SOCIAL STUDIES.

FORM ONE (1)

FIRST TERM.

STRAND 1.
THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
Content standard.
1.Demonstrate skills in dealing with environmental challenges.
2. Examine the sources of energy and demonstrate the skills of conserving energy in
Ghana.

Look around you, what do you see? Some of the things you see are living things.
Some are non-living things. All the things we see around us makes up the
environment. Therefore, The Environment refers to all the things in our surrounding.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTS.
There are two main types of environments,
1. Physical environment
2. Social environment

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
The physical environment consists of the materials surroundings within which human
and animal live. Example, land, mountains, water bodies, mineral deposits,
vegetation and roads.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
The social environment is the interaction or relationship among individuals, families
and friends in the given society. It includes culture, family systems, religion, religious
practices etc.
When there is a good relationship or good interaction in the social environment, it
brings harmony and togetherness in the given society.
The interaction of both the physical and social environment influences each
other. For example, the religious beliefs of an individual influence the type of
material he or she keeps at home. A traditional home may be filled with items such as
earthenware bowls, stool, pot, calabash, farming tools.
A political home may be filled with images of political regalia.
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
As humans lived and use things in the environment, problems may occur with the use
of the environment. Environmental problems are the problems of the environment
that have developed as a result of human interference or mistreatment or overuse of
the natural environment.
Examples of environmental problems are poor sanitation and pollution.
SANITATION
Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy especially by:
1. Providing a sewage system and a clean water supply.
2. Provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human excretes.
3. Providing good drainage system.
Sanitation system aim at protecting human health by ensuring a clean environment to
sop the transmission of diseases.

POOR SANITATION
Poor sanitation is a situation when people live in a particular setting or place that do
not have access to good drainage system, clean and safe water and good sewage
system and therefore lived in a dirty environment. Poor sanitation is one of the
biggest problems facing Ghana. People who live in slums and ghettos are usually
faced with the challenge of poor sanitation.
It is the responsibilities of every Ghanaians to keep themselves and the surrounding
clean.
CAUSES OF POOR SANITATION.
1. Poor layout of settlement: buildings in areas of slums or areas which are not
properly plan are faced with the challenge of poor sanitation, such areas are
very dirty and unhealthy.

2. Indiscriminate waste disposal: it is common practice for people to dispose of

their waste indiscriminately into gutters and other unauthorized places. This
practice leads to poor sanitation systems.

3. Inadequate toilet facilities: most communities have just a few toilet facilities
thereby making people to ease themselves in the bush, open spaces and into
water bodies. This practice also brings about poor sanitation.
4. Rapid population growth: rapid population growth in urban areas makes it
difficult for the metropolitan municipal and district assemblies (MMDA's) to
provide good sanitation services to the people.

5. Inadequate funds and facilities for sanitation companies: waste landfills

company limited, Jekora ventures limited, zoom lion Ghana limited are unable
to provide good sanitation because of lack of facilities and funds.

EFFECTS OF POOR SANITATION.

Poor sanitation has negative effects on individuals, environment and the nation
at large. The following are some of the negative effects of poor sanitation:
1. Outbreak of diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid, skin diseases
and respiratory diseases, such as asthma and sometimes blood infection is
mostly linked to poor sanitation.

2. Flooding: Disposing of waste into gutters causes serious flooding in our

communities.
 3. High cost of waste management: The authorities mandated to manage
waste and provide good sanitation tend to spend a chunk of their revenue on
sanitation, making it difficult to meet other equally important needs of the
societies.
4. Low social and self-esteem: People living in unhealthy places have low
social esteem hence they are not respected by others who lived in hygienic
place.
5. Soil contamination: Some waste contains hazardous chemicals that leaked
into the soil thereby contaminating the soil. This does not only affect plant
growth but also affect the health of humans and animals that feeds on such
plants.

HOW TO MANAGE SANITATION PROBLEMS.

1. Public education: There is the need to educate the general public on the need
to maintain sanitize the environment. This will make them aware of the
consequences of their actions and the need to live a healthy life.

2. Recycling: Plastics and other waste can be used to produce other goods to
reduce the amount of waste in our environment. This will also help to create
job opportunities in the community.

3. Reduction in waste production: One can reduce quantities of waste produced

by using a basket of shopping instead of collecting rubber bags for every item
he or she buys. Farmers can also reduce waste by leaving some of the
unwanted part of their crops of the farm, example corn husks and cassava
peels.
 POLLUTION.
Another environmental problem facing Ghana is pollution.
Pollution is the process of introducing harmful or poisonous substance into the
environment. It is the presence of harmful substances in the land, air and water
which can have adverse effects of human beings and the environment as a
whole. These harmful substances are called pollutant. Examples of pollutant
are oil spills into water bodies, chemicals use for fishing, smoke and refuse or
garbage.
TYPES OF POLLUTION.
There are three (3) main types of pollution. These includes the following
Water, air and land degradation.

WATER POLLUTION.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies on the earth. Pollution
makes water bodies impure and harmful to all living things that depends on
them. Water pollution is caused mainly by chemicals such as cyanide, which
is used by mining companies, DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) by
fishermen, spilling of oil, dumping of liquid and solid waste into water bodies,
Washing and bathing in water bodies, using water bodies as places of
convenience and using agricultural fertilizers.
 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION.
1. Damping of domestic waste into water bodies: The damping of solid and
liquid waste from homes into water bodies pollutes the water and makes it
impure for use.

2. Leakage of oil into water bodies; leakage of oil from fishing vessels and
ships into water bodies pollutes the water and makes it unsafe for use by
living organisms.

3. Bathing and washing in water bodies; bathing and washing in water

bodies gets mixed up with water and causes various water borne diseases
like Cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice and typhoid.

4. Poor fishing methods; the use of poisonous chemicals such as DDT in

fishing by fishermen pollutes water bodies and make unsafe for use by
humans, plants and animals.

5. Release of industrial waste into water bodies; industries which are

located near water bodies most at times release toxic waste into water
bodies leading to water pollution. Some manufacturing industries such
Tema Textile and Volta Aluminium Company (VALCO) damp their waste
into water bodies making them unsuitable for domestic and other uses.
 EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION.
The following are some of the effects of water pollution.
1. High cost of treating water; when treating polluted water, he cost becomes
more as compared to treating pure or unpolluted water.

2. Destruction of aquatic live; Water pollution also leads to the destruction of

fishes and other aquatic animals.

3. Drying up of water bodies. Water pollution leads to drying up of rivers and

lakes. This situation is serious as it leads to shortage of water.

4. Health problem; Water pollution leads to the spread of water borne diseases
such as guinea worm, cholera, dysentery, Bilharzia. These diseases can lead to
death.

5. Makes water impure; it affects the quality of water as it makes it impure for
use by human beings and other (aquatic animals).

CONTROLLING OR PREVENTING WATER POLLUTION.

To control water pollution, the following must be observed.
1. Proper fishing methods; Fishers should be discouraged from using harmful
chemicals for fishing. The laws banning the use of DDT and other chemicals
for fishing should be enforced.

2. Public education; There should be public education on effects of water

pollution. This will go a long way to create awareness and help to reduce water
pollution.

3. Proper waste disposal; Domestic, industrial liquid and solid waste should be
disposed of properly instead of damping them into water bodies.

4. Enact and enforce by-laws; Communities along water bodies should make
by-laws to punish those who pollute the water bodies. Those who swim, bath,
wash and mine in those water bodies must be severely punished.
 AIR POLLUTION.
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful and poisonous gaseous substances into
the atmosphere which makes the air we breath unsafe. Through air pollution, the air
surrounding man, animals and plants become dangerous to their health.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION.

The causes of air pollution include the following;
1. Burning of lorry tyres; During special occasions (31st night) people burn lorry
tyres as a way of celebrating the day. Butchers burn lorry tyres to remove the
wool of animals. In this process, thick smoke is released into the atmosphere,
thereby causing air pollution.

2. Harmful and toxic gases from factories; Factories releases smoke or gases
that are very poisonous to living things into the environment. Examples of such
factories are Tema Oil Refinery (TOR), Volta Aluminium Company (VALCO)
etc.
3. Smoke from exhaust pipe of cars; Smoke from exhaust of vehicles also
pollute the air. The use of overaged vehicles with weak engines gives off a
very thick smoke into the atmosphere that causes serious air pollution.

4. Uncontrolled burning; Burning of garbage and bushes also contribute

significantly to air pollution. These fires send thick smoke into the atmosphere
thereby polluting the air.

5. Dust from construction and quarry sites; The construction of roads and
quarry pollutes the air in the catchment’s areas. Excavators used in the mining
of stones and machines used in road construction throw high quantities of dust
into the air leading to air pollution.

6. Smokers; Smoke from cigarette and tobacco is another cause of air pollution;
people who smoke release volumes of smoke into the atmosphere making it
impure.

7. Bad or unpleasant odour from decomposed animals and waste; The odour
from dead and decomposed animals, and odour from waste and human excreta
cause air pollution.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION.
Air pollution has adverse effects on the environment. These effects include the
following.
1. Health problems; Air pollution causes respiratory skin diseases. Examples of
these diseases are lung cancer, asthma and tuberculosis (TB). Air pollution can
also cause skin rashes and skin cancer.

2. Formation of acid rain; Air pollutant such as dust and gases mix up with rain
water changing the otherwise pure rain water into acid rain water. Acid rain
water is harmful to living things.

3. Destruction of Ozone layer leading to global warming; The ozone layer is a

layer of gases with strong smell above the earth. Its main duty is to prevent the
Sun’s rays from reaching the earth directly. Air pollution destroys the ozone
layer thereby causing the rise in temperature (global warning) on the earth.
 4. Hampering visibility; Some and thick fumes in the atmosphere prevents
people especially drivers from seeing clearly from afar. This may lead to road
accidents in some cases.
HOW TO CONTROLL AIR POLLUTION.
Air pollution can be controlled in the following ways.
1. Public education on the effects of air pollution; There should be regular
public education on the causes and especially the effects. This will help people
to become aware of the seriousness of their actions and the need to control it.

2. Existing laws on the environment must be enforced; Laws on the

environment should be enforced. Those who flout the laws must be severely
punished to serve as a deterrent to others.

3. Discourage burning; Burning in all forms should be discouraged. People

should not burn bushes, tyres and garbage indiscriminately. This would limit
the emission of smoke into the atmosphere thereby minimizing air pollution.

4. Proper siting factories; Siting of factories at residential areas must be

abolished. Factories that are sited residential must be regulated or control their
activities in other not to pollute the air.

LAND POLLUTION/DEGRADATION.
Land pollution is the gradual destruction of the quality of land rendering it useless
due to the loss of its fertility through activities of man and natural disasters. It is also
referred to as land degradation.
 CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION.
Land pollution can be caused by the following activities:
1. Mining and Quarrying: Improper mining of mineral deposit by man and as
quarrying of stones turns to render fertile lands infertile.

2. Sand wining; The top sandy soil is mostly removed and collected for sale.
This practice exposes the land and all living organisms to direct some and also
leads to lots of soil fertility.

3. Excessive use of fertilizer: Too much use of fertilizer affects the land, this is
because chemicals are released into the soil. These chemicals kill the living
organisms and reduce the quality of the land.

4. Bad farming practices: Shifting cultivation, slash and burn among other bad
methods of farming lead to deforestation thereby, destroying the land.

5. Dumping of refuse and other toxic waste in the land: Portions of the land
are set aside to collect refuse and other waste material (landfill sites) this
practice leads to the toxic killing of living organism in the soil leading to the
loss of the quality and fertility of the land.
 6. Bush burning: Bush burning is another cause of land degradation. Bush fires
kill living organism in the soil. They also destroy the vegetation cover of the
soil and expose the soil to erosion, leading to loss of soil fertility.

7. Overgrazing: Sheep, goat and cattle graze on the land for survival. However,
if we allow them to graze in a particular portion of land excessively, it can
cause land pollution since the land becomes bare and prone to erosion.

8. The use of land as recreation site: Recreational site such as football field and
children’s park render the land bare and uses. This land cannot support plant
growth due to loss of nutrients. It also leads to erosion.

EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION.

The effects of land include the following.
1. Loss of soil fertility: As the land is polluted, the top soil which mostly
supports plant growth, loses its fertility making the soil unable to support plant
growth. This happens mostly in areas that support plant growth. This happens
mostly in areas that experience mining and quarrying, including overgrazing.

2. Desertification: land pollution leads to desertification, a process whereby land

on which plants grow is made a desert by human activities, such lands are
mostly covered by sand and cannot support plant growth.

3. Destruction of soil organisms: some of the activities of man kill soil

organisms that help in the formation of nutrients. e.g., mining and application
of fertilizer add dangerous chemicals to the soil. These chemicals kill living
organisms in the soil. Bush burning is also another activity that kills and
destroys soil organisms.

4. Drying up of lakes, rivers and other water bodies: water bodies dry up
easily and the lands on their banks are polluted especially when the trees in
these places are felled.
 5. Loss of arable and fertile land: excessive quarrying, mining, sand winning
and road construction destroy lands which could have been used for
agricultural purposes.

6. Famine: one major consequences of land pollution is famine (a period of

hunger due to unavailability of food). This is because, the soil cannot support
food crop production due to the loss of soil nutrients. This results in a decline
in crop yield causing famine.

7. Removal of vegetation and habitats for animals: Land pollution leads to

destruction of the vegetation which is the home of animals and other wildlife
species.

HOW TO CONTROL LAND POLLUTION

Land pollution can be controlled through the following.
1. Public education; Public education should be given to all in other for people
to see the negative effects of land pollution. All the activities that lead to land
pollution would be brought under control as a result.

2. Checking soil erosion; We can plant cover crops and grasses to check soil
erosion. Stones can also be used to fill gullies that are created to check soil
erosion.

3. There should be law enforcement: activities such as illegal mining,

lumbering and quarrying should be checked by enacting laws. Those who
break these laws should be punish severely.

4. The use of appropriate farming methods: Farmers should be encouraged to

desist from using bad farming methods for farming. This will help conserve
soil fertility, thereby increasing crop yield.

ENERGY

Energy is the strength and vitality required for sustained physical and mental
activity. It can also be defined as the ability to do work.
 Activities such as walking, dancing, lifting heavy loads, running and reading
requires energy.

SOURCES OF ENERGY.
There are two (2) main sources of energy, these includes:
1. Renewable source of energy
2. Non-renewable source of energy

RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY.

Renewable source of energy are those sources that are in continues supply. They can
be replenished after being used, and they are not limited. They are from natural
sources and are in high supply.
Examples are: energy from the sun (solar energy), wind energy, biogas or biomass
energy, water energy and geothermal. The sun is the primary source of energy.

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY.

These are exhaustible or limited source of energy. They are not supply in high
quantities. It also implies that they cannot be replaced as faster as they are consumed.
Examples are: dry cell, firewood and charcoal, fossil fuel (coal, petrol, diesel,
kerosene and LPG) and nuclear energy.

HOW SUN AND WIND ARE USED TO GENERATE ENERGY TO

PERFORM WORK.
Sun/Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy direct from the sun. it is most commonly used source of
energy. Solar energy is renewable because it is always available for use in unlimited
supply. When the sun shines, some of its light reach the earth surface. This light
energy is trapped and turned into heat energy which is used in our daily activities. For
instance: the energy of the sun is converted to electricity, which can be use for water
boiling and cooking.
The trapping is made possible through the use of solar panel.
WIND ENERGY.
Wind energy is the energy that is generated from the wind. Wind is the natural
movement of air on earth. Wind energy is a renewable source of energy because it
never expires. Huge fans called wind turbines are installed to capture the wind and
convert into electricity for domestic and commercial use. The blades of the turbines
spin or turn round to power generators to produce electricity.
BENEFITS OF USING RENEWABLE ENERGY.
Below are some benefits that are derived from the use of renewable energy:
1. Expand energy supply: Renewable energy adds up to the imported energy
thereby increasing the energy supply of the country. This makes a country
energy sufficient.

2. There is unlimited energy supply: renewable energy does not run out or get
finished. They are readily available in the environment. For example, there is
enough sunshine that falls on our planet every day that could meet our energy
need for an entire year.

3. It helps to improve public health: renewable energy produces little or no gas

emissions and helps to reduced air pollution in the environment which
improves the help of the people.

4. Maintenance requirements are lower: the use of renewable energy saves

money and time as there is limited maintenance due to fewer or no movement
parts.

BENEFITS OF USING NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY.

Benefits of using non-renewable energy includes
1. There is low cost: non-renewable source of energy is cheap and easy to come by.
You can easily fill up your car tank and power your motor vehicle.

2. It helps to create jobs: non-renewable source of energy help in creating jobs. The
extracting transporting and refining of crude and other non-renewable sources
provide employment for people.

3. Easy to store: non-renewable source of energy is easy to store. They can easily be
stored on barrels and other containers. For instance, fuel like petrol and gas.

4. Easy to use: non-renewable energy resources are easy to use in our various homes
and anywhere else such as factories. They are also found everywhere because they
can be move easily from one place to another.
HOW ENERGY IS BEING USED.
 1. Communication: Our current modes of communication such as telephones
and the computer run on energy. Electricity is required to power these gadgets
to ensure effective communication.

2. Manufacturing: Energy is used in industries and factories to power machines

for the manufacturing of goods.

3. Lighting: Electric energy is used to provide lighting in our homes and office
buildings. This makes movements and work possible especially during the
night.

4. Transportation: All or current transportation modes including automobiles,

trains, buses, cars, airplanes etc. depend on energy such as fuel and electricity
to operate. We are able to travel from one place to another by the use of
energy.

5. Food production: Our food is grown by the help of energy from the sun. plant
depends on sunshine together with water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll to
prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis. This process
helps in food production.

WHY GHANA SOMETIMES IMPORTS ENERGY.

Ghana may import energy due to the following reasons
1. Waste of energy: energy conservation is the surest way by which Ghana can be
energy sufficient. We may have to import energy as a country because we waste a
lot of energy. For instance, we live our lights and electrical gadgets on when we
do not need them. As a results of wastage, Ghana may import energy to meet the
demand for energy.

2. Rapid population growth: as the number of people living in the country

increases as a results of rapid population growth, there would be the need for
additional energy if the countries capacity cannot meet the demand of the people.

3. Inadequate investment in the energy sector: the production of energy requires a

lot of capital. Failure of government to invest in the sector will lead to low supply
energy which would force government to import energy from other countries.
4. Industrialization: when Ghana decides to industrialized by establishing more
industries and factories more energy would be required to power the machines.
The country would therefore import additional energy to supplement the energy it
produces.

5. Low level of technology: Ghana lacks the right technology and know how to
produce the energy we need. We, therefore, export crude in its raw form and have
to import the final product which is energy we required. We do not also have
adequate skilled personnel to assist in the production of energy.

ESSAY TEST
1. a. What is meant by energy?
b. list the two main sources of energy and give at least two examples each.

2. a. Identify three major sanitation problems in your community

b. suggests three ways of solving sanitation problems in your community.

3. Explain how the social environment influences the physical environment.

4 a. Define the term environment.

b. state the difference between physical and social environment.

5. a. State four ways in which the environment may be destroyed.

b. suggests four ways of protecting the environment from degradation.

