ||gm bisect each other.
D(p, 3)
C(9, 4)

O
A(6, 1) B(8, 2)

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If O is the mid point of AC, then coordinates of O are =

If O is the mid point of BD, then coordinates of O are =

Since both coordinates are of the same point O
• =
••

15 = 8 + p
|

2 2
15 = 8 + p

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p = 15 - 8
p= 7
Hence, the value of p is 7 and so the coordinates of D are (7, 3).

*After studying from

these notes
*Note: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is
provided as a separate PDF on website padhleakshay.com