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Mechanical Properties Lecture Notes - Part 1

Mechanical properties determine how materials respond to applied forces and stresses. Some key mechanical properties discussed in the document include: - Elasticity, which is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation from an applied load. - Plasticity, which is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without failure. - Strength, which is the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure or plastic deformation. - Stiffness, which is the resistance of a material to elastic deformation. - Hardness, which is the resistance of a material to various indentation or penetration methods.

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104 views34 pages

Mechanical Properties Lecture Notes - Part 1

Mechanical properties determine how materials respond to applied forces and stresses. Some key mechanical properties discussed in the document include: - Elasticity, which is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation from an applied load. - Plasticity, which is the ability of a material to undergo permanent deformation without failure. - Strength, which is the maximum stress a material can withstand before failure or plastic deformation. - Stiffness, which is the resistance of a material to elastic deformation. - Hardness, which is the resistance of a material to various indentation or penetration methods.

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Materials Science and Engineering

Mechanical Properties

Dianne Mae M. Asiñero


PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Introduction:
In material selection, the primary concern of an
engineer is to assure that the material properties are
consistent with the operating conditions of the component.
The various properties requirement of each part are first
estimated or determined. These may include mechanical,
physical and chemical characteristics relating to the
service environment.
INTRODUCTION:
• The practical application of engineering materials in
manufacturing depends upon a thorough
knowledge of their particular properties under a
wide range of conditions.

• The term “property” is a qualitative or quantitative


measure of response of materials to externally
imposed conditions like forces and temperatures.

• However, the range of properties found in different


classes of materials is very large.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• It measure of a material’s ability to carry or resist mechanical
forces or stresses. It is usually determined by subjecting
prepared specimens to standard laboratory tests. It relates to
on how a material respond to applied loads (or forces).
• The properties of material that determine its behavior under
applied forces as functions of stress strain,etc. are known as
mechanical properties.
• They are usually related to the elastic and plastic behavior of
the material.
• A sound knowledge of mechanical properties of materials
provides the basis for predicting behaviour of materials under
different load conditions and designing the components out of
them.
Types of Loading on Materials
• Axial Loading
– Forces are directed along the
axis of the member.
– Could be tensile (“pulling”) or
compressive (“squeezing”).

• Transverse Loading
– Forces are applied
perpendicular to the axis of a
member.

• Torsional Loading
– Twisting action caused by a pair
of externally applied equal and Torsional Load
oppositely directed force
couples acting on parallel
planes.
STRESS AND STRAIN
• The sum total of all the elementary interatomic
forces or internal resistances which the
material is called upon to exert to counteract
the applied load is called stress.
• Mathematically, the stress is expressed as
force divided by cross-sectional area.
STRESS AND STRAIN
• Strain is the dimensional response given by
material against mechanical loading/
Deformation produced per unit length.
• Mathematically Strain is change in length
divided by original length.

L
=
L o
Stress and Strain

• Strain:
- Ratio of elongation of a material to the original length
- unit deformation Lo e
L e
= ε=
L o Lo L
e : elongation (ft)
Lo : unloaded(original) length of a material (ft)
: strain (ft/ft) or (in/in)
ε
Elongation:

e = L − Lo
L : loaded length of a material (ft)
Baldwin Hydraulic Machine for Tension & Compression test
STRENGTH

• The strength of a material is its capacity to


withstand destruction under the action of
external loads.
• It determines the ability of a material to
withstand stress without failure.
• The maximum stress that any material will
withstand before destruction is called ultimate
strength.
ELASTICITY
• The property of material by virtue of which
deformation caused by applied load
disappears upon removal of load.
• Elasticity of a material is the power of coming
back to its original position after deformation
when the stress or load is removed.
PLASTICITY
• The plasticity of a material is its ability to
undergo some degree of permanent
deformation without rupture or failure.
• Plastic deformation will take only after the
elastic limit is exceeded.
• It increases with increase in temperature.
STRESS STRAIN CURVE SHOWS ELASTICITY AND
PLASTICITY FOR MATERIALS
STIFFNESS

• The resistance of a material to elastic


deformation or deflection is called stiffness
or rigidity.
• A material which suffers slight deformation
under load has a high degree of stiffness or
rigidity.
Example: Steel beam is more stiffer or more
rigid than aluminum beam.
DUCTILITY
❑ It is the property of a material which enables it to draw out into
thin wires.
❑ It measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been
sustained before ultimate fracture.
❑ For repeated loads, ductile materials is better than brittle
materials.
Example: Mild steel is a ductile material.
❑ The percent elongation and the reduction in area in tension is
often used as empirical measures of ductility.
DUCTILITY
Malleability
❑Malleability of a material is its ability to be
flattened into thin sheets without cracking by
hot or cold working.
Example: Lead can be readily rolled and
hammered into thin sheets but can be drawn into
wire.
Comparison of Ductility and Malleability

❑Ductility and Malleability are frequently used


interchangeably many times.
❑Ductility is tensile quality, while malleability is
compressive quality.

Copper, Aluminum, Tin, Lead, Iron, Zinc


RESILIENCE
❑It is the capacity of a material to absorb energy
elastically.
❑The maximum energy which can be stored in a
body up to elastic limit is called the proof
resilience, and the proof resilience per unit
volume is called modulus of resilience.
❑The quantity gives capacity of the material to
bear shocks and vibrations.
HARDNESS
❑Hardness is a fundamental property which is
closely related to strength.
❑Hardness is usually defined in terms of the
ability of a material to resist to scratching,
abrasion, cutting, identation or penetration.
❑Methods used for determining hardness:
Brinel, Rockwell, Vickers.
Types of Hardness Tests
Types of Hardness Tests
Rockwell Hardness Test- uses small-diameter
steel ball (diameter= 1/16in.) or a diamond
tipped cone called “brale”.
Limitations:
a. Not for thin specimens (less than 1/16 in thick)
b. Not for rough surfaces.
c. Not for materials which are not homogeneous
such gray cast iron.
Analog Rockwell Hardness Tester
Digital Rockwell Hardness Tester

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