6. a. mention four causes of land pollution

b. Identify three effects of land pollution.

7 a. What is pollution?

b. How many types of pollution do we have?

Name them.

8 a. Identify three ways in which Ghana can import energy.

 b. State three ways of using energy.

9 a. How many sources of energy do we have? Name them.

b. Differentiate between renewable source of energy and non-renewable

source of energy.

10. a. List four causes of water pollution.

b. Identify four ways of preventing water pollution.

OBJECTIVE TEST
1. Major environmental problem facing municipal and metropolitan assemblies in
Ghana is
A. Air pollution
B. Waste disposal
C. Gully erosion
D. Deforestation

2. Water pollution is caused by all the following except

A. Alluvial mining
B. Recycle of waste
C. Bad fishing
D. Oil spillage

3. All the things in the surrounding of man are referred to as

A. Production
B. Environment
C. Pollution
D. Socialisation

4. Our environment is made up of

A. Natural and man-made things
B. Plants and animals
C. Roads and rivers
D. Only non-living things

5. The following are non-renewable sources of energy except

A. The sun
 B. Dry cell
C. Fossil fuel
D. Firewood and charcoal

6. Indiscriminate felling of trees causes the following except

A. Desertification
B. Afforestation
C. Soil erosion
D. Water pollution

7. The energy source that is generated by organic matter such as plants and
animals is known as
A. Wind energy
B. Solar energy
C. Biomass energy
D. Geothermal energy

8. Making too much noise is considered as

A. Air pollution
B. Land pollution
C. Water pollution
D. Destruction of the vegetation

9. The strength and ability to do a piece of work is referred to as

A. Energy
B. Pollution
C. Work
D. Strength

10. All except one of the following are effects of land pollution
A. Famine
B. Desertification
C. High productivity
D. Loss of soil fertility
 STRAND 2
GHANA AS A NATION.
Introduction
Our country Ghana is a nation of people who belongs to different ethnic groups and
speak various languages. Each of the ethnic groups had migrated from somewhere
outside our country to settle in the present homeland. Every one of the ethnic groups
had existed as independent states for many years before coming together eventually
as one nation called Ghana. It is important to know that with unity of purpose, we can
explore our diversity and culture for sustainable development.
HISTORY OF GHANA FROM 4TH TO 13TH CENTURY.
Our country Ghana was named after an ancient empire in Western Sudan (in Africa)
This ancient Ghana empire existed between the 4th and 13th century. The actual name
for the empire was Wagadugu. The name "Ghana" literally means "warrior King". It
was the title of the kings who ruled the empire. The empire was formed by the people
of Soninke. Kumbe-Saleh was the capital of the ancient Ghana empire. The location
of the empire is about 500 miles north of the present Ghana. It occupied the area
between rivers Senegal and Niger. Presently, parts of Mauritania, Senegal and Mali
are sited at the location ancient Ghana empire.
The people of old Ghana empire traded in various item like gold, salt, copper,
slaves, textiles, tools, jewellery, spices, cola and leather with people in north Africa,
Arabia and Europe. This trade was known as Trans-Sahara trade. However, the
empire was attacked and defeated by a Muslim religious group called Almoravids
from the Berber trade tribe of north Africa between AD 1062 and 1076. All the
collapse of the ancient Ghana empire, many of its ethnic groups migrated to settle at
Western part of the Sahara Desert region. Our country Ghana is part of this region.
Some inhabitants of our present Ghana have ancestors linked with the old Ghana. For
example, the ancestors of the people of Mamprusi, Dagomba, Gonja and Akan are
believed to have migrated from the ancient Ghana empire.
MIGRATION.
Migration means to live one place to settle in another place. An ethnic group is a
group of people who speaks a common language and trace their origin to one
ancestor or ancestress. Migration of an ethnic group is the movement of an ethnic
group from one place to settle in another place. Ghana has about 46 languages. These
helps as to group the people of Ghana into ethnic groups. Ghana has five major ethnic
groups, they are,
1. The Akan
2. The Ewes
 3. The Ga-Adangbe
4. The Mole Dagbani
5. The Guan
A number of these ethnic groups migrated from old Ghana which covered the area
presently occupied by parts of Mauritania, Senegal and Mali with the capital called
Kumbe-Saleh. The Mole-Dagbon group came from the area around Lake Chad. The
Ewe came from Benin while the Ga-Adangbe came from Nigeria.
 MIGRATION ROUTES OF THE AKAN.
The Akan is the largest ethnic group in Ghana. They constitute 49.1% of the total
population. The Akan is made up of the Asante, the Denkyira, the Assin, the Bono,
the Twifu, the Wassa, the Sefwi, the Akwamu, the Akuapem, the Adansi, the Aowin,
the Fante, the Kwahu, the Akyem etc. The main language of the Akan are Twi and
Fante.
The Akan people are believed to have come from the North. Probably from the old
Ghana Empire after it collapsed. The Akan first settled around Techiman, Gyaman
and Bono-Manso when they entered Ghana from the North. They moved between
two rivers -The Black Volta and river Comoe. Later from Techiman, Gyaman and
Bono-Manso when they entered Ghana from the North. They moved between two
rivers -The Black Volta and river Comoe. Later from Techiman, Gyaman and Bono-
Manso, they moved to settle on the land between the Pra and Offin rivers.
From, Techiman, the Fantes moved to settle at Mankessim led by Oson,
Oburumankoma and Odapagyan. Others moved southwards and settled in the forest
to the east and west. These people were the Akwamus, the Denkyira, the Akuapem,
the Adansi, the Assin, the Wassa, the Twifu and the Sefwi. The Asantes moved and
settled at Asante-Manso near Lake Bosomtwi.
Today the Akans are found in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions, greater part of
Western and Eastern Regions, the whole of Central Region except the Awutu and
Efutu of Winneba and small area in Northern part of Volta Region. The Akan
practice matrilineal system of inheritance. That is, succession is by the mother's
lineage.
Below is a map showing the migration route of the Akans.
 MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE EWE.
The Ewe is the main ethnic group found South-East of the Volta River specifically in
the Volta Region of Ghana. The Ewe are believed to have migrated from Ketu, a
town in the South-Eastern part of the present-day Republic of Benin, that was around
the 16th century.
From Ketu, they came to settle at Tado in Togo. Later they moved from Tado to
Notsie still in Togo where they built a wall around themselves for protection. A
wicked King at Notsie called King Agorkorli treated the people very badly so they
moved from Notsie to Ghana in three groups. The first group led by Amega Wenya
built their kingdom around Keta Lagoon. They were the Anlo, Klikor, Some, Ave,
Fenyi, Afife, Mafi, Tsiame and Tavia.
The second group settled around Ho. Their settlement is Ho, Akotia, Takla, Kpetoe,
Hodzo, Klevi, Sakode, Abutia and Adaklu. The last group settled at Kpando. Their
settlements include Kpando, Hohoe, Awudome, Alavanyo, Kpalime, Vue, Agu,
Wodze, and the late comers at Peki. The Ewe practice the patrilineal system of
inheritance, that is, succession is from the father's lineage. The present traditional
home of the Ewe is Anloga and Keta.
Below is a map showing the migration route of the Ewe.

MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE GA-ADANGBE.

The Ga-Adangbe people are composed of two main ethnic groups. These are: the Ga
and Adangbe. The Adangbe comprises of the Ada, the Krobo, the Shai, the Osudoku,
the Gbugbla, the Kpone and Ningo. The Ga are the people of Accra and its
surroundings. The Ga speaks the Ga language. The Ga-Adangbe are believed to have
migrated from a town called Ile-Ife in South-Western Nigeria. They were led by their
powerful King called Ayi-Kushi. The Ga first settled at Okaikoi Hills near Nsawam.
The Ga King who built the Ga state with its capital at Ayawaso was called Okai
Kwei. Accra became an important trading centre when the Europeans came to Gold
Coast. So, it became an important trading centre when the Europeans came to Gold
Coast. So, some of the Ga moved to the coast to stay there so as to trade directly with
the Europeans. The Adangbe first settled at Togo in the Republic of Togo, then they
moved to Agotime Kpetoe where they lived for some time.
Then after crossing the Volta River, they moved southwards to the areas where
they are found till today. The Adangbe also built a kingdom called Ladoku Kingdom
which extended from Tema to the mouth of the Volta River. In 1742, the Asantes
defeated the Asantes.
Presently the Ga-Adangbe live in the coastal plains west of the Volta River. Their
traditional home is Accra.
Below is a map showing the migration route of the Ga-Adangbe.
 MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE MOLE-DAGBON.
The Mole Dagbani ethnic group is made up of the Mamprusi, the Dagomba, the
Gonja, the Mossi and the rest. Apart from the Gonja, people who came from Mande
in Senegal, all the Mole-Dagbon people came from the area around Lake Chad. The
Mamprusi, the Mossi and the Dagombas trace their origin from a common ancestor.
Now let us take the various tribes of the Mole-Dagbon and trace their route of
migration.
MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE MAMPRUSI.
The Mamprusi people came from the area east of Lake Chad. They were the first of
the Mole-Dagbon ethnic group to arrive in Ghana. When they were coming, they
were led by a brave warrior called Tohazie who was also known as "Red Hunter".
From Lake Chad they settled for a short time at Zamfara in Northern Nigeria. Later
they moved from Zamfara to Old Mali. At Mali they fought for the Malian Emperor.
This war forced them to come to Ghana. In Ghana they first settled at Pusiga. Tohazie
died before they reached Pusiga so he was succeeded by Na-Gbewa. Na-Gbewa also
died and he was succeeded by Zirile who was the eldest son of Na-Gbewa. After the
death of Zirile, there was a problem of who should become the new King. This
brought a civil war between the children of Na-Gbewa.
Tohogu succeeded Zirile. Tohogu was defeated by his younger brothers in the civil
war. He, therefore, run to settle at Gambaga where he founded the Mamprusi
Kingdom.
The Mamprusi were rich because they controlled the trade between the Asantes in the
South and the Mossi and Hausa in the North. The Mamprusi speak the Mampruli
language. The title of the Mamprusi chief called "Na" while the Paramount chief is
called "Nayiri".
The Mamprusi fought and defeated the local people who were living in the area.
These people were the Vagala, Sisala, Tampulensi, Chamba and the Konkomba.

MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE GONJA.

The Gonja people are found in the Northern Region of Ghana. They migrated to their
present home from a town in Senegal called Mande in the 16th century. They were led
by their leader called Ndewura Jakpa. The Gonja people defeated the local people
who were the Guan before settling there. This was because the Gonja were more
organised than the local Guans.
The title of the Gonja paramount chief is called Yagbonwura (meaning the chief of
Yagbon). The traditional capital of the Gonja was called Yagbon but now Damango
is their capital town. The language of the Gonja people is called Gonja. All the chiefs
of the Gonja people are believed to be descendants of Ndewura Jakpa. It is possible
to move somebody from his own village or town to become the chief of another
Gonja town or village. What is important is that the person chosen must be from a
royal family. The Gonja divisional chiefs have ranks. The chief of Buipe Buipewura
is the next in rank of the Yagbonwura. Some important towns of the Gonja are
Damango, Bole, Yapei, Salaga and Buipe.

MIGRATION ROUTE OF THE GUAN.

The first ethnic group to come to Ghana are the Guans. The Guans are believed to
have come from old Ghana Empire. However some say they first lived in Burkina
Faso. From Burkina Faso, the Guans came to Ghana in three groups. The first group
settled in the present Gonjaland and later defeated by the Gonjas. The second group
settled in the Afram Plains and the third group settled in the lower Volta basin.
The Guans were not united so they were easily defeated always and this made them
to spread to many parts of the country. The language of the Guans is called Guan.
Some of the Guans such as the people of Anum, Abiriw, Adukrom, Apirede,
Aseseeso, Awukugua and Dawu live in the Akuapem mountains in the Eastern
region. Some of them are the people of Anum and Boso on the north of Akosombo on
the Eastern part of Lake Volta.
Some are also in the central region. These are the Awutu and Efutus. Some also live
in the Northern part of Volta region. They are the Nkonya people. Some are also in
the Central region. They are the Nkonya people. Some are also in the Eastern part of
Brong Ahafo region such as the people in the Sene District in the Brong Ahafo region
(Kwame Danso).
Below is a map showing the migration route of the Guans.
REASONS FOR THE MIGRATION OF THE DIFFERENT ETHNIC
GROUPS IN GHANA.
1. Trading activities: most of the ethnic groups migrated into Ghana because of
trading activities for a larger market for trade. E.g., The Ga people in Accra
migrated to Accra because Accra became an important commercial centre with
the Europeans.

2. To gain more territories and resources: The need to gain more territories and
possess a lot of natural resources motivated some ethnic groups to also
migrate.
3. Searching for fertile agriculture: some of the ethnic groups e.g., the Akans
come to their present location in search of a good fertile land to farm.

4. To escape from wicked leaders: people like the Ewe moved away from
Notsie into their present settlement due to the wicked rule of their former King
Agorkorli.

5. Search for source of water: some of the ethnic groups who could not get
water because the dry season was too long in their area came to settle in
Ghana.

6. For defence and protection: some ethnic groups moved to their present
locations for defence and protections. E.g., The Akwapims on the Akwapim-
Togo ridge settled there for defence and security so that they can easily see the
enemies and attack them.

7. Peace and security: some of the ethnic groups e.g., the Akans came to their
present settlement in search for peace and security. This is so because it is
believed that they were sent away from old Ghana by some light skinned men.

Below is a map of Ghana showing areas where the ethnic Group originally
settled.
 EXPLANATION OF THE MAP ABOVE.
i. The Asantes originally settled in the area of Techiman, Bono-Manso and
Gyamang and finally to the area West of Lake Bosomtwi.
ii. The Brong originally settled at Techiman, Gyamang and Bono-Manso.
iii. The Nzema also originally settled at Techiman, Gyamang and Bono-Manso.
iv. The Fante originally settled at Techiman, Gyamang and Bono-Manso.
v. The Ga originally settled at the coast in the Eastern part of Ghana (Accra
plains).
vi. The Ewe originally settled at Keta Lagoon, Ho and Kpando.
vii. The Gonja originally settled at the bank of the Black Volta in Northern
region at a place called Yagbon in the present Gonjaland.
viii. The Dagomba originally settled at Pusiga.

BELOW IS A MAP SHOWING THE PRESENT PLACES OF THE

ETHNIC GROUPS ON THE MAP OF GHANA.
GIVE REASONS WHY GHANA CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF ETHNIC
GROUPS.
1. Differences in origin: the various groups in Ghana came to Ghana from
different parts of Africa. This is why there are different people with different
languages and culture in Ghana.
2. Ghana is relatively peaceful: This made some ethnic groups such as the Ewe
from Trans-Volta Togoland to vote to join Ghana in 1956 in a Plebiscite.
3. Colonisation: the various ethnic groups were living as kingdoms with different
languages and cultures before colonisation. However, when the Europeans
came, they brought all the ethnic groups together to form what we now call
Ghana.
4. Differences in the time of arrival: the various ethnic groups arrived at
different points in time. As they spent time in settling at various places, the
languages and cultures became adulterated or changed.
5. Ghana has many big rivers and mountains: this attracted some of the ethnic
groups who came to settle on top of the mountains which protected them from
their enemies.
6. Ghana has good water supplies: this also attracted some of the ethnic groups
to come to Ghana.

SHOW HOW ETHNICITY COULD DISRUPT THE PEACEFUL LIFE

IN A COUNTRY, BAD EFFECTS OF ETHNICITY.
1. Ethnocentrism or tribalism could disrupt the peaceful atmosphere, unity and
the spirit of National integration needed for Nation building.
2. It could sow seeds of discord or hatred and division among ethnic group.
3. Appointment of public officers are done on ethnic lines hence putting wrong
people in wrong offices who cannot do the job.
4. Ethnicity could bring nepotism and favouritism in the public service and in the
allocation of resources and development projects. This is because people in
higher position try to help only people from their tribes.
5. It brings hatred and bitterness in society because the less powerful tribes feel
cheated by the stronger ones.
6. It could lead to uneven or unequal development of the country because only
the powerful ethnic groups will be getting development projects for their areas.
7. It could bring ethnic conflicts which destroys lives and properties.
8. Ethnocentrism in the Military leads to Coup d’états that disrupt sustainable
development and the violation of fundamental human rights.
 RELATIVE COSMOPOLITAN NATURE OF GHANA.
A country is said to be cosmopolitan if it is inhabited by people from different parts
of the world. Ghana is a cosmopolitan country because there are many ethnic groups
and people from many parts of the world in Ghana.
The reason for the relative cosmopolitan nature of Ghana is that the nature of Ghana
is due to the fact that the major towns and cities are inhabited by people from many
ethnic groups.
DESCRIBE THE URBAN/RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF THE
COUNTRY.
An urban area is a locality with a population of 5000 people or more. A rural area is a
locality with a population of less than 5000.
The provisional results of the year 2000 population census says that 65% of Ghana's
population live in rural areas while 35% live in towns and cities-urban areas.
However, the final report of the 2000 population census says that 56.2% live in rural
areas while 43.8% live in urban areas. That is, out of the 18,912,079 people living in
Ghana, 10,637,809 live in rural areas while 8,274,270 live in towns and cities-urban
areas. This means that majority of Ghanaians live in villages or in rural areas.
The most densely populated region is Greater Accra with 895.5 persons per sq km.
The second most densely populated region in Ghana is Central region with 162.2
persons per sq. km and the third being Ashanti with 148.1 persons per sq. km. The
least densely populated region in Ghana is Upper West Region with only 3.2 persons
per sq. km.
However, the most populous region in Ghana is Ashanti with a population of 3.6m
followed by Greater Accra with 2.9m and the third Eastern region with 2.1 million
people.
What this means is that Nationally, the population is largely concentrated in Greater
Accra and Ashanti and that there is over-concentration in the regional capitals and a
few towns.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION.
National integration implies a bringing together of all individuals and ethnic groups
into one common society or nation, with a common feeling and common sense of
togetherness.
Reasons for national integration or the need to sustain unity among the various ethnic
groups of Ghana.
1. Unity among the various ethnic groups of Ghana promotes National stability.
2. It helps to enhance National economic development.
3. It promotes a sense of purpose and direction in Nation life.
4. Conflicts are easily resolved. This promotes peace and National harmony.
5. There is total allegiance to the state instead of individual or ethnic objective.
6. It helps to avoid tribalism and nepotism. So, the people see themselves as one
people with a common destiny.

WAYS OF SUSTAINING PEACE AND UNITY AMONG THE

DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS IN GHANA.
1. Appreciating the people’s culture: we must appreciate each other’s
culture. We must not look down upon them. We must also participate in
others ethnic groups activities.

2. Avoiding stereotyping: we must avoid the negative attitudes towards other

people such as making derogatory remarks.

3. Tolerating or loving each other’s views: we have to tolerate opposing

views, opinions and beliefs even when we disagree with them.

4. Adherence to the rule of law: adherence to rule of law helps to sustain

national unity. Without rule of law there will be confusion and anarchy.

5. Encouraging inter-ethnic marriages: promotion of inter-ethnic marriages

or marriages between two or more ethnic groups helps to sustain unity and
peace within the nation.

6. The need for development consciousness: people need to be patriotic and

development conscious. We must have the development of Ghana first in all
our activities.

7. Exposing the youth to other people’s cultural activities or way of life:

the youth must be exposed to the cultures of the various ethnic groups. This
will help them understand each other’s culture as well as appreciating them.

8. Showing patriotism and selflessness: we must be patriotic and selfless in

all our activities. We must strive to avoid selfishness.
 9. Public education on the need for ethnic unity: there must be public
education to create the awareness on the need for ethnic unity and the
dangers of ethnic conflict.

10.Organising inter-ethnic sports and games: inter-ethnic sports and games

such as the annual Frafra vs Dagati games in Accra helps to sustain
National unity.

ESSAY TEST.
1. Write short notes on the history of Ghana from the 4th to 13th century.
2. Explain why there are different ethnic groups in Ghana.
3. a. Explain the term ethnicity.
b. In four (4) sentences each, state the effects of ethnicity to the socio-
economic development of Ghana.
4. In what four ways can Ghanaians maintain unity among the various ethnic
groups of the country.
5. write short notes on the following
a. i. migration ii. An ethnic group
b. Give four reasons why the major ethnic groups in Ghana migrated to where
they are today.
6. what is meant by cosmopolitan
b. Give four reasons for the relative cosmopolitan nature of Ghana.
7. Name four ethnic groups in Ghana.
b. Give any five reasons for the movement of the named ethnic groups to their
present settlement.

STRAND 3
COLONIZATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
Content strand.
Explain the meaning of colonization.
State the positive and negative effects of colonization on Africa.
Explain how colonization retards progress in Ghana.
Give suggestions on how to correct our negative attitudes and values as a result of
colonization.
Introduction
Europeans: arrival of Europeans in the Gold Coast.
Europeans began to arrive in our country in the 15th century. The first Europeans to
come to Gold Coast were the Portuguese. The Portuguese came to Gold Coast in the
year 1471. They were sent by the Prince of Portugal called Prince Henry the
Navigator. The man who led the Portuguese into Gold Coast was called Don Diogo
d'Azambuja in 1471.
The Ghanaian chief who met the Portuguese on arrival at Gold Coast called Nana
Kwamena Ansah, the chief of Edina (Elmina). The name Gold Coast came from the
Europeans when they discovered alluvial gold in rivers and streams on the coast.
The Portuguese left the country in the year 1642 when they were driven away by the
Dutch.
The second Europeans to come to the Gold Coast were The English (British) in the
year 1533. The British were led by Captain Windham. They were the last Europeans
to leave the Gold Coast in the year 1957.
The third Europeans to come to Gold Coast were the Dutch from Holland. They came
to the Gold Coast in the year 1595. The Dutch drove away the Portuguese in the year
1642. The Dutch left Gold Coast in the year 1872.
The fourth European to come to the Gold Coast were the Swedish from Sweden.
They came to Gold Coast in the year 1640.
The last Europeans to come to the Gold Coast were the Danes from Denmark. They
came to Gold Coast in the year 1660.

REASONS FOR THE COMING OF EUROPEANS TO GOLD COAST IN THE

EARLY 15TH CENTURY.
1. To trade with the people of West Africa: the early Europeans came to Gold
Coast or West Africa because they wanted to trade with the people by selling
their gun-powder and guns to us and buying our gold, pepper and salt.
2. To find sea route to India and the Far East: some Europeans came to Gold
Coast to find a shorter way to their plantation’s farms and mines in India and
other forms of religion.
 3. To introduce western education: they wanted to introduce the European type
of education through the establishment of schools.
4. To colonise the local people: they came mainly to rule the local people and
take control of their rich natural resources.
5. Raw materials: they needed raw materials for their industries.
6. Expansion of market: they wanted to expand the market for their products.

DESCRIBE THE METHOD OF TRADING OF THE EARLY

EUROPEANS.
The method of trading of the early Europeans was called Barter Trade. It was a
system of trade where goods were exchanged for other goods without the use of
money. The Europeans brought guns, gun-powder, farm tools, alcoholic beverages
etc. They exchanged these items with our salt, copper, pepper, gold etc.

PROBLEMS OF BARTER TRADE.

1. The problem of storage: perishable goods that may not have immediate need
might get rotten.
2. Indivisibility of goods: certain goods which could not be perfectly divided
made exchange difficult. E.g., How can you exchange a living cow for a car
without a problem?
3. The double coincidence of wants: there was a problem of looking for
someone who had what you wanted and at the same time wanted what you had.
4. No common standard of value: it was difficult to measure how much of a
good could be exchanged for another. E.g., How many pens can be exchanged
for books.
5. Trade on credit was impossible: this was because the two parties who
exchanged goods had to be in need of each other’s goods.

THE MISSIONARY WORK OF THE EARLY EUROPEANS.

Before the coming of the Europeans into this country, the people were not
Christians. They were believers of Traditional African Religion. That is, they
worshipped the Supreme God through their lesser gods.
The Roman Catholic Church.
The Roman Catholic Church was the first Christian Church in Ghana. When the
Portuguese arrived in our country, they brought three Roman Catholic Priests in 1482
to change the Africans to become Christians. These Priests went back in 1642 when
the Dutch drove them away so there was nobody to continue with the church.
Anglican Mission.
In 1752, the society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) sent Rev. Thomas
Thompson to the Gold Coast. He worked in Gold Coast from 1752-1756. He went
back in 1756 with Philip Quacoe to be trained as a priest in England. Philip Quacoe
came back in 1765 as a Priest and a school master. He worked hard for the Anglican
Church until he died in 1816.
The Basel Mission.
The Basel missionaries arrived from Switzerland in 1827. The group was led by Rev.
Andreas Riis. He oened a mission station at Akropong Akwapim in 1835.
The Methodist Mission.
The Methodist mission were led by Rev. Joseph Dunwell. They arrived at Cape Coast
in 1835. He died in 1837 and was replaced by Rev. Thomas Birch Freeman in 1838.
He died in 1830.
The Roman Catholic Mission.
Their missionaries came back in 1880. Two priests, Father Auguste Moreau and
Father Eugene Morat were sent to the country by Society of African Missions to
contribute the good work which the earlier missionaries started.
The African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Zion Mission.
The A.M.E. Zion missionaries were led by Bishop J. Bryan Small. They arrived in
the country in 1898. They started their church in Keta.

REASONS WHY THE EARLY EUROPEANS STARTED SCHOOLS IN

SOME AREAS OF THE GOLD COAST.
The Castle schools of Elmina and Cape Coast were meant for the children of the
Europeans so that their children who were staying with them in the coast will be
educated. They were also meant for the children of the wealthy African Merchants.
They started schools to train people for Clerical work in European businesses.
They also wanted to train people for priesthood eg. Philip Quacoe so as to help in the
spread of Christianity.
They wanted to bridge the communication gap with the local people so the castle
schools were meant to train interpreters for the spread of the missionary work.
THE WORK OF THE EUROPEANS IN EDUCATION IN THE GOLD
COAST.
As the work of the missionaries progressed, the need to have more educated people to
help the missionaries became very important. So, it became necessary to have more
schools apart from those in the castle.
Therefore, in 1848 the Basel Missionary opened the first Teacher Training college in
Ghana at Akropong Akwapim. Again, in 1876, the Methodist Missionary opened the
first Secondary school in Ghana called Mfantsipim secondary school.
The first government secondary school in Ghana is Achimota school (Prince of
Wales College). It was established in 1924 by Governor Sir Gordon Guggisberg.

THE EFFECTS OF THE COMING OF THE EUROPEANS ON THE PEOPLE

OF GOLD COAST OR WEST AFRICA.
POSITIVE EFFECTS.
1. Introduction of formal education; they introduced formal education by
opening schools and colleges.
2. Making Christian converts: The coming of the Europeans led to the
conversion of people to Christianity.
3. Provision of infrastructure: they provided infrastructure like roads, railways,
ports and harbours, communication etc.
4. Provision of tourist sites: the castles built along the coast are now historical
monuments helping to improve tourism.
5. Urbanization: the coming of the Europeans led to the growth of towns
through urbanization.
6. Peace and order: it led to the establishment of peace, law and order.
7. Introduction of new architecture: they introduced new types of buildings.
8. Introduction of currency: it led to the introduction of currency as the medium
of exchange in place of the barter system.
9. Improved farming methods: they introduced scientific methods of farming.
10.Introduction of new crops: they introduced new crops such as cocoyam,
cocoa, coffee etc.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS.
1. Depopulation: slave trade caused depopulation of the region, because only
able-bodied people were taken away.
2. Change in culture: they changed our culture i.e., taste for European goods,
food, dressing, marriages, family system etc.
 3. Loss of self-esteem: they brought about colonization and slave trade which has
led to loss of self-esteem, respect and self-reliance.
4. Introduction of new system of Government: they distorted our system of
government i.e., Chieftaincy by introducing theirs.
5. Creation of nation states: they created nation states within colonial
boundaries hence disuniting West Africans.

THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.

"Transatlantic" means across the Atlantic Ocean. "Slave Trade" means the buying
and selling of human beings as slaves. So, the transatlantic slave trade was the buying
of human beings-slaves from West Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to America and
the West Indies for sale.
Also, it was a system of trade that involved three continents namely; Africa, America
and Europe. The transatlantic slave trade was also referred to as the "Triangular
trade"
Trade Routes: the trade routes were:
1. From Europe to West Africa
2. From West Africa to North and South America (West Indies) and
3. From America to Europe.
Industrial goods such as cloths, guns, strong drinks etc were shipped from Europe to
West Africa while gold, ivory, slaves etc. were shipped from West Africa to America.
Also, raw materials such as cotton, sugar, tobacco etc. produced by the slaves in
America (West Indies) were shipped to Europe to feed their industries.

BELOW IS A MAP SHOWING THE PICTURE OF THE TRIANGULAR

TRADE.
REASONS WHY THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE WAS STARTED
BY EUROPEANS.
1. The discovery of the new world (America) and the boom in businesses on
the continent: plantations for growing cotton were established as a booming
business or good business in America. Sugarcane plantation was also
established in the West Indies and in South America, mining also became a
good business in South America.
2. The absence of capital-intensive method of production: there were no
machines like tractors to be used in the plantations.
3. The presence of slavery in Africa: Africans already had a form of slavery
before the transatlantic slave trade.
4. Africans’ preparedness to sell slaves: African chiefs and rulers were
prepared to sell their war captives and criminals as slaves. Because of the
above reasons, European traders turned to Africa where they could buy people
and sell them as slaves to plantation owners in America, West Indies and South
America.
5. The desire to get cheap labour to work in businesses of the new world:
getting cheap labour in the plantation in America and the West Indies was not
 easy as using the original Indian people in America, the original Indian people
in the West Indies and (the Caribs and Amerindians) faced a lot of problems
and sicknesses.

HOW SLAVES WERE OBTAINED (SOURCES OF SLAVES).

1. Warfare: prisoners of war were taken as slaves by chiefs and warlords.
2. Raiding and kidnapping: some strong men raided some communities and
captured people. Also, individuals were kidnapped from farms, forest etc.
3. Tributes: slaves were given to chiefs as tribute. That is to say thank you to
such chiefs.
4. African Middlemen: it must be noted that the Europeans did not, themselves
go inland to buy slaves. They had their African agents who bought the slaves
and brought them to the Coast to be sold to them.
5. Market Supply: in most cases people were being sold in open market to
slavery.
6. Prisoners: people who were serving prison terms were at times sold into
slavery.
7. Pawning: people were given out as surety for loans. In this case if the person
who took the loan was not able to pay back the load, such people were sold
into slavery.
A picture of slave raid in the interior.
 REASONS WHY THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
CONYTINUED FOR A LONG TIME.
The slave trade continued for a long time. It lasted for more than 400 years (1450-
1850) because of the following reasons:
1. Slaves offered Valuable Economic Labour: the slave trade served as a source
of cheap labour. The slaves offered valuable economic labour on sugar, cotton
and coffee plantations in the West Indies, and America. The slaves from Africa
were very strong and hardworking in tobacco and mining in America, Brazil
and the West Indies. The slave business, therefore lasted for long.

2. It was very lucrative to the Europeans and the Africans: the Europeans
slave traders found trading in human beings very profitable. Because of this
they did not want it to be stopped. This is why it continued for long.
 3. There were ready market for slaves in mines in South America: the African
slaves were very strong and hardworking. They could withstand most of the
tropical diseases. Because of this there was a very good ready market for them.
This made the slave trade to last for long.

4. The Greediness of African chiefs to make much money: the African chiefs
were very greedy to make much money. The greed of African chiefs and
African slave raiders who were getting financial benefits from the slave trade
also helped to sustain the trade.

5. Some African chiefs wanted guns to expand their empires: some chiefs
wanted guns and gunpowder to wage wars to conquer other territories or to
expand their kingdoms and empires. This helped to continue the trade for a
long time.

6. Inability of Red Indians to cope with the volume of work: the Red Indians
could not cope with the volume of work on the plantations and mines in
America and West Indies. However, the Africans offered very cheap, strong
and hardworking source of valuable economic labour. This helped to sustain
the business.

7. Lack of organised African Opposition: the Africans were not organized in

their own governments to be able to oppose the traders with a united front.
This is why the slave business lasted for long. This explains why later when
King Nzinga Mbemba of Congo and King Agaja of Dahomey organized
Africans against it together with the Europeans, they were able to stop it.

8. Most Africans did not know their rights: most people in Africa did not know
their human rights. Because of this they did not protest against these crimes of
humanity. Again, there were no human rights organizations like Amnesty
International to protest against those crimes of humanity.

ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE.

Slave trade was abolished in Britain in 1807 through the abolition act passed by
British parliament.
In 1772, a run-away slave called James Somerest was brought to court in England
charged for leaving his master called Charles Stewart unlawfully. A man called
Granville Sharp, William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson; the slave trade was
abolished.
These people who fought for the abolishment of the slave trade were called the
Abolitionist. As a result, the freed slaves from Britain were assembled and shipped to
Sierra Leone (Freetown) in 1787. Freed slaves from America were also assembled in
Nova Scotia and Jamaica and shipped to a place near Freetown called Sherbo in
Liberia.
Freed slaves from Jamaica are generally called the MAROONS. Slavery was
abolished in Gold Coast in 1874 and in America in 1865. It was also abolished in
Denmark in 1803 and in Sweden in 1813. In Netherlands, it was abolished in 1814
and in France in 1818.
REASONS FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE.
1. The revolt of slaves in America, Brazil and in the West Indies: the slaves
organised themselves into fighting groups and attacked the plantation owners
and other Europeans. This made them dangerous inmate of their master. They
sometimes killed their master.

2. Humanitarian reasons given by Granville Sharp and William Wilderforce:

they argued that slavery was cruel and in-human and that no one should own or
be owned by another human being.

3. Unprofitable due to industrial Revolution: the slave trade was not profitable
again in the early 1800's because of the industrial revolution in Europe which
made it cheaper to use machines instead of intensive human labour.

4. The need for larger market to sell manufactured European goods: the
industrial revolution led to over production of European manufactured goods
without good market in Europe so they wanted Africa to be a market place for
their finished goods.

5. Economic reasons given by the abolitionist: they suggested that they wanted
the Africans to go back home to produce the raw materials which they needed
in Europe for their industries.

6. The protest of some African chiefs: some African chiefs such as King Nzinga
Mbemba of Congo and King Agaja of Dahomey protested. King Nzinga asked
 the Portuguese to stop slavery in Congo and King Agaja also asked the British
to stop slavery in Dahomey.

EFFECTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON WEST AFRICA.

The five hundred years of slavery in the West Africa led to the creation of a slavery
mentality, dependence on European nations which has not yet been broken. How to
break this independence mentality and create a nation consisting of people who feel
equal to all peoples of the earth in terms of intelligence, imagination, creative ability,
physical ability and most important, the capacity to manufacture and produce goods
and services for ourselves and for export becomes the problem we have to resolve as
soon as possible.
The following are some of the negative effects of slave trade:
1. It dispersed Africans: Africans became dispersed to many parts of the world
so that today we have Black people in South America, North America, Europe,
the Carribs as well as in Africa. Hence making it difficult for blacks to come
together.
2. Loss of population: it led to a great loss of population of about 210,000,000
(210m). Africans were taken as slaves abroad. So, it depopulated Africa.
3. Loss of confidence: the Africans suffered loss of confidence in their ability to
rely on their own minds and efforts to develop.
4. Loss of active manpower: the slave trade took away the active persons, young
men and women in their primes who would have offered effective work for
development.
5. Racial Discrimination: the white people had respected Africans when they
first met them in the course of their missionary activities. However, when
Africans became slaves, white people began to see them as inferior or second-
class human beings.
6. Loss of relatives: family ties were broken and social relationship became
broken because people sold or tricked their relations into slavery.
7. Introduction of inhuman treatment: the slave trade introduced some sort of
brutality and harshness into the indigenous institution of domestic slavery.

COLONIZATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

Before the Europeans came, the Africans had their own ways of ruling themselves.
Our people ruled themselves through communal living and state system through
chieftaincy. At first, Europeans did not tell our people that they wanted to rule them.
The Africans also did not know that the Europeans wanted to rule them.
The Europeans tricked our people in some cases i.e. they told some of the Africans
that they wanted to make friends with the various states. The Europeans also said that
they wanted to protect some states of these Africans. But soon the Europeans became
their rulers by colonizing the Africans. So, by the nineteenth century the whole of
Africa was colonized by European powers.
This means by 1914, almost the whole of Africa had been divided between seven
European countries. Liberia and Ethiopia were the only African countries which were
never colonized.
THE CONCEPT OF COLONIZATION.
Colonization means taking control of the administration of the people or a country by
a foreign power. The country that is ruled by another country is called the colony e.g.,
Ghana was ruled by Britain so Ghana was a British colony. The country that rules
another country is called master. So, Britain was Ghana’s colonial masters.
REASONS WHY EUROPEANS COLONIZED AFRICA.
1. The Europeans wanted to protect places of trade. They therefore, appealed to
their governments to protect them.
2. It was thought that countries which had many colonies were the strongest
nations. Every European nation, therefore wanted a colony in Africa.
3. The colonial powers needed peace to be able to carry on their trading activities
with the people. They therefore decided to bring the troublesome states under
their control in order to prevent wars among the various ethnic groups.
4. The Europeans also needed peace to preach the gospel.
5. The Europeans wanted to exploit the Africans resources to their country.
6. The Europeans decided to colonize African countries so as to continue
cheating them in trade.
7. The Europeans wanted to avoid wars as a result of the competition for colonies
in Africa. So, they met in 1884 at Berlin, the capital of Germany, to divide
Africa among themselves. So, they divided our land and colonized us.

COLONIAL BOUNDARIES IN 1914.

WAYS BY WHICH THE EUROPEANS COLONIZED AFRICA.
1. By persuasion or friendship: The European governments declared some areas
of Africa protectorates because some companies and local rulers asked for
protection. At first, the protectorates were declared just to maintain peaceful
trade. However, the Europeans began to have control over other matters in
Africa. Later the European governments changed the protectorates into
colonies and began to rule them.

2. By agreement or treaty: The Europeans signed agreements or treaties with

some of the states e.g., Signing of the Bond of 1844 with eight Fante chiefs by
the British in Ghana brought the Gold Coast colony under control. In Nigeria,
as in Ghana the British took control over the area in stages. Britain through the
 National African company got areas around the Niger by signing treaties with
the chiefs.

3. By force, war or conquest: the creation of colonies and the bringing about of
Europeans rule was not easy. The Europeans were opposed by many African
rulers. But with better arms, they forced the Africans to accept their rule. E.g.,
The French were strongly opposed by such powerful African rulers as Samory
and Haj Umar. Everywhere, the French used troops to keep the areas under
their control. The British also attacked and defeated Asante and added them to
their colony.

EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION ON AFRICA.

Colonization had both positive and negative effects on Africa. That is, in few
cases, we can say the effect was good for Africans. But in very many cases, the
effect was bad for the development of Africa.
Positive effects of colonization on Africa.
1. Introduction of formal education: Most of the colonial masters-built
schools and colleges in their colonies so that the Africans could read and
write. Some Africans were also given the opportunity to be educated
outside the country. E.g., The French through the policy of assimilation
gave the opportunity to some Africans to be educated in France. Some
schools opened by the colonial masters are Achimota school in 1924 and
Mfantsipim school in 1876 both in Ghana.

2. Plantation farming: The colonial masters introduced plantation farming in

Africa. Plantation farms are usually very big farms sometimes with only
one crop for export. Many of the plantation farms in Africa are owned by
the colonial masters. This is because they were able to raise the large
amounts of money needed for setting up the plantations. Eg the Prtuguese
set up a sugarcane plantation at Fernando Po. The British also have many
plantations in Zimbabwe.

3. Introduction of machines: Colonization led to the development of

architecture in Africa. New types of buildings or architecture were
introduced on the African continent. E.g., Cars, aeroplanes, ships, radio,
telephone etc.
 4. Bringing all the ethnic groups together to form Nations: Colonization
led to the formation of Nations in Africa e.g., Ghana consisting of many
different ethnic groups.

5. Common language: the colonial masters introduced their official languages

in their various colonies as their common official language. Eg. English was
introduced as the official language for all Ghanaians by her colonial master
Britain. The French colonies also speak French etc.

6. Stopped slave trade: through colonization, the slave trade was stopped.eg.
when the British outlawed the slave trade in Britain, it was also outlawed in
Ghana because Ghana was a British colony.

7. Provision of infrastructure for development: The colonial masters also

built roads, railways, ports and harbours, communication lines, hospitals
etc. This made it possible for people to move from one place to another
faster. It also made it easier for the Africans to trade with the Europeans.

Negative effects of colonization on Africa.

1. Develop taste for foreign goods: the long period of colonization or
domination created a certain mentality and love for foreign goods or foreign
things rather than things that could easily be manufactured or done in this
country.

2. Distortion of culture: colonization distorted or changed our African culture.

E.g. the French forced their colonies to forget about their own customs and
institutions while the British also forced their colonies to adopt European
culture, European names, dress, music, laws, type of Government etc. through
indirect rule they made our chiefs to become corrupt and to lose the respect
they already had from the people.

3. Slavery mentality: the long period of colonization also created some slavery
mentality. The African lack the confidence in our ability to develop on our own
effort.

4. Dependence on colonial masters: the long period of colonial domination also

created a dependence on foreign countries and foreign organizations for funds
and for aid.
5. Racial discrimination: the white people had respected Africans when they
first met them in the course of their missionary activities. However, when the
Africans became the servants of their colonial masters, the white people began
to see them as inferior or second-class human beings.

6. Loss of image and self-respect: the Africans suffered loss of image and self-
respect. Throughout the whole world we were not respected but were regarded
as slaves and servants of colonial masters.

7. The colonial masters exploited African resources: African resources were

taken to develop industries in Europe. For example, the Europeans used the
palm oil from Africa to develop the soap industry in Europe. This made their
people to get jobs at the expense of Africans.

HOW COLONIZATION RETARDS PROGRESS IN AFRICA.

1. Dependence on colonial masters: Colonization makes the African depends on
colonial masters for funds for development, aid, and even for the production of
our basic needs to the detriment of self-reliance.

2. The partition of Africa hinders free trade: The creation of boundaries

hinders free movement of goods and people within the African continent. This
makes trade among African nations very difficult hence retarding African's
development.

3. Loss of true identity: colonization retards African developments because the

African has lost her true identity. We are not able to develop our African
culture. They have destroyed the African culture and introduced theirs which is
hindering our development.

4. Lack of economic freedom: Africans are not free to do what they want to do.
This is because there is lack of economic freedom as a result of the fact that the
economies of African countries are still linked to those of their colonial
masters.

5. Disrupt among African countries: Colonization has created disrupt among

African countries because of the differences in ideologies which were
 introduced by their colonial masters. This retards African development because
they cannot unite for development to take place.

6. It made Africans to develop taste for foreign goods instead of made in

Africa goods: This makes European industries to grow and create jobs for
their citizens at the expense of the Africans. This is why there is the problem of
unemployment in Africa.

HOW TO CORRECT THE NEGATIVE ATTITUDES AND VALUES AS

OF RESULT OF COLONIZATION.
1. We should grow what we eat and eat what we grow.
2. We should not accept foreign ideas without thinking through them.
3. Africans must break the link with their colonial masters and begin to trade
among themselves. This will help Africa to develop.
4. We should change our mentality to pay attention to ourselves in solving our
problems rather than looking constantly overseas for help. Doing it yourself is
always the best way to learn and progress. Outside help may be sought when it
becomes absolutely necessary.
5. We should regain our true identity by constantly re-examining and improving
our cultural practices in order to make our culture dynamic. We should not
forget that it is culture that powers a nation forward into development.
6. Africans must also consider themselves as one people with a common destiny
and tolerate opposing views and ideologies. This will help solve the problem of
distrust among Africans and power them forward into development.

COLONISATION OF GOLD COAST.

The Europeans came into the Gold Coast essentially for trade. At first these
Europeans did not show that they wanted to rule the Gold Coast. However, in 1821
Sir Charles MacCarthy was appointed as the first person to represent the British
government in Gold Coast. When he came, he saw that trade was not going on well
because there was no peace. MacCarthy thought that Asantes were worrying the
Southern States because it was stronger. He organised his soldiers to fight Asante to
make it weak. But the Asante defeated the British at Adaamaso in 1824 and
MacCarthy was wounded so he killed himself.
In 1826 the British organised themselves and defeated the Asante at Akatamanso.
However, the British government did not like these wars. The British thought they
were in the country to trade and not to fight. Because of this the British government
took away all British officials from the Gold Coast. The British traders wanted to stay
on and trade, so they appointed their own leader in the Gold Coast. He was called
Captain George Maclean. He arrived in the Gold Coast in 1830 to start work.
Maclean was very clever at persuading people. It was captain George Maclean who
actually used his cleverness to establish British power or rule in the Gold Coast.
REASONS WHY THE BRITISH COLONIZED THE GOLD COAST.
i. The British needed peace to be able to carry on their trading activities with
the people of Gold Coast. They therefore, decided to bring Ashanti under
their control in order to prevent wars among the various ethnic groups.
ii. The British needed to prevent the French and the Germans from extending
their influence to the Gold Coast. So, they signed treaties with the Northern
chiefs.
iii. The British needed peace to be able to preach the gospel. So, they promised
to give each state what it was fighting for and made friends with them.
iv. They needed to bring Asante under control to prevent wars among the
various ethnic groups. So, they fought Asante and defeated them.

BELOW IS A MAP SHOWING GHANA'S COLONISATION.

 POSITIVE EFFECTS OF COLINIZATION ON GHANA.
1. Introduction of formal education: colonization has led to the introduction of
formal education into Ghana. Through the introduction of castle schools at
Elmina and Cape Coast to educate their own children, the colonial masters
provided many educational facilities in Ghana. E.g., Achimota School.

2. Provision of infrastructure development: Colonization has helped to develop

the transport and communication sector through road and railway construction.
E.g. Accra-Kumasi railway line built in 1928. They also built schools,
hospitals etc. eg. Achimota school and Korle-bu Teaching Hospital built from
1920-1923 by Governor Sir Gordon Guggisberg.

3. Introduction of common currency: it has led to the introduction of common

currency as the medium of exchange in place of the barter system and cowries
in Ghana. This has made business transactions easier.

4. Extraction of natural resources: it has led to extensive extraction and

utilization of natural resources and manufacturing processing. Eg. Extraction
of gold, diamond, bauxite, manganese etc.

5. The introduction of plantation farming: colonization has led to the

development of agriculture through the introduction of plantation farming in
Ghana. Plantation farms are usually very big farms sometimes with only one
crop for export.

6. Architectural development: colonization has led to the development of new

architecture in Ghana. New types of buildings were introduced. E.g. The
castles and forts built by colonial masters introduced our people to modern
types of building.

7. Introduction of Christianity: colonization has led to the introduction of

Christian religion into Ghana. E.g., The Catholic Church, Methodist Church
and the Presbyterian Churches were all brought into Ghana by the colonial
masters.
8. Introduction of common artificial language: Colonization has led to the
introduction of English as a common official language in Ghana.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF COLONIZATION IN GHANA.

1. Colonization has made Ghanaians develop taste for foreign goods at the
expense of made in Ghana goods.
2. Colonization has made Ghanaians depend on colonial masters to the detriment
of self-reliance.
3. It has made Ghanaians lose image and self-respect.
4. Colonization has made Ghanaians lose our true identity as a result of
destruction of our culture.
5. The colonial masters exploited our human and natural resources to develop
their country, e.g. They exploited our gold.

HOW COLONIZATION RETARDS PROGRESS IN GHANA.

1. Colonization made us develop taste for foreign goods at the expense of
made in Ghana goods: this retards progress because it affects local industry in
Ghana. The local industry will experience a fall in demand for its products.
Since it then has to contract rather than expand output. Its cost of production
will be high, rendering its products uncompetitive in terms of prices and
quality. The local industry will have to lay off workers, thus creating
unemployment. If this situation persists, the local industry will have no
alternative but to close down while creating employment in foreign countries
hence making them rich and great.

2. Dependence on primary production: the long period of colonization made

Ghanaians feel satisfied with the production of only raw materials to feed their
European factories and to rely on their colonial masters for our manufactured
products. This retards Ghana's progress because she has not been able to move
into manufacturing and tertiary production which are the only viable ways for
ensuring sustained development and eventual prosperity of the Ghanaian.

3. Lose our true identity as a result of destruction of our cultures: the long
period of colonization has destroyed our culture. It has stopped us from
thinking the way we used to think and how we used to produce our own needs.
They have changed our culture and made us believe that our culture and way of
doing things is bad. They have changed our mentality and this has made us rely
on them for our basic needs. We no longer take the initiative to do something.
 4. Dependence on colonial masters to the detriment of self-reliance:
colonization made us depend on foreign countries and foreign organizations for
funds and aid. This dependence mentality has made us refuse to pay attention
to ourselves in solving our problems.

HOW TO CORRECT OUR NEGATIVE ATTITUDES AND VALUES AS

A RESUT OF COLONIZATION.
1. We should grow what we eat and eat what we grow. This will create jobs and
reduce unemployment.
2. We should not accept foreign ideas without thinking through. We must always
think carefully about anything Europeans propose before er accept it.
3. We should re-examine and improve our traditional cultural practices in order to
make our culture dynamic. This is because it is culture that powers a nation
forward to development.
4. We should change our mentality and love for foreign things and encourage the
consumption of made in Ghana goods.
5. Ghanaian manufacturers must be careful in the course of production. They
must produce good quality items.
6. We should change the prestige attached to foreign goods and value "made in
Ghana goods".

SOME PERSONALITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO EDUCATION

IN GHANA.

John Mensah Sarbah.

John Mensah Sarbah was born at Cape Coast on 3rd June 1864. He had his primary
education at the old Wesley Boys High School in Cape Coast. After that he went to
England to attend school at Taunton school now Queens college. In 1884 he went to
school at Lincoln's Inn to study law. He was called to the Bar in 1887. He died in
1910.
His Contribution to Education.
i. He founded a Dutton Sarbah scholarship in 1892 at Taunton School.
ii. He rescued his old school, the Wesleyan boys’ high school from being
closed down when the Wesleyan mission wanted to close it. He became a
legal advisor to the school and a board member but he never charged them
any money. He renamed the school "the collegiate school".
iii. Together with his trusted friend William Edward Sam, Sarbah promoted the
Fanti Public School Ltd in 1903.
 iv. He played active role in the establishment of the first secondary school in
Ghana in 1876 at Cape Coast.
v. He sometimes uses his pocket money to pay the salaries of the members of
staff of Mfantsipim school when it was first established.
vi. He took part in the establishment of Fante National Education fund which
was to assist new local schools struggling for their existence.
vii. Finally, Sarbah also founded a scholarship at Mfantsipim school and by his
patriotic work, he helped to educate many sons of this country some of
whom are now holding key positions in Ghana's public service.

Thomas Birch Freeman.

Rev. Thomas Birch Freeman was born on 9th December, 1809 in England. His mother
was an English woman and his father was an African. In 1837 he married a girl called
Elizabeth and sailed for Cape Coast where the English missionaries who had been
there before he had died.
He arrived in Cape Coast in 1838 but ill luck fell on him. He lost his wife just six (6 ¿
months after his arrival. He himself died on 10th August 1890.
His contribution to Education.
i. In the first place, T.B. Freeman ably consolidated the noble work started by
the earlier Wesleyan missionaries like Rev. Dunwell who arrived in the
country in 1835 but died six months later.
ii. Establishment of more primary schools and appointment of school masters
for the schools. In 1841 there were nine schools in the colony out of which
3 were girls’ schools. The school masters of all the schools were appointed
by the Wesleyan Missionaries body under T.B. Freeman.
iii. Financial contribution: in 1848, he managed to collect from the British
government a colossal amount of £5000 in those days for the Wesleyan
missionary’s work.
iv. Establishment of experimental agriculture farms: in 1850 the Wesleyan
missionaries under T.B. Freeman began the establishment of their
experimental agriculture farms at Buela near Cape Coast.
v. Through his effort, Governor George Maclean agreed to allow the missions
to superintend schools at Dixcove, Anomabu and Accra and paid half of the
teachers’ salaries.

Philip Quacoe.
He was born in 1741. He was a native of Cape Coast. He was educated at England by
the society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG). He was the first African to be
ordained as a priest in the church of England. He returned to the Gold Coast in the
year 1765 and stayed at Cape Coast as a school master, catechist and missionary, a
position he held until he died in 1816.
His contribution to Education.
i. As a school master he helped to educate many people in the Gold Coast.
ii. He established his own school in his house in Cape Coast so as to educate
the molato children who were growing in large numbers.
iii. One of his products Joseph Smith later became the headmaster of the Cape
Coast school.
iv. As a priest and a missionary, he educated many Gold Coasters to see Christ
and helped to free them from their ignorance.
v. He helped to revive the Anglican church which later opened schools in the
country.

ESSAY TEST.
1. a. What is colonization?
b. Name seven European countries that colonized African countries.
c. state five reasons why Europeans colonized Africa.
2. State six positive effects of colonization on Africa.
3. State six negative effects of colonization on Africa.
4. List four ways by which the Europeans colonised Africa.
5. Describe how colonization retards progress in Africa.
6. Suggest four ways on how to correct the negative attitudes and values as
a result of colonization.
7. Give two reasons why the British colonized Ghana.
8. List three main ways by which the British colonized Ghana.
9. State five benefits which Ghana derived from British colonization.
10. Describe four ways on how colonization retards development in
Ghana.

STRAND 4
THE USE OF LAND IN OUR COMMUNITY.
Content strand
Explain the meaning of the terms: layout, settlement, slum and natural disaster.
Describe the various ways in which land is used in your community.
Explain why a good layout is necessary for a decent settlement.
Describe how layout for settlement is made.
State the need for taking preventive action against badly laid out settlements.

What is the meaning of land?

Land is the upper or solid part of the earth which supports plants and animals’ life. It
is that part of the earth which is not covered by water. It is a very important national
resource because most economic activities are carried out on the land.
USES OF LAND.
1. We build settlements on the land: houses, hamlets, villages, towns and cities
are built on the land. That is, land is used as a place where people put up their
homes.
2. We use land for agriculture: farmers grow crops on the land, such as food
crops (maize, plantain, yam etc.) just to feed their families. Also, livestock,
poultry and fish farmers keep their animals directly on tracts of land.
3. Land is used for building roads: we use part of the land to construct roads
which make it easy for transporting goods and passengers from one place to
another.
4. We construct recreational facilities on the land: such as stadia, tourist sites,
parks, museums and gardens etc. where people go and entertain themselves.
5. Factories are built on the land: for example, Tema Industrial Hub is built on
land.
6. Schools are built on the land: we also use part of the land for building
schools such the primary schools, junior secondary schools, Polytechnics and
Universities.

EXPLANATION OF SOME TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH LAND USE.

Layout: it is the arrangement of site for settlements. That is, how the buildings,
roads, schools, parks etc are to be situated.
Settlement: a settlement is a place where people have put up their homes.
The three types of settlement are:
i. Nucleated settlement: It is the type of settlement where houses are built
near each other or compact. It can also be defined as a type of settlement
consisting of clusters of houses or buildings.

ii. Dispersed settlement: It is the type of settlement where the buildings or

houses are widely scattered or wide apart. Regions where dispersed
settlement are common are Upper East Region, Upper West Region,
Northern Region, Western Region.
 iii. Linear settlement: it is the type of settlement where the buildings or
houses are arranged in a line. It can be along a river, route, ridge etc.

Natural Disaster: this is any misfortune that occurs from a natural phenomenon
leading to the destruction of the environment. Examples of natural disasters include
floods, earthquake, outbreak of diseases (epidemics), drought, volcanic eruptions,
landslides, tsunamis, hurricane, rainstorms, thunder, bush fires etc.
Slum: a slum is an overcrowded and filthy or dirty area where the buildings are not
arranged in any order, where there isn't proper planning sewerage system. They are
places usually inhabited by poor people. Slums are usually found in the cities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS.
1. Overcrowded settlement.
2. Buildings are made from inferior materials.
3. Pressure of social facilities.
4. Presence of social vices.
5. Presence of criminals.
6. Frequent outbreak of diseases e.g., Cholera.
7. Buildings are not well arranged.
8. Narrow or no street.

MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN TO PREVENT SLUMS IN

GHANA.
1. Enforcement of laws and bye-laws on towns planning: the District
Assemblies, Town and Country Planning Departments, Land Valuation Board
and Survey Department should ensure that people follow the laid-down
regulations and layout.
2. Town planners to provide good layout: the town and country planning
department must provide a good layout for every settlement to prevent slums in
the country. This is because in Ghana it is the responsibility of the town and
country planning department to provide the layout for settlement.
 3. Demolishing of unauthorized buildings: those houses in unauthorized areas
or houses without permit should be demolished or unauthorized structures must
be pulled down.
4. Control of rural urban migration: Rural-urban migration must be reduced
because it leads to the creation of slums due to lack of accommodation for the
migrants.
5. Putting up of low-cost buildings or estate: The government or district
assemblies must put up some low-cost houses or estates which will be
affordable to prevent slums.
6. Public education on the dangers of slums: Government as well as the district
assemblies must intensify the public education on the dangers of slums and
building of houses on water ways. They must make people aware that
unauthorized houses will be pulled down.
7. Control of rural urban migration: Rural urban migration must be reduced
because it leads to the creation of slums due to lack of accommodation for the
migrants.

Explain why a good layout is necessary for a decent settlement.

1. It reduces overcrowding.
2. It makes movement within settlement easy.
3. It makes settlement beautiful.
4. It improves the sanitation.
5. It prevents natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes etc.
6. It makes it easy to supply utilities such as water and electricity.
7. It makes it easy for distribution of mails (letters), garbage collection etc.

REASONS WHY A GOOD LAYOUT IS NECESSARY FOR A DECENT

SETTLEMENT.
1. It ensures proper location of facilities or places: A good layout ensures
proper location of facilities or places because of strict enforcement of laws by
city authorities as well as giving of permits before people are allowed to build.
2. It makes movement within the settlement easy: since there is provision of
streets before settlements develop, there is easier movement within settlements.
3. It makes it easy to supply utilities to inhabitants: Supply of utilities like
water and electricity is easier because all buildings are built according to lay
down plan.
4. It helps to improve sanitation: it helps to improve sanitation since waste
collection facilities must be provided.
 5. It reduces high incidence of contagious diseases: Because it reduces
overcrowding and improves the sanitation, it helps to reduce the spread of
contagious diseases.
6. It helps to minimize crimes: The prevention of slums as well as overcrowding
also helps to reduce hideout for criminals. So, there is low incidence of crime.
7. It makes it easier for the distribution of letters: since all buildings are
arranged according to plan with streets and numbers, it is easier to distribute
letters around.
8. It prevents overcrowding and development of slums: It helps to prevent
overcrowding and development of slums. Since all building plans have to be
approved by authorities and unauthorized structures are demolished.

HOW LAYOUTS FOR SETTLEMENT ARE MADE.

A layout is based on how the land is zoned. Zoning is identifying what every portion
of the land is suitable for. The location of facilities in the settlement is based on the
layout plan of the area. Below is the description of how layouts for settlement are
made.
i. Road networks: These must be planned in such a way that it will be away
from play grounds, that is, busy roads should be away from play ground to
avoid accidents. Areas must be set aside for future expansion of the roads to
avoid traffic jams in the future.
ii. Areas are set aside for residential purpose: This must be far from the
industrial areas so that the people will not be affected by the industrial
pollution.
iii. Areas are selected for industrial use: This must be separated from the
residential areas to prevent pollution of the air and drinking water by the
smoke and waste from such industries.
iv. Recreational grounds: leisure facilities such as football pitches and
cinemas must be included in the plan. Children playing ground can be sited
in safe areas away from busy roads and industries.
v. Areas are set aside for schools: Primary schools are located in the middle
of the settlement and Secondary Schools and Colleges or Universities at the
outskirt of the settlements.
vi. Areas are set aside for commercial purposes: These commercial or
market centres are always located in the centre of the settlement to make
them accessible to many people eg. Makola in Accra and Kaneshie market.

IMPLICATIONS FOR TAKING CORRECTIVE ACTION AGAINST

BADLY LAYOUT SETTLEMENT.
Corrective action against badly layout settlements includes demolishing unauthorized
houses and structures built in waterways, in areas demarcated for schools, hospitals,
streets etc.
The demolishing of the structures has the following implications:
1. It deprives the owner of accommodation or the owners will not get place to
sleep.
2. The owner again losses all the money and the resources that went into the
building.
On the other hand, if the structure is not demolished, the implications will be as
follows:
i. It tends to create slums in the town/village.
ii. It destroys the beauty of the town or village.
iii. It poses problem for town/village layout and development.
iv. It brings about the occurrence of natural disasters like flood leading to loss
of lives and properties.
v. It makes movement within the settlement difficult leading to waste of time
in traffic. Because of the above, we must destroy unauthorized structures in
towns and villages.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DEVELOPING OR IMPROVING A SCHOOL
LAYOUT.
1. We must consider how to make movement easier.
2. We must consider how to reduce overcrowding if applicable.
3. We must also consider how to set aside areas for the provisions of toilet and
urinals for both boys and girls.
4. We must make rooms for the future expansion of the school.
5. We must consider how to improve the beauty of the surrounding of the school.

ESSAY TEST.
1. Explain the following terms about land use:
i. Layout.
ii. Settlement.
iii. Slum.
iv. Natural disaster.
2. Identify five ways in which land is put to use in our communities.
3. State four advantages of a good layout.
4. Describe how layout for settlements are made.
5. Describe the three types of settlement which are common in Ghana.
6. State five factors necessary for improving the layout of settlements in our
communities.
7. Enumerate six effects of bad layout of settlements.
8. State four ways of preventing bad layout.
9. Debate on the issue of whether to demolish or not to demolish unauthorized
structures and structures that stand in unapproved areas of settlements.
10.Outline five causes of floods in Ghana and suggest measures to prevent each of
them.

SECOND TERM.

STRAND 5.

ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.

Content Standard: Demonstrate understanding of adolescent behaviour and
Reproductive Health Issues.

THE CONCEPT OF ADOLESCENCE.

Adolescence is the process through which an individual makes the gradual
transition from childhood to adulthood. The period lasts from 10-19 years. So,
a boy or a girl from the ages of 10-19 years is described as adolescent.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENCE.
All people go through adolescence. During the period, many physical,
emotional and psychological changes take place which prepare the person for
adulthood. These changes are described as the characteristics of adolescence.

PHYSICAL CHANGES IN BOYS (CHARACTERISTICS OF

ADOLESCENT BOYS).
1. Breaking of voice: the voice of boys becomes deeper and hoarse.
2. Broadening of the chest: the chest of boys becomes broadened or wide
with some enlargement of their breast. Their shoulders also broaden.
3. Enlargement of testes and penis: the size of the penis and testes become
bigger. The sperms begin to form and this is accompanied by occasional
wet dreams at night. At this time, first ejaculation occurs and sperms
production begins.
4. Growth of armpit, facial and public hair: At this time, hairs appear on
the upper limbs and beards. Public hair appears in the armpits and on their
genital organs. It usually begins at either side of the base of the penis.
5. Acne or pimples may develop on the face: Pimples appear on the face of
boys. If the pimples are not treated and they go untreated, large number
occur and this is called acne.
6. Acquisition of excess energy: Boys during this period acquire excess
energy to do fatigue. They can work very hard without being tired.
7. Growth in height and weight: There is rapid acceleration in growth,
resulting in dramatic increases in both height and weight.
PHYSICAL CHANGES IN GIRLS (CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADOLESCENT GIRLS).

1. Development of breast: The breast in girls become large. There is

greater contour distinction. The nipple including the areola forms a
secondary mound on the breast.
2. Growth of armpit and public hair: Hairs start to grow in the armpit
and around the vagina.
3. Acquisition of excess energy: Girls usually have a lot of energy at this
period and they do a lot of exercise e.g., Ampe.
4. Broadening of hips: their hips widen with narrow waist. Slimmer waist
but broader hips.
5. Growth in height and weight: There is rapid acceleration in growth,
resulting in dramatic increases in both height and weight.
6. Acne or pimples on the face: The facial skin in girls becomes rougher
and oilier encouraging.
7. Onset of ovulation and menstruation: Once every month the tissues
lining the inside of the womb come away and are passed out through the
vagina with some blood. This is because menstruation and is often
through the vagina with some blood. This is called menstruation and is
often referred to as "having a period". Each period can last from 2-8
days; 4-6 days is the average. Girls usually start their menstruation
between the ages of 12 and 15 years. This is known as Menarche. It
continues throughout their reproductive life. Menstruation usually stops
altogether between the ages of 40-50 years.
Menstruation is normal to occur and it is not true that you need sex to
stop menstrual pain. When girls begin to menstruate, it means they can
become pregnant if they have sex, so be careful and stay abstinence.
 EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADOLESCENTS.
1. Love: the adolescent develops strong feeling or attachment to the opposite sex.
2. Worry and fear: as they grow, they are moved into adulthood and becomes
worry or fear. This brings them to the state of uncertainties and confusion as to
what they will be in future. Again, the onset of menstruation and ejaculation
put some fears in them.
3. Easily irritated: The changes in boys and girls make them more irritable.
They are easily annoyed over trivial issues.
4. Excitement: The changes in adolescents feel excited always thus increase their
interest in parties, fairs, celebrations and generally in social activities.
5. Shyness: The changes in adolescent often make them shy. Girls and boys
become self-conscious and do not expose their body as before e.g., They stop
bathing in public.
 6. Adventurous: Most adolescents are very adventurous or curious in life. They
always want to practice what they do not know or see others practice to know
how it taste like.
7. Happiness and sadness: due to the changes that occurs in them, some talk too
much, others very quiet, some feel sad and others feel happy.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH.
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being in a
all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its function and processes.
Adolescent Reproductive Health means the health of the reproductive organs of the
adolescent. It means looking after your own body until you are adult and able to
accept the responsibility of having children. It also means avoiding irresponsible
adolescent behaviour and its problems.
Reproductive health also consists of the skills, knowledge and values needed for a
satisfying and safe sexual life. It means the capacity or ability to reproduce and the
freedom to decide when and how often to reproduce.

IRRESPONSIBLE ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR.

It refers to the behaviour of the adolescent that is contrary to the norms of the society.
In other words, it refers to the behaviour that goes against the accepted norms and
values of a community or society.
It is determined by culture, environment, tradition etc. some examples of
irresponsible behaviour include drug abuse, abortion, teenage pregnancy, streetism,
armed robbery, sexual promiscuity, prostitution and truancy. The community shows
its dislike by applying various forms of sanctions. People with irresponsible
adolescent behaviour are usually ostracized by the community and people talk about
them. Some people also shun the company of people with irresponsible adolescent
behaviour.
CAUSES OF IRRESPONSIBLE ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR.
1. Poor parental care and control: Most working parents give little or no
attention to their adolescent children. This gives way to the children to do
whatever they want and, in most cases, practise irresponsible behaviours. They
also refuse to provide children with their needs. E.g., Payment of school fees.

2. Failure of parents in showing respect to their children: Adolescents want to

be loved, cared for and be treated with respect and dignity. However, some
 parents do not respect their children. Such children sometimes become or feel
rejected and become bad boys or bad girls.

3. Curiosity or the adventurous nature of some children: Adolescents are very

adventurous by nature. They always want to practice whatever they see, learn
and hear. This sometimes leads some adolescents into bad behaviours like;
stealing, prostitution, drug abuse etc.

4. Peer group influence: Most adolescence are influenced by their friends to

engage in irresponsible acts like stealing, smoking, alcoholism and sexual
intercourse.

5. Poor education: Parents don't educate their children on sexual matters. These
adolescents, who are curious, get wrong education from their peers and
miscreants, thereby making them do irresponsible things.

6. Influence of the mass media: Radios, films, televisions, newspapers, internet

and other social media networks have great influence on the behaviour of
adolescents. They copy bad behaviours from these media networks and
practise them. For example, some adolescents use phones in watching
pornographic materials, they also use their phones in gaming such as betting.

7. Divorce or broken home: Divorce makes parents leaves their separate lives.
When this happens, they lose control over their children. This makes the
children to become truants, thieves, robbers and disrespectful.

8. Poverty on the part of the child or parent: poverty makes some parents
unable to pay for the basic needs of their children. Some children drop out of
school due to poverty. This has forced most adolescents to engage in bad
company so that they can satisfy their basic needs like food, clothing, and
shelter. For example, the girls become prostitutes so that they can get money to
satisfy their basic needs while the boys join gangs to steal so that they can also
satisfy their basic needs in life.

EFFECTS OF IRRESPONSIBLE ADOLESCENT

BEHAVIOUR.

Effects on the individual adolescents are as follows:

 1. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Adolescents who indulge in
irresponsible sexual acts run the risk of contracting dangerous diseases
called sexually transmitted diseases. They can be transmitted or spread by
an infected person anytime he or she has sexual contact. This is because
STDs germs live only in warm and moist areas, like the mouth, sex organs
or the rectum.

2. Death: Adolescents who take drugs without prescription or take overdose

of drugs can die. Those who undergo illegal abortion can also die as a
result. Armed robbers may also be lynched by angry mob etc.

3. School drop-out: When a school girl becomes pregnant, she has to leave
school to have her baby. Most often the school refuses to take her back for
fear that she might be a bad influence on other children. She may not get
admission in other schools. She is forced to end her studies and take care of
her child.

4. Streetism: Adolescents who indulge in irresponsible behaviour become

street children including the children they give birth to.

5. Disgrace or acquisition of bad reputation: Those who indulge in

irresponsible sexual behaviour and drug abuse are not respected. For
example, those who smoke wee, marijuana, cocaine and heroine can bring
madness or mental illness. People gossip about them. They can be shunned
by their family, friends and their community.

Effects of irresponsible adolescent behaviour on the nation.

1. Productivity decreases because of the loss of active manpower.
2. There is increase in cost of health care such as the provision of medicine for
STDs patients.
3. The most active segment of the population between 15-45 years can be
affected by sexually transmitted diseases leading to loss of active manpower.
4. Increase in crime wave due to drug abuse resulting in insecurity in the
community.
5. Increases the number of people in the poverty bracket. This is due to the low
productivity and loss of active manpower.
 MEASURES TO REDUCE IRRESPONSIBLE ADOLESCENT
BEHAVIOUR IN GHANA.
1. Responsible parentage or good parental care: Parents should show care,
love and understanding for their children. They should take good care of their
children and provide them with their needs. The provision of children with
their physical or basic needs like food, clothing and shelter will help prevent
the adolescent from depending on unscrupulous people for help who force or
lure them into irresponsible behaviour.

2. Through guidance and counselling by teachers, parents and religious

bodies: The provision of guidance and counselling services in schools and in
the community will help the adolescents to lead responsible lives. This is so
because the children are made aware of the bad effects of irresponsible
behaviour. This helps them to refrain from engaging in irresponsible
adolescent behaviour.

3. Teaching of religious and moral education in schools: Many people believe

that if religious and moral education is taught in the schools, the children will
learn a lot from the Bible stories and the Qu'ran and lead high moral lives.
They also argue that the church must be allowed to control the schools.

4. Control of the media, video, magazine and pornographic literature: People

must not be allowed to sell pornographic materials in the country. The
screening of sex-related and crime films on our televisions, cinema and video
houses must be controlled or stopped. This will help reduce irresponsible
adolescent behaviour.

5. Provision of jobs for the people: This will help solve the unemployment
problem. It will also help solve the problem of poverty which forces many
adolescents into many vices. Parents will also be able to provide the basic
needs of their children because both the youth and the adults now have jobs to
do.

6. Reinforcement of school rules and regulations: This will help the school
authority to enforce discipline in our schools. It will make children to conform
to the schools’ rules and regulations. Sanctions must be given to those who
break school rules. This will deter others from breaking the rules. It will,
therefore, help to reduce irresponsible behaviour.
 CHASTITY.
Chastity is the total abstinence from sexually related activities. It is the state of being
sexually pure. For e.g., Roman Catholic Priest, Monks and Nuns have taken the vow
to remain chaste in life.
THE BENEFITS OF ADOLESCENT CHASTITY.
1. Uninterrupted education: it helps to avoid being a school drop-out which
may come due to unwanted or early pregnancy.

2. Self-dignity: living a chaste life brings honour to oneself.

3. Self-confidence: living a chaste life makes us to be confident in ourselves. It

makes us to be assertive. That is, the self confidence to say "NO" to pre-marital
sex and other actions which may destroy our future plans.

4. Respects from adults or community: we get approval from adults by living a

chaste life. Chastity makes one socially acceptable and respected by all people
in the community. Especially we get approval from adults and become role
models to others.
5. Bring honour to parents: Parents of adolescents who are able to stay chaste
get respect and honour from their community for being able to control their
children.

6. Freedom from STIs, STDs including HIV/AIDS: Adolescent chastity helps

to eliminate reproductive health risk like sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
including HIV/AIDS.

7. It brings about trust in Marriage: it ensures trust in marriage making both

couples to be reliable and respectable to each other.

DISADVANTAGES OF NOT BEING CHASTE.

Not being chaste may result in the following:
1. Stigmatization: living unchaste life makes one to lose all the love, affection
and respect people had for them. People gossip about them so they feel inferior
and disgraced.
2. Living unchaste life leads to mistrust and suspicion in marriage.
 3. Drop-out from school: It can lead to unwanted pregnancy which may lead to
school drop-out because school authority may not want them to influence
others in the school. So, they may dismiss the teenage mothers.
4. It can lead to unwanted pregnancy: living unchaste life can lead unwanted
pregnancy which leads unsafe abortions and its complications.
5. Contraction of sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Not being chaste can
lead to contraction of Sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS,
gonorrhoea, syphilis etc.
6. It can also lead to early pregnancy and child bearing.

WAYS OF STAYING CHASTE.

It is important to:
1. Be assertive. This is to have self-confidence to say NO to pre-marital sex.
2. Be committed to your religious and moral values.
3. Dress in a modest way to avoid enticing the opposite sex.
4. Seek counselling from responsible adults instead of peers.
5. Avoid bad friends.
6. Obey your parents’ instructions and advise on sexual behaviour.
7. One should not force to have sex with people.
8. Avoid watching of pornographic films because it may attempt you to have sex
which can lead to unwanted pregnancy.

ESSAY TEST.

1. a. What is reproductive health?

b. Mention four examples of irresponsible adolescent behaviours in your
community.
2. Explain the concept of adolescence.
b. State four characteristics of adolescence.
3. What is chastity?
b. Mention any five ways of staying chaste.
c. Mention four disadvantages of not being chaste.
4. Explain four benefits of adolescent chastity.
5. State six effects of irresponsible adolescent behaviour.
 6. State four causes of irresponsible adolescent behaviour.

STRAND 6

INDEPENDENT AND NATIONHOOD.

Content Standard: Demonstrate understanding of how Ghana became an
Independent Nation.
Introduction: Before the coming of the Europeans to Gold Coast in the 15th century,
the people were ruling themselves in separate forms as families, kingdoms, states and
empires. The earlier leaders of this country went through a lot of struggles before the
major for independence initiated by the UGCC and later accelerated by Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah. The founding leaders gave this country the common goal of "self-
government" which facing the Nation is how to achieve economic and social
independence.
THE BOND OF 1844.
The Bond of 1884 was a peace agreement signed by Commander Hill on behalf of the
British government and the people of Southern Ghana. At first eight (8) Fante chiefs
Coast. Later eleven (11) chiefs came to sign the treaty. They were the chiefs of
Dixcove, Wassa, Fiase, Gomoa and James Town, Accra. This bond was signed on 6th
March 1844.
CONTENTS OF THE BOND OF 1844.
1. The local chiefs agreed that all offences and criminal cases should be tried by
both the chiefs and the British judges together.
2. The local chiefs agreed that the British should protect the European Forts and
Castles and their surrounding communities.
3. The local chiefs agreed that human sacrifice and slavery were bad and had to
be stopped.
4. The British agreed to protect the Southern states against any external attack
mainly by the Ashantis. The people understood that the bond did not give any
power to the British to rule the people.

CAUSES OF THE BOND OF 1844.

 1. The British wanted to trick the people so as to rule them.
2. The British wanted to bring peace so as to carry on their trading activities in
gold and raw materials.
3. The Southern states who signed the treaty wanted the British to protect them
from the Ashantis and to give them autonomy or independence from the
Ashantis.
4. The British wanted the people to stop most of the bad cultural practices like
human sacrifice and slavery in the Gold Coast.
5. The British wanted criminal cases to be tried by both the British judges and the
chiefs together using British law.

EFFECTS OF THE BOND OF 1844.

I. The bond led to the creation of the legislative and executive councils in the
Gold Coast.
II. The Gold Coast colony was no longer looked after by the governor of Sierra
Leone.
III. It brought a stop to inhuman practices such as human sacrifice.
IV. It led to the creation of peace by bringing all the ethnic groups together.
V. It brought about the introduction of the Poll Tax ordinance in 1852 since
more money was needed to pay the government workers.
VI. It formally or officially brought Gold Coast under British colonial rule.

THE POLL TAX ORDINANCE OF 1852.

The Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 was passed by the British with the support of the
chiefs to compel the people of Southern Ghana to pay a levy of one thousand shilling
each per year to be able to pay people who worked for them.
CAUSES OF THE POLL TAX ORDINANCE.
After the right to vote was extended to all races by the enactment of the fifteenth
amendment to the United States constitution, a number of states enacted poll tax law
as a device for restricting voting rights. The following are the cases of the poll tax
ordinance:
1. The British wanted to set up a local governance in the Gold Coast.
2. To raise more money to pay the colonial officials since the Gold Coast was no
longer governed by the governor of Sierra Leone.
3. More money was needed to pay the local people who were working in the Gold
Coast for the governor.

GOOD EFFECTS OF THE POLL TAX ORDINANCE.

 i. An amount of £7500 which was collected as tax was used to govern the
colony in the first year.
ii. The people stopped paying the tax and it was the first time the people stood
against something which the British wanted to do.
iii. The people’s agitation against the tax ordinance became the stimulus for the
formation of pressure groups the Fante Confederation in 1868.

BAD EFFECTS OF THE POLL TAX ORDINANCE.

1. Some traditional chiefs lost respect as their subjects said they did not tell them
before the law was passed.
2. It made our chieftaincy institution to become corrupt.
3. It brought about riots between the people of Nungua, Teshie and Labadi and
the British governor. They marched to the castle with weapons which brought
about 300 people losing their lives.

REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF THE POLL TAX ORDINANCE.

1. The local people disagreed to the use of part of the tax revenue to pay salaries
of people working for the colonial government.
2. The people said that their people did not tell them before the tax was passed.
3. The people found it difficult to pay it in full because they learned that part of
the money was used to pay those who worked for the British.
4. The people were not educated on the tax law by the chiefs before it was passed
and enforced.
5. Some of the tax collectors were not honest because they pocketed part of the
money.

THE FANTE CONFEDERATION.

The Fante Confederation was an action movement which was formed in 1868 by a
Federation of Traditional chiefs in Gold Coast was one of the resistance movements
to the growth of British influence in Ghana.
The confederation was formed by the Fante states and some southern states like
Wassaw, Twifo, Assin and Denkyira which had its headquarters at Mankessim.

REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE FANTE CONFEDERATION.

1. The British interfered into the affairs of the Coastal people
2. To protest Dutch takeover of the Komenda Fort from the British in 1867.
 3. The failure of the British to protect the Southern states from being attacked by
the Asantes during their invasion in 1863.
4. To protest against paying of the levies imposed on them.
5. To respond to native’s demand for basic amenities.

REASONS FOR THE BREAKUP OF THE FANTE CONFEDERATION.

1. There was leadership struggle among the chiefs and this made it difficult for
them to elect leaders for the confederation.
2. There was disunity among the members of the Confederacy. Subjects of the
chiefs dd not show solidarity to the movement.
3. The Confederacy could not raise enough revenue to run its affairs.
4. The British colonials were hostile towards the confederation.
5. The departure of the Dutch from Gold Coast in 1872 made the people of
Wassaw and Denkyira lose interest in the Confederacy. They joined it just
against the Dutch.

THE SAGRENTY WAR OF 1874.

The Sagrenty war was the battle in which the Ashantis fought the British colonial
soldiers in Gold Coast in defence of the Golden Stool in 1874. Though the Ashantis
were defeated, they prevented the British from colonizing them.
In the war, the British troops entered Kumasi and burnt many houses in January,
1874. The war ended when the British colonial government forced the King of
Ashanti, Kofi Karikari into signing a peace treaty referred to as Treaty of Fomena.
The war was named after the commander of the British local troops; Sir Garnet
Wolseley. But the local people called it 'Sagrenty' hence Sagrenty war.

CAUSES OF THE SAGRENTY WAR.

1. The Ashantis were not happy with the British for giving protection and support
to the southern states in times of wars.
2. The Ashantis wanted to rebuild their former empire. The Ashantis were not
happy that they no longer controlled the coastal states. They still wanted to
control them. So, in 1863, the Ashantis broke the peace agreement by fighting
coastal states.
3. The British wanted to punish the Ashntis for breaking the peace agreement.
4. The Ashantis captured British missionary called Ramseyer and his family and
refused to return them from Kumasi.
5. The governor gave protection to Kwesi Gyan who had offeded the Asantehene
from facing trial in Kumasi.
 6. The British decided to fight the war to redeem their image after being defeated
earlier by the Ashantis in 1824.

EFFECTS OF THE SAGRENTY WAR.

1. It brought about the Peace Treaty of Fomena between the British and Asante.
2. The military image of the Asante Kingdom was tamed and reduced drastically.
3. The Ashantis were defeated for the first time on their own soil.
4. After the war, the governor made the coastal states a British Crown Colony in
1874.
5. It led to the burning of Kumasi leading to loss of lives and properties.
6. It led to the breakdown of the Asante empire hence dividing the Gold Coast.

THE YAA ASANTEWAA WAR OF 1900.

The Yaa Asantewaa war was fought between the British and the Asantes in 1900. It
was called Yaa Asantewaa war because the woman who inspired the Ashantis in that
war was called Nana Yaa Asantewaa. She was the Queen Mother of Ejisu. The war
ended in 1901 with the British defeating the Asantes.

CAUSES OF THE YAA ASANTEWAA WAR.

1. The demand for Nana Prempeh I from exile: The Ashantis wanted the
British to bring back Nana Prempeh.

2. The presence of the British in Kumasi after the Sagrenty war with the intention
to govern Ashantis was to the displeasure of the Ashantis.

3. The British wanted to take control of the Northern Territories because of the
threats by the French and German expansion in Africa and they had to subdue
Kumasi first.

4. Breakdown of the Fomena Peace Treaty: The British became angry when
Asante refused to pay the 50,000 ounces of gold fine imposed on her by the
British after the Sagrenti War which angered the British.

5. The refusal of the Ashantis to receive a British resident representative to

Kumasi: The British wanted to send a resident representative to Kumasi but
the Ashantis did not accept this.
 POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE YAA ASANTEWAA WAR.
1. Asantes joined the British crown colony: Asantes were defeated and were
made to join the British crown colony on 1st January 1902.

2. Yaa Asantewaa became popular and a role model for Ghanaian women:
The war made Nana Yaa Asantewaa very popular in the history of Ghana
because of the role she played in the war.

3. It brought about total peace: Ashantis had no empire again so they could not
worry the coastal states again.

4. Northern Ghana had the chance to become a British Protectorate: The war
gave the British the chance to get access to the Northern Territories and to
include them in the Gold Coast in 1902.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS
1. Deportation of Nana Yaa Asantewaa: It led to the deportation of Nana
Yaa Asantewaa to Seychelles island.

2. It led to the collapse of the Asante empire: It divided the people who
formed the Ashanti Empire by breaking their Empire completely.

3. The destruction of the Ashanti Monarchy: The Asantes had no chief until
1935 when Nana Prempeh II was installed. Even though Prempeh I was
brought in 1924 as Kumasi chief.

THE MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL AND POLITICAL EVENTS

THAT TOOK PLACE FROM 1900 TO 1957 LEADING TO
INDEPENDENCE.

EVENTS DURING GUGGISBERG PERIOD.

Sir Gordon Guggisberg was a British Governor but he was born in Canada. He was
the governor of Gold Coast between 1919 and 1927. He was Gold Coast surveyor at
first from1901 to 1908. He was no doubt the best of all the colonial governors to the
people of Gold Coast.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF GVERNOR FREDERICK GORDON GUGGISBERG.
1. He drew up a ten-year developmental plan to improve the economy of Gold
Coast.
2. He built the Takoradi Harbour which was started in 1921 and completed in
1928.
3. He started the railway line from Kade to Huni Valley and completed that of
Accra to Kumasi. He also built more roads in the Northern Territory.
4. He encouraged farmers to farm on Cocoa and Oil palm which made Ghana the
leading country in cocoa production at first.
5. He built the Korle-Bu hospital.
6. He saw to it that many Ghanaians were added to the Legislature Council in
1925.
7. He built the Achimota school and four vocational schools, one in Yendi which
was later moved to Tamale, another one in Accra, Ashanti and Cape Coast
Provinces.
8. He improved the constitution of Gold Coast by introducing a new constitution
in 1925 to replace the 1916 Clifford Constitution.

The diagram below shows the number of members of parliament under the
1925 constitution.

FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

1. It was purely an advisory body.
2. It discussed the problems of the people.
3. It approved the Governor's budget.

THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

The executive council had only 5 members who were all Europeans assisted by
the Governor. Before 1943 there was no Ghanaian in the Executive Council.
However, in 1943, two Ghanaians, Nana Sir Ofori Atta and Sir K. A. Korsah
were added to the Executive Council.

IMPORTANCE OF THE 1925 CONSTITUTION.

i. It increased the number of Africans in the Legislative Council from 21 to
30.
ii. It strengthened the positions of chiefs by creating provincial council of
chiefs which elected 6 chiefs into the Legislative Council instead of being
appointed.
iii. It introduced the elective principles or franchise because it was the first time
that people were elected into the Legislative Council.
 iv. It created municipal or town councils which were expected to manage the
local units.
v. Finally, it helped to prepare Ghanaians for self-government.

WEAKNESS OF THE 1925 CONSTITUTION.

i. The number of Europeans in the Legislative Council was greater than the
Ghanaians.
ii. There was no Ghanaian in the Executive Council until 1943.
iii. Ashanti and Northern territories were not represented in the Legislative
Council.
iv. People without immovable property could not stand for elections into the
Legislative Council.
v. The governor had veto power to refuse decisions of the Legislative Council
and to bring bills rejected into laws.

SIR ALLAN BURNS.

Sir Allan Burns became the governor of Gold Coast in the year 1941. He did many
things to develop the country.
ACHIEVEMENT OF SIR ALLAN BURNS.
1. Railway construction: Burns constructed the railway line from Dunkwa to
Awaso to transport bauxite from the mines.
2. Educational development: He improved our educational sector by building
more schools such as Prempeh College, Wesley Girls High School etc.
3. Ten-year plan: In 1946, he announced a ten-year plan which set up a town
and country planning board to plan new types of buildings in the country.
4. Collection of income tax: Burns introduced a system of collecting tax in the
country known as the income tax. Money gotten from the tax was used to
develop the country.
5. Introduction of the 1946 Constitution: He introduced the 1946 Allan Burns
constitution in the Gold Coast.

ALLAN BURNS CONSTITUTION OF 1946.

By 1946, Ghanaians were asking for self-government more than before. Allan Burns,
therefore, made a new law about how to rule the country. This is known as the Burns
Constitution of 1946.

THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

The Executive Council had eleven (11) members, 8 were Europeans and 3 were
Ghanaians.
ADVANTAGES OF THE 1946 CONSTITUTION.
1. The constitution allowed more Ghanaians in the Legislative council. Out of the
30 seats, 21 were Ghanaians and 9 Europeans.
2. It led to the formation of the Northern territories council of chiefs.
3. It The Legislative council was more representative because most of its
members were elected i.e 18 out of the 30 were elected.
4. It united the colony and Asante because it was the first time Asante was
represented in the Legislative Council.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE 1946 CONSTITUTION.

1. Northern and British mandated Togoland were not represented in the
Legislative Council.
2. There were more Europeans in the Executive Council than Ghanaians. Only 3
were Ghanaians out of the 11.
3. The Legislative Council was still purely an advisory body to the governor.
4. The constitution did not allow Ghanaians who were elected to take part in the
administration of the country.

FORMATION OF THE UNITED GOLD COAST CONVENTION

(UGCC).
The United Gold Coast Convention was formed in August 1947 in the Gold Coast,
which is now known as Ghana. It emerged as a political party advocating for
independence from British colonial rule. The UGCC was established through the
efforts of six prominent nationalist leaders including Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Those
who formed the party were; George Grant (leader), Dr. J. B. Danquah, Obetsebi
Lamptey, Ako Adjei, E. A. Akuffo Addo, R. S. Blay, E. A. William Ofori Atta, R. A.
Awoonor Williams.

AIMS OF THE UGCC.

1. They wanted to take over ruling of the country from the hands of the
Europeans by gradual and legal means.
2. They wanted to achieve constitutional progress for the Gold Coast through
legal means.
3. They wanted Ghanaian leaders to be fully ready to take over all aspects of
government from the British.
 ACHIVEMENTS OF THE UGCC.
1. It was the first political party and introduced party politics in the country.
2. The leaders of UGCC played an important role in writing of the 1951 Arden
Clark constitution of Ghana.
3. The UGCC brought Kwame Nkrumah to Ghana who later gained
independence for the country.
4. It used peaceful method to ask for self-government from the Europeans.
5. The party gave chance to the educated Ghanaians to come together to oppose
British colonial rule.
6. The UGCC established a newspaper known as the Talking Drum to help
inform the people about what was happening in the country.
7. It made the British government to set up the Watson Commission which made
an enquiry into the causes of the 1948 riots.

WEAKNESS OF THE UGCC.

i. It failed to gain independence for the country.
ii. The UGCC focused on the urban people instead of including everybody in
the country. They did not go to the villages because it was not a nationwide
party.
iii. The leaders did not set any specific or definite time for independence of the
country.
iv. The UGCC involved the chiefs and the educated elites more than the youth
and the country.

THE 1948 RIOTS.

Ghanaians’ soldiers fought in the second world war at Burma and other places to help
Britain fight for freedom and democracy between 1939 and 1945. Britain promised to
give them much money after the war.
After 1945, the soldiers returned to Ghana. They were called "Veterans". They faced
many problems when they came to Ghana. Many of them could not get jobs to do.
Others had no houses to sleep in. They were not paid their pension pay which the
British government promised them before the war.
On 28th February 1948, a group of the old soldiers were given permission to go to the
castle to complain to the governor about how they were suffering.
At the Christiansburg cross road near the Independence Square, a British Senior
Police officer called Major Imray ordered them to stop but they refused. So, he
ordered his men to shoot at them. Three of the Veterans were killed and many of
them wounded. The three who died were Private Odartey, Corporal Attipoe and
Sergeant Adjetey. The shooting made many people angry. This led to serious riots
and disturbances in Accra and other towns in Ghana. People went about looting and
burning shops which were owned by Europeans and many people were killed.
Even through the leaders of the UGCC were not the people who planned the riots, the
governor put the blame on them. Six of them were arrested and put in different
prisons in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions for about eight weeks.
Those who were not arrested were; Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, Dr. J. B. Danquah, Ako
Adjei, Obetsebi Lamptey, Akuffo Addo and Ofori Atta. The arrest made the leaders
popular because the people said they were arrested because of their love for their
country and because of this they were called "The Big Six".

CAUSES OF THE 1948 RIOTS.

It had both remote and immediate causes:
THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE: shooting of the ex-service men at the Christianborg
crossroad at the Veterans and killing 3 of them at the Christianborg cross road.
i. Few Africans served in the white dominated civil service: There were
too many Europeans in the civil service with only few Africans. This made
the Gold Coasters angry.

ii. Shortage of goods leading to higher prices: There was general shortage in
the supply of essential commodities which led to high prices. The local
people blamed this on the activities of the Syrians and Lebanese who
controlled and monopolized the import and export trade through "AWAM".

iii. Rising unemployment: The bad economic conditions in the Gold Coast
after the 2nd world war led to serious unemployment. This was also blamed
on the colonial administration hence the riots.

iv. The Burns constitution did not satisfy the political aspirations of the
Gold Coasters: The 1946 Burns Constitution did not provide enough room
for Africans participation in the Legislative and Executive Councils.

v. African businesses were crippled by the Association of west African

Merchants (AWAM): The Syrians and the Lebanese formed an association
called "The Association of West African Merchants"(AWAM) and dwarfed
 or crippled African businesses so the people hated the control of goods and
services by the Syrians and Lebanese.

vi. Economic dominated by Syrians and Lebanese nationals: The Gold

Coast economy was largely dominated by Syrians and Lebanese who
formed the AWAM and crippled local business. This made the local people
unhappy.

vii. The government's order to cut down cocoa trees affected by the swollen
shoot disease without compensation: Most farmers also saw the order by
the colonial administration to cut down affected cocoa trees without
compensation as a strategy to deny them of their livelihood.

EFFECTS OF THE 1948 RIOTS.

POSITIVE EFFECTS:
1. It led to Nkrumah breaking away from the UGCC to form the CPP which later
gained independence for the country.
2. It increased the level of political awareness among Ghanaians. Ghanaians saw
that they had to struggle hard for independence.
3. It led to the arrest of the Big Six which made the popular. Some of them later
used the popularity to gain independence for the country.
4. It led to the formation of the Watson Commission which gave birth to the
Coussey Committee that drew up the 1951 constitution to change the 1946
Constitution.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
1. Many people were wounded.
2. It brought about confusion in the UGCC leading to Nkrumah breaking away.
3. It discouraged the Europeans from investing in the country, since their stores
were broken into and their items stolen.
4. Loss of lives: it led to the killing of the three ex-service; Sergeant Adjetey,
Corporal Attipoe and Private Odartey.

THE WATSON COMMISSION.

The British government sent a group of people to Gold Coast to find out the causes of
the riots and to give recommendations for its solution. The group was known as the
"Watson Commission". This was because the leader of the group was called Andrew
Aiken Watson.
The Watson Commission completed its report and made several recommendations
which later helped the country to gain independence.

REASONS FOR THE WATSON COMMISSION

The Watson commission was set up to go into the 1948 disturbances that took place
in the Gold Coast and to make recommendations.
Recommendations of the Watson Commission
1. A new constitution was needed as a step towards self-government.
2. Africans must head the civil service.
3. The grievances of the ex-service men must be addressed.
4. More schools must set up to educate Ghanaians to serve the country.
5. Ghanaians should have more control over all things that were done in the
country.

THE COUSSEY COMMITTEE OF 1949.

Sir Charles Noble Arden Clarke, a governor of Gold Coast in 1949 who replaced Sir
Gerald Creasy set up the coussey committee to prepare Ghanaians to serve their
country and to take government from the British. It was made of 39 men. They were
all Ghanaians and its leader was called Sir. Henry Coussey. This committee included
all members of the Big Six except Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Its main duty was to study
the Watson Commission report and to draw up a new constitution. It started its work
on January 20th 1949 and finished on 26th October, 1949.
Recommendations of the Coussey Committee
1. It recommended that more Africans should serve in the executive council.
2. They fixed the voting age at 25 years.
3. They replaced the 1946 constitution with a better one.
4. They suggested that Ghana should practice a Bi-cameral legislative of
parliament.
5. Gold Coast should be divided into four regions.

FORMATION OF THE CONVENTION PEOPLES PARTY (CPP).

On 28th June 1949, the Convention Peoples Party (CPP) was formed by Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah as a breakaway party from the UGCC. It was the second major political
party to be formed in Ghana.
 THE LEADERSHIP OF THE CPP.
The motto of the C. P. P. was "Self-government now"
1. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah – Chairman
2. K. A. Gbedema – Vice Chairman
3. Kojo Botsio – General Secretary
4. N. A. Welbeck – Propaganda Secretary
5. Dzenkle Dzewu – Financial Secretary
6. Kwesi Plange
7. Krobo Adusei
8. Kofi Baako
9. Ashie Nikoi.

AIMS OF THE C.P.P.

1. To work and maintain unity for the people of Gold Coast.
2. To help other colonies in West Africa to free themselves from colonial rule.
3. To get self-government now for the people of Gold Coast.
4. To work for better conditions of service for Ghanaians so that Ghanaians will
be happy at their work places.
ACHIEVEMENT OF THE C.P.P.
1. It gained independence for Gold Coast in 1957.
2. It provided good leaders in the independence struggle for the Gold COAST.
3. It provided free medical services for all Ghanaians.
4. The C.P.P. improved the country's infrastructure and built Tema Harbour and
Akosombo dam.
5. It supported the formation of the O.A.U.
6. It helped other countries to gain independence such as Togo, Mali and Guinea.

PROBLEMS OF THE C.P.P.

1. The C.P.P. did not respect the traditional institutions and chiefs and due to that
some chiefs broke away from it.
2. The party used most Ghana's resources on African unity than the domestic
issues.
3. The policies of the C.P.P. led to shortage of goods which brought inflation and
high cost of living.
4. They were not a democratic party.

REASONS WHY THE C.P.P. AND NKRUMAH WON THE FIRST GENERAL
ELECTION.
 1. Women and the youth supported the C.P.P. to win.
2. It was a mass party while the U.G.C.C. was for only the educated Ghanaian
and the chiefs.
3. Their slogan was delf-government now while the U.G.C.C. was asking for self-
government within the shortest possible time.
4. The charisma of Nkrumah: He was a charismatic and charming leader.
5. The reduction of the voting age from 25 to 21 and this gave the youth the
chance to vote for the C.P.P.

IMPORTANCE OF THE 1951 ELECTION.

1. It was the first time Ghanaians were given the chance to choose their own
leaders directly.
2. It brought all Ghanaians together to decide on an important National issue for
the first time.
3. It helped to elect leaders who later gained independence for the country.
4. It brought about internal self-government into the country which made more
vote of all men and women of voting age on an important question for a 'Yes'
or 'No' response.
THE 1956 PLEBISCITE.
The British administered what was known as "British Togoland (Now Volta
Region)"after the Germans were defeated in the first World War which was started in
1914 and ended in 1918. When the British were about to leave the Gold Coast in
1957, they organised a plebiscite on 9th May 1956 to see whether the people of the
British Togoland wanted to join Ghana or not.
As a result, a plebiscite commissioner called Espionoza Y. Prieto was appointed to
supervise this voting. His duty was to make the people understand what they were
voting for.
Two main political parties took sides in this plebiscite. The C.P.P. stood for
unification with independence Ghana while the other party called the Togoland
Congress (TC) stood for separation of British Togoland from Ghana.

IMPORTANCE OF THE 1956 PLEBISCITE.

1. It helped to construct the Volta dam since it would have been divided if Volta
region were not part of Ghana.
2. Cocoa and other resources from the Volta region has helped to develop Ghana.
3. It helps to bring unity among the people of the colony, Ashanti, the Northern
territories and the British Togoland.
 4. It made it possible for the people of Volta region to be part of Ghana, hence
increasing the size of Ghana.

INDEPENDENCE IN 1957.
Ghana achieved self-government in 1951 which made Ghanaians had more control
over the affairs of their country yet they struggled to regain full independence. This
was because those aspects of government which the British controlled were the most
important for the development of the country. Example, The British still chose the
people to be in charge of the country’s money and army. They chose someone who
was to be in charge of how our country should relate to other countries. Moreover,
the governor still had more power than everybody else in the government.
Nkrumah and his government continued to improve upon the lives of the people by
providing them with social services like schools and hospitals yet, some people did
not like the way Nkrumah was running was running the country for the following
reason:
i. They felt that their reasons were not being given a fair share of what
belonged to them.
ii. They did not like the unitary system of government which Nkrumah was
running.
iii. They preferred a federal form of government.

NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT (NLM).

The National Liberation Movement was formed by Baafour Osei Akoto on 19th
September 1954 at Kumasi. This party was strong in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo
regions.
Northern Peoples' Party (NPP) was also formed by Amadu Baba. It was also strong in
the Northern and Upper Regions. As a regional parties, the NLM and NPP wanted
regional governments. They wanted federal government, which means each region
should have its own government and control its own affairs. However, on matters
concerning foreign affairs, finance and some other important internal matters should
be controlled by the central government in Accra.
To them the development of each region should be the responsibility of the regional
government. Due to this disagreement between the C.P.P. and the regional parties on
the form of government, Ghana should have the governor told Nkrumah to hold
another general election on 17th July, 1956.
All opposing parties, that is the NLM, NPP and the other smaller parties came
together to form what they called "The United Party (UP)". This U.P. was headed by
Dr. K. A. Busia. So, the 1956 election was between the CPP and the U.P. There were
104 seats to be contested for in parliament. Any member who had more than 50%,
that is half of the seats was to form a government and lead the country to
Independence. The CPP won 72 seats while the UP had 32 seats.
Nkrumah was therefore asked to form a government based on the Unitary system. 6th
March 1957 was chosen as Ghana’s Independence Day because, the Bond of 1844
which started British influence on 6th March, 1957. Ghana became a member of the
United Nations Organisations (UNO). Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was the first African
Prime Minister to attend the conference of Commonwealth Ministers in London.
Ghana became a republic on 1st July, 1960.

IMPORTANCE OF INDEPENDENCE.
1. It helped Ghana to become a member of the commonwealth of Nations.
2. It helped Ghanaians to be free from colonial rule and to rule themselves.
3. It unified all the people of Ghana together to practise unitary type of
government.
4. It helped Ghana to become a member of the United Nations Organisation.

POLITICAL PRINCIPLES.
1. We should not formally allow any part of our land to any outside force unless
decided by due process of international law.
2. We should not compromise our independence. That means we should not try
agree to give up our independence.

ECONOMIC PRINCIPLE.
1. We have to safeguard the value of our currency through increased production
and export.
2. We have to control the factors of production through public, private and
public/private bilateral arrangement.

SOCIAL PRINCIPLES.
1. We have to strengthen our social institutions and national values, our
chieftaincy institution, our festivals etc.
2. We have to forge a strong nation through social integration of all peoples and
all ethnic groups of the land.

HOW TO BUILD UPON THE POLITICAL PRINCIPLES.

1. We have to defend the 1992 constitution of Ghana by reporting or standing
against any person or group of persons who have the intention of violating the
constitution.
2. We have to take part in National activities such as election.
3. We have to educate Ghanaians to know the value of our independence and let
them know some of the bad and inhuman practices that are happening in
countries that have no independence.
4. We have to be enlisted into the National Army when necessary for the defence
of territorial integrity of the state.

HOW TO BUILD UPON THE ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES.

1. We have to educate Ghanaians to buy made in Ghana goods.
2. The government must make policies that will promote the growth of local
industries.
3. We have to pay our taxes to provide government with revenue or money to
develop the country.
4. We have to work seriously in our work places and we must as well avoid
absenteeism and lateness etc.

HOW TO BUILD UPON THE SOCIAL PRINCIPLES.

1. We need to know the social institutions and the role they play in our daily lives
so that we can help to sustain them.
2. We have to promote the prestige and good name of Ghana by respecting the
National symbols eg. The Ghana Flag.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FOUNDING LEADERS.

1. Most of them were arrested in the independence struggle but they never gave
up.
2. Some were detained and imprisoned eg. The Big Six.
3. Some of the founding leaders even died in prison. Eg. Dr. J. B. Danquah.
4. Most were even hated and insulted by their fellow Ghanaians who supported
the Europeans.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE FOUNDING LEADERS.

I. Some of the founding leaders led Ghana to achieve self-government.
II. They united all the people from the various ethnic groups to form Ghana.
III. They serve as role models for the current generation because of their good
characteristics.
IV. They educated the people about their social and political rights as well as
the need for independence.
 V. They struggled for changes in the various constitutions from 1916 up to
independence.

THE LIFE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOUNDING

LEADERS.
THE LIFE OF DR. KWAME NKRUMAH.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was one of the founding leaders of modern Ghana. He was
born in a village called Nkroful on 12th September, 1909 in the Western region of
Ghana. He attended Roman Catholic Primary and Middle School at Half-Assini. He
taught for one year as a pupil teacher and then trained at Achimota College as a
trained teacher.
In 1935, he went to America and stayed there for 10 years. He attended Lincoln
University where he received Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Sociology and a
Bachelor in Theology. Later still in America, he attended the University of
Pennsylvania where he received a Masters of Arts degree in Philosophy and Masters
of Science degree in Education.
Later, University of Lincoln honoured him with a Doctorate degree of Law because
of his great work after school. He was also an instructor at Lincoln University in
1944. He left USA for Britain to read Economics at London School of Economics
from 1945 to 1947. He was invited to the Gold Coast for the post of General
Secretary of the UGCC and informed his own party called the Convention Peoples
Party (CPP).
He achieved Independence for the country in 1957. He became the first Prime
Minister in Ghana. He made Ghana became a republic in July 1960. He was the first
President in Ghana. His government was overthrown on February 24th, 1966. He died
on 27th April, 1972 in Bucharest (Romania).
 A PICTURE OF DR. KWAME NKRUMAH.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DR. KWAME NKRUMAH.
1. Sense of purpose: He was a man with high sense of purpose. He was a man of
vision. His focus was to regain independence for Ghana. All his activities no
matter the problems that he went through were geared towards attainment of
independence which he finally achieved for Ghana.
2. Nationalism: Nkrumah was very Nationalistic. He showed a strong feeling of
love and patriotism for his country.
3. Sacrifice: Many universities wanted him to teach in America but because he
wanted to gain independence for the country, he gave up all the money and
even his life and came to serve Ghana.
 4. Dedication: Nkrumah was dedicated and committed to everything he was
doing.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF DR. KWAME NKRUMAH.

AGRICULTURE:
1. He introduced loans and incentives to farmers.
2. He introduced mechanized farming and the application of fertilizer.
3. He established Soil Research Institute at Kwadaso in Kumasi.
4. He rehabilitated the Cocoa Industry which was being ruined by the swollen
shoot disease.
5. He encouraged the teaching of Agriculture Science in schools and universities.
6. He introduced irrigation farming for rice and sugar production eg. Komenda
and Asutuare.

FISHING:
1. He built the Tema fishing Harbour.
2. He built many cold storage facilities in many towns.
3. He improved fishing by establishing the state fishing corporation.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS:

1. He built the Tema Harbour.
2. He constructed the Accra-Tema motorway.
3. He built the Adomi bridge on the Volta River.
4. He constructed the Achimota-Tema railways and that of Achiase-Kotoku.

POLITICS:
1. He led Ghana to achieve Independence on 6th March, 1957.
2. He drew up a five year development plan for the country.
3. He was the first President of Ghana.
4. He championed the formation of the O.A.U.
5. He became the General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention Party.

EDUCATION:
 1. He drew the Accelerated Development Plan of Education in 1951 for the
country.
2. He established several institutions of higher learning eg. Kwame Nkrumah
University of Science and Technology at Kumasi in 1952 and University of
Cape Coast in 1962 at Cape Coast.
3. He awarded scholarships to Ghanaians to study abroad.
4. He built many second cycle schools (72) eg. Sunyani Secondary School and
Achirensua Secondary School.

HEALTH SERVICES:
1. He expanded and equipped existing hospitals.
2. He built new hospitals eg. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital at Kumasi and
Efia Nkwanta Hospital at Sekondi Takoradi.
3. He established university of Ghana Medical School at Korle-Bu in Accra.
4. He built many new Nurses Training Colleges.
5. He built many Polyclinics with Accra alone getting six of them.

REASONS THAT LED TO THE OVERTHROW OF DR. KWAME

NKRUMAH.
1. He allowed the CPP to be the only Political Party in Ghana.
2. Members of the CPP were given most of the top posts in government.
3. People thought Nkrumah spent the country’s money unwisely. For example, he
gave £10,000,000 to Guinea.
4. There was wide spread of bribery, corruption and mismanagement in his
government.
5. He did not want anybody to say anything bad about his government because he
was a dictator.

THE LIFE OF DR. J. B. DANQUAH.

Dr. J. B. Danquah was born in December 1895 at Bepong in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. He comes from the royal house of Akyem Abuakwa in Kibi. He was educated
at Begoro Grammar School and London University where he obtained his Doctorate
degree in Law. In 1927, he was a lawyer at the inner temple. He was the patron of the
West African student’s union (WASU).
In 1927, he came to Gold Coast as a legal practitioner. He and others formed the
UGCC as the first political party in 1947. He invited Nkrumah to Ghana to be the
first General Secretary at the UGCC based on the recommendations of Ako Adjei. He
was one of the big six in 1948. In 1951, he was a member of the legislative council.
In 1960, he contested for presidential elections and lost. He was detained twice by
Nkrumah through the Preventive Detention Act (PDA). He died on Thursday,
February 4th 1965 while he was in the Prison cell.
 A PICTURE OF DR. J. B. DANQUAH.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DR. J. B. DANQUAH.

1. Sense of purpose: He was a man of vision with a high sense of purpose.
2. Dedication: He was dedicated to duty. As the vice chairman of the UGCC,
they worked very hard to educate Ghanaians about their political right.
3. Organizational ability: He was very good at organizing people. He helped to
bridge the gap between the educated elites and the traditional rulers.
4. Sacrifice: After his education in London, he could have been working there
whilst getting huge money but he sacrificed all this money to come and serve
Ghana.
5. Nationalism: He showed a high sense of love and patriotism for Ghana. He did
not compromise Ghana’s issues especially our independence.

ESSAY TEST.
1. Write short notes on the following;
I. The Bond of 1844
II. The Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852
III. The Fante Confederation of 1868
IV. The Sagrenty war of 1874.
V. The Yaa Asantewaa war of 1900.
2. I. Explain the meaning of UGCC.
II. Mention the founding leaders of the UGCC.
3. I. State any four achievements of the UGCC.
II. Give three reasons why the UGCC failed.
4. Describe any five achievements of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah.
ii. Give four reasons that led to the overthrow of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah.
5. Write short notes on the following.
i. UGCC
ii. CPP
iii. The 1948 riots.
iv. The Big Six
v. Watson commission.
vi. Coussey Committee.
vii. The plebiscite of 1956.
 STRAND 7

OUR NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES.

Content Standard: Demonstrate knowledge of Human Resource Demonstrate in
Ghana.
INTRODUCTION: Ghana is endowed with abundant natural resources that are
essential for national development. Unfortunately, the human resource base of the
country is underdeveloped. Most Ghanaians are therefore incapable of exploiting the
natural resources around them to the benefit of the country.

RESOURCES.
Resources are any form of material available to man which are used in the production
of goods and services to satisfy human needs.
TYPES OF RESOURCES.
i. Natural resources
ii. Capital resources
iii. Human resources
Human resources: Human resource is any physical or mental capability of a person
which is used for production of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants.
It includes physical strength, knowledge, skills and expertise of a person. Examples
are;
i. Teachers
ii. Carpenters
iii. Doctors
iv. Traders
v. Farmers
vi. Policemen
vii. Footballers
viii. Pastors
ix. Fishermen
x. Journalists
xi. Lawyers
xii. Scientists
 IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE.
1. Human resource identifies and harnesses other resources for the production of
goods and services.
2. Human resources develop the policy framework and technology for efficient
output and development of the country.
3. Both skilled and unskilled labour produce goods and services to satisfy human
needs.
4. Human resource serves as government machinery of the country.
Natural resources: Natural resource is any material in the natural environment
which is used for the production of goods and services to satisfy human needs and
wants.
Natural resources are also referred to as material resources. Examples are;
i. Land
ii. Soil
iii. Rainfall
iv. Rocks
v. Animals
vi. Plants
vii. Sunlight
viii. Fisheries
ix. Water bodies
x. Rocks
xi. Air
xii. Birds
Capital resources: Capital resource is any man-made material which is not meant for
direct consumption but to be used for further production of goods and services to
satisfy human beings. Examples are;
i. Roads
ii. Money
iii. Power stations
iv. Equipment or tools
v. Vehicles
vi. Railways
vii. Buildings
viii. Inventory
ix. Machinery
TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
There are two main types of natural resources; i. Renewable natural resources
 ii. Non-renewable natural resources
RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES.
They are the resources which can be replaced or restored after their quality and
quantity have been used and exhausted through man's activities over a period of time.
For example, tree planting, fish farming etc.
NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES.
These are resources which cannot be replaced or regenerated after they have been
used by man over a period of time. For example; minerals like gold, diamond, rock
salt, rock, sand etc cannot be replaced after they have been used.
THE LOCATION OF THE MAJOR NATURAL RESOURCES ON A MAP OF
GHANA.
Ghana has a land area of 238,537 sq. km out of which 1.8 million hectares is covered
by forest. The country has marine and coastal ecosystem, abundant sunshine and
rainfall.
Mineral resources like gold, diamonds, bauxite and manganese are also available in
the country.
Land: Ghana has 28,537 sq. km of land. This land is very important source of wealth
of the country. Production of all kinds takes place on the land. We grow raw
materials on the land for use in our factories. We also grow cash crops such as cocoa,
coffee on the land for export. We get a lot of minerals such as gold, diamond,
manganese, bauxite, rock salt etc. from the land.
Forest: Ghana has a forest of about 1.8 million hectares. It covers areas of Ashanti,
parts of Brong Ahafo, Eastern, Western and Volta Region.
BAD EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION.
1. It exposes the land to erosion which destroys the surface soil: The removal
of the forest vegetation exposes the soil to wind and water erosion. The erosion
removes the top soil and renders the soil less fertile.
2. It reduces rainfall since evapo-transpiration is reduced: The destruction of
trees leads to a reduction in the amount of rainfall since evapo-transpiration is
reduced.
3. Loss of oxygen in the atmosphere: The removal of the forest vegetation cover
leads to loss of oxygen since the trees which provide the oxygen are destroyed.
4. Reduction in soil fertility: Since the forest vegetation helps to conserve the
fertility of the soil, deforestation will definitely reduce the soil fertility.
5. It exposes water bodies to excessive evaporation leading to their drying
out: The forest vegetation protects sources of many rivers and keeps them
 from drying up. Therefore, deforestation will expose those rivers to excessive
evaporation leading to their drying up.
6. The habitat of wildlife are destroyed leading to their extinction: The forest
provides habitat for wild animals e.g. Elephants, monkeys, lions etc. The
destruction of the forest will lead to extinction of such animals.
7. It leads to decline in tourism: Animals in the forest promote forest tourism.
National Parks and game Reserves are created to attract tourists. Deforestation
destroys the forest trees which provide both shelter and food for wildlife,
therefore, decline in tourism.

WAYS OF MINIMIZING DEFORESTATION IN GHANA.

1. Undertaking reforestation and afforestation programmes: We must plant
trees to replace fell trees as well as planting trees in areas without forest to
create forests.
2. Creation of fire belt: We must create fire belts to prevent the forest from
being burnt.
3. Giving of public education on the preservation of the forest vegetation:
People should be educated on the dangers of destroying the forest vegetation
and the need to protect it.
4. Finding alternative sources of fuel: Instead of using trees from the forest as
the major source of energy eg. Firewood and charcoal, we should rather use
LPG, biogas etc.
5. Creation of forest reserve: We must create reserves where people are not
allowed to enter without permission. People are also not allowed to cut down
trees in these areas. Eg Bui national park, Mole game reserves.
6. Creation of fetish/sacred grooves/forest: The creation of fetish/sacred
grooves/forest where people are not allowed to farm will help to protect the
forest.
7. Finding alternative for wood for construction purpose: We must find
alternatives or substitutes for wood for construction purposes eg. Sand and
irons etc.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST VEGETATION IN GHANA.

1. Trees from the forest constitute the major source of energy eg. Firewood and
charcoal.
2. The forest is the supplier of chewing sticks, pestles and mortar.
3. The forest vegetation helps to conserve the fertility of the soil.
4. The forest vegetation provides a habitat for animals.
5. Animals in the forest promote forest tourism.
6. The forest is a source of employment for many people eg. Hunters, chainsaw
operators.
 7. The forest is a source of local medicine. The bark, roots and leaves from trees
in the forest are used in preparing traditional medicine.
8. Timber is extracted from the forest for export to earn foreign exchange.
9. Timber logs are processed into wood for building construction.
10.The trees act as windbreaks to reduce the destructive power of strong winds.

IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS, LAKES, SEA AND LAGOONS.

i. The rivers provide pipe-borne water for several towns and villages eg. River
Offin supplies water to Kumasi from Barekese while the lower Volta
supplies water for Accra and Tema from Kpong.
ii. We also get fish from the rivers, lakes, lagoons and the sea.
iii. We use some of the rivers for transportation such as the Volta Lake.
iv. They are used for irrigation purposes.
v. We also get salt from the lagoons etc.
vi. Rivers such as the Volta helps to generate hydro-electric power.

MINERALS.
Ghana has much mineral resources. The most important ones are gold, manganese,
diamond, bauxite, limestone and salt.
MINERALS IN GHANA AND WHERE THEY ARE MINED.
Gold: Obuasi, Tarkwa, Bogoso, Prestea, Konongo, Kenyasi, New Abirem, Sekoti,
Bibiani, Dunkwa-on-offin, etc.
Diamond: Akwatia, Oda, Kade, Bonsa Valley, Ayamfuri.
Bauxite: Awaso
Crude Oil: Cape Three points, Takoradi, Saltpond.
Salt: Ada, Accra, Keta, Ningo, Daboya, Apam, Elmina.
Clay: Winneba, Vume, Oframase, Tanoso, Saltpond, Anfoega.
Manganese: Nsuta
Limestone: Oterkpolu
Stone foe quarry: Shai hills, Adaklu, Pwalugu, Buoho, Wenchi, Wa and Akwadum.

IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS TO THE ECONOMY OF GHANA.

 i. Job creation: Mining creates jobs for Ghanaians. Eg. Drivers, labourers,
accountants etc.
ii. Revenue generation for government through corporate taxes: Mining
serves as a source of revenue to the government through the payment of
corporate taxes, royalties and others from the various mining companies.
iii. Income generation for employees: Mining serves as a source of income to
the workers who work in the various mining companies. These people
receive wages and salaries for their work.
iv. Foreign exchange earnings for the government: The mining sector
provides foreign exchange to the country through the export of gold,
diamond, manganese, bauxite, crude oil etc.

v. Source of raw materials for industries: Mining serves as a source of raw

materials which is processed in the factories. Eg. Bauxite for Aluminium,
Gold for ornaments and Diamond for cutting tools.

vi. Provision of scholarship: Mining companies give scholarship to people in

order to train their human resources to develop the skills for exploiting the
minerals in the country.

vii. It attracts foreign investors: It helps to attract foreign investors to the

country because of mining workers who come from other countries looking
for minerals.

WHY NATURAL RESOURCES ARE IMPORTANT FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY.

i. Employment or job creation: The exploitation of natural resources serves

as a source of employment. Eg. Farmers, miners, timber contractors etc. In
Ghana the Primary Sector employs over 65% of the working population.

ii. Source of foreign exchange earnings: The export of natural resources such
as timber, minerals etc. brings foreign exchange to the country. Eg. In 1999,
Ghana got $492.93 million from the sale of gold, $550 million from cocoa
and $174 million from timber.
iii. Source of food and water: Natural resources help to provide food to feed
the population. Eg we grow the food we eat on the land and get the fish we
eat from the water bodies. We also depend on the water for our survival.
Natural resources serve as a source of raw materials to the industries: They serve
as raw materials for the production of other goods. Eg. Diamond
iv. for the manufacturing of cutting tools, bauxite for cooking utensils and
roofing sheets etc.
v. Natural resources serve as source of revenue to the Government:
Natural resources contribute greatly to government revenue mainly through
duties or taxes paid on the export of agricultural commodities especially
cocoa, timber etc.
vi. Natural resources contribute to infrastructural development: the
existence of natural resources help in the development of infrastructural
facilities such as roads, railways, schools, hospitals etc.

REASONS WHY THE RESOURCES HAVE NOT BEEN

EFFICIENTLY EXPLOITED.
1. Low level of training: Most Ghanaians are not well-trained. We therefore lack
the technical know-how needed to exploit the resources.

2. Lack of skilled personnel: We lack adequate number of skilled personnel like

scientists, engineers, geologists, researchers and physicists who have the
technical know-how to exploit our natural resources.

3. Lack of capital: We lack adequate capital resources whether in the form of

money, machinery and equipment needed to exploit our natural resources.

4. Low state of technology: The state lacks the technical know-how to exploit
the resources because she places undue emphasis on grammar schools at the
expense of technical and vocational education.

5. Lack of industrial machines: Ghana lacks the necessary equipment for

exploration and processing of her natural resources.

6. Inability to interpret research findings: Interpretation of research findings

calls for the use of sophisticated or complex equipment. This makes it difficult
for Ghanaians to interpret research findings.

Resources that are over exploited are;

i. Trees species like odum, sapele, wawa etc.
ii. Minerals like gold, diamond, manganese, bauxite and salt.
 Resources that are under-exploited are:
i. Solar energy
ii. Large tracts of arable land in the Northern Sector of Ghana.
iii. Mineral oil zone at Southern fringe/other minerals.
iv. Water resources for hydro-electric power.
v. Under-ground water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use.

REASONS FOR THE INEFFICIENT USE OF GHANA'S NATURAL

RESOURCES.
i. Low level of training: Ghanaians do not have necessary training needed to
exploit our resources well. Eg. We still use the crude method of mining
gold known as galamsey.
ii. Lack of skilled personnel: We do not have the required skilled personnel
like engineers and technicians to tap our resources well.
iii. Lack of managerial skills: Our resources are poorly used because we don’t
have proper management skills. So, we mismanage them.
iv. Lack of spare parts: We do not have the required spare parts to repair and
maintain or service the equipment and machines that are used to exploit our
resources well.
v. Lack of finance: Most of the machines used to exploit the natural resources
are expensive so we cannot buy them hence we still use the crude methods.

WAYS OF EXPLOITING AND MAKING EFFICIENT USE OF

NATURAL RESOURCES.
i. Using appropriate tools: We have to discourage the activities of chain saw
operators and galamsey and use modern machines to tap or resources.
ii. Adding value to our resources: We have to process most of our natural
resources so as to add value to them.
iii. Ensuring proper maintenance of plant and equipment: All machines
that we use to exploit the resources must be serviced and maintained.
iv. Training of human resources: We have to train our human resources to
develop the skills for exploiting our resources and avoid the use of
poisonous chemicals in fishing and hunting.
v. Provision of efficient supervision: We must provide efficient supervision.
Example forest rangers to protect our forest.
 REASONS WHY HUMAN RESOURCES ARE NOT FULLY
UTILISED OR FACTORS THAT NEGATIVELY AFFECT HUMAN
RESOURCES IN GHANA.
1. Poor working conditions: Many Ghanaians are paid low salaries and wages
and have poor working conditions. This situation does not encourage people to
put in their best.
2. Inadequate training facilities: On-the-job and off-the-job training make
people improve upon their skills and knowledge and make them more efficient.
But there are very little facilities to train the Ghanaian worker to make labour
more efficient.
3. Inadequate job opportunities: Many Ghanaians, after their education find it
difficult to get employment to put their skills and knowledge to use. Some
people find themselves in jobs they have no interest in or have little knowledge
of. This does not make the worker give off his best.
4. Limited welfare service: Many Ghanaian workers do not have welfare
services such as accommodation or housing facilities, medical services,
insurance or transport to and from work.
5. Low technical know-how: Majority of Ghanaians have low level of technical
know-how as such, they are unable to exploit the available resources.

EXPLAIN WAYS FOR ENSURING SAFETY ON OUR ROADS.

i. Rehabilitating poorly constructed roads.
ii. Educating drivers about the dangers of reckless driving.
iii. Educating drivers on road signs etc.
iv. Drivers should not drive when they are tired.
v. Drivers should desist from drunk-driving.
vi. Vehicles without road worthy permit should not be allowed to ply on our
roads.
vii. Passengers must be vigilant and if necessary, caution drivers on their
mistakes.

ESSAY TEST.
1. What is human resource?
b. Describe four measures that can be taken to develop human resource
in Ghana.
2. What are natural resources?
b. Identify three natural resources in Ghana and two uses of one of them.
3. In what four ways is the forest vegetation important to the Ghanaian.
 4. Explain how human resource of the country can be efficiently used.
5. Explain four ways of ensuring safety on our roads.
6. Give five reasons for the inefficient use of Ghana’s natural resources.

THIRD TERM.
STRAND 8
CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS.
Content Standard: Analyse the responsibilities of a citizen.
Introduction: It is important to note that not everybody who lives in a particular
country is a full member of that country. There are citizens and non-citizens.
Anybody who has the citizenship of a country is entitled to that country’s
international passport. Citizenship goes with unique rights and obligations which are
defined in the nation’s constitution. A good citizen is the one who is conversant with
the constitution of his or her country and willingly abides by it so as to contribute
towards development of the country.
THE CONCEPT OF CITIZENSHIP.
Citizenship means membership of a country. A citizen is a person who has been
accepted as a member of a country either by birth, adoption, descent or by
registration (Naturalization).
WAYS BY WHICH ONE COULD BECOME A CITIZEN OF GHANA.
i. By birth: A child born anywhere in the world whose parents or
grandparents are Ghanaians could become a citizen of Ghana.

ii. By adoption: A child of not more than sixteen years of age adopted by a
Ghanaian could become a citizen of Ghana.

iii. By founding: A child of not more than seven years of age found in Ghana
whose parents are not known is presumed to be a Ghanaian.
iv. By registration or naturalization: A foreigner married to a Ghanaian may
apply for registration as a Ghanaian.

v. By conferment: The president may confer an honorary citizenship on a

foreigner in appreciation of his contribution to the development of the
country. Eg. W. B. Du Bois was made a Ghanaian citizen by President
Kwame Nkrumah for his good work in Pan Africanism.

vi. By ancestry or descent: One can become a citizen by tracing his ancestry
to the country eg. The children of Nana Agyemang Prempeh I when he was
in exile at Seychelles Island have traced their ancestry from Seychelles to
Ghana. So now they are Ghanaians.

vii. By naturalization: A foreigner who has stayed in a country for a long time
and after renouncing his former citizenship can apply to become a national
of that country. So, they can register to become Ghanaians.

CHARACTERISTICS THAT ARE DESIRED OF A GOOD CITIZEN

FOR NATION BUILDING.
1. Respect for elders and authority: A good citizen must respect elders and
authority so as to bring peace in the country.

2. Democratic living at home, school and in the work place: This means we
need to consult and involve the relevant persons in decision making whether in
the home, school and at work. He must also vote and be voted for during
elections.

3. Joining neighbourhood associations and neighbourhood work: A good

citizen must be actively involved in communal work in his community. He
must pay levies for the development of his community as well as attending
communal meetings.

4. Hard and productive work in the work places: A good citizen must be hard
working. He must come to work on time and avoid sleeping at work places.

MEANING OF SOME TERMS.

Rights: Rights are the freedoms and advantages that everyone should be
allowed to have under the constitution.
 Responsibilities: Responsibilities are duties that one must do and which one is
answerable for.

TYPES OF RIGHTS.
i. Legal Rights: These include the right to be protected under the law, right
for far hearing, fair trial and legal aid.

ii. Political Rights: These include the right to vote and to be voted for,
freedom or assembly etc.

iii. Economic Rights: These include the right to own property, right to work
and get fair wages or good salaries.

iv. Social Rights: These include the right for decent or good accommodation,
education, health care, good drinking water, freedom of religion, freedom of
movement.

v. Natural Rights: These include the right to life and freedom of speech.

THE RIGHTS OF GHANAIAN CITIZEN IN THE 1992

CONSTITUTION OF GHANA.
BASIC RIGHTS.
i. Right to life: Everybody in Ghana has the right to life. No one shall be
killed intentionally except it is authorized by a court through the due
process of law.

ii. Equality before the law: All persons shall be equal before the law.

iii. Right to work: Everybody shall have the right to work under satisfactory,
safe and healthy conditions and shall receive equal pay for work.

iv. Right to education: Every person shall have the right to equal educational
opportunities, facilities and advantage.

v. Freedom from discrimination: No person shall be treated differently just

because of being a man or woman. No person shall be treated solely
because of belonging to a certain church or worshiping God differently.
 vi. Right to own property: Every person has the right to own property either
alone or together with others.

vii. Rights to personal liberty: No one can be imprisoned without trial. Also,
when a person is arrested by the police, she/he must be told in the language
he/she understands the reasons for his arrest. The person must be brought
before court within forty-eight hours after his/her arrest.

THE DUTIES/RESPONSIBILITIES/OBLIGATIONS OF A CITIZEN OF

GHANA.
i. Law abiding: It is the duty of every citizen to obey the laws of the country
in order to ensure peace, stability and development.

ii. Payment of taxes: Every citizen of Ghana should honour his tax or her tax
obligations to the state. The government’s main source of revenue is taxes.
The taxes paid by the citizens are used to provide roads, schools, hospitals,
and many other things.

iii. Participating in National politics: That is voting, standing for elections

etc.

iv. Respect the rights of other citizens: It is the duty of every citizen to
respect the rights of other citizens in the country.

v. Defending the 1992 constitution of Ghana: It is our duty to defend the

1992 constitution of Ghana. This is because the constitution protects our
rights.

vi. Protection of state property: every citizen is required to use all means
available to him or her to ensure the safety of state property. Every citizen
is therefore, duty bound to protect and maintain all properties that belong to
the state.

vii. Loyalty of the state: A citizen is expected to defend all state documents,
symbols, policies and secrets wherever he may find himself.

RIGHTS OF A GHANAIAN WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING

RESPONSIBILITIES.
 RIGHTS RESPONSIBILITIES
Every person has the right to his Every person has the responsibility to
personal liberty. respect the rights of others.
No person shall be killed intentionally Everybody has the responsibility to
unless by due process of the law. defend the 1992 constitution.
A person charged with criminal offence Everybody has the responsibility to help
shall be given a fair trial and fair hearing the judiciary in the administration of
by a properly constituted court of law. justice.
A person shall the right to work under Everybody who is working is
satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions responsible to pay taxes to the state.
and shall receive equal pay for equal
work.
A person who is of a sound mind is A person who is of a sound mind and
18years and above has the right to who is 18 years and above has the
contest for an election to be voted for. responsibility to vote to elect leaders
during election.

WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES?

They are the infringement on the rights and freedoms of the individual. That
means preventing others from enjoying the rights of freedoms that the
constitution has given to them as citizens.

SHOW HOW HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES OCCUR (EXAMPLES OF

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES).
1. Child abuse: It is cruel or bad treatment of children such as beating, calling by
nasty names, insulting, cursing etc.

2. Domestic slavery: Employing people, young girls or boys who are under 18
years and are expected to be in school to be working as maidservants or house
helps in the homes. These people always work like slaves and are badly treated

3. Sex trade: It is the act of forcing or luring of young girls into sexual activities
for money. Mostly, the money goes to their madams who employ them.

4. Violence against women: this includes wife beating, rape etc.

5. Child kidnapping: The practice of kidnapping or taking children away from

their parents without the consent of the parents.
 6. Child trafficking: The practice of taking children from their parents to put
them into "kayayo"(common carriers) and other jobs elsewhere. Many young
girls are brought from Northern Ghana to the Southern Ghana to work as
common carriers.

7. Bullying: Threatening or molesting weaker ones or the poor eg. Cruel

treatment of juniors by seniors at school. Soldiers, teachers and policemen also
sometimes bully people.

People who suffer most of human rights abuses are:

1. Women
2. Children
3. Foreigners
4. Those in conflict areas
5. Minority groups in towns and villages
6. Those who are not educated

REASONS WHY SUCH PEOPLE ARE VULNERABLE TO HUMAN RIGHTS

ABUSE.
1. Low education: Moat people are ignorant of their rights and how to fight for
their rights. This is either due to ignorance, illiteracy or low educational
standard.
2. Poverty: Some people may be aware that their rights have been abused but
because of poverty they are unable to get the services of a lawyer to fight for
them.
3. Fear: Sometimes those who violate the rights of children threaten them that if
they report or expose them, something bad will happen to them. So because of
fear, the children are not able to fight for their rights.
4. Apathy: Most Ghanaians are unwilling to fight for their rights and because of
this, their rights are normally violated. What they normally say is that I will
give my case to the Lord.
5. Stigmatization: Eg. The loss of all the affection and respect people have for
HIV/AIDS patients is also a cause of human rights abuse.
6. Discrimination; discrimination eg. Race, gender, colour, physical disability,
religion etc is a cause of human rights abuse.

WAYS OF PREVENTING HUMAN RIGHT ABUSES.

 i. Public education on the rights and freedoms of the individual must be
intensified: This will help eliminate ignorance and illiteracy hence helping
to prevent human rights abuse.

ii. People must be empowered to be economically strong: This will help

avoid poverty and enable people to be able to hire the services of lawyers to
fight for their rights.
iii. The media should serve as a watchdog to expose all such abuses: The
media or the press must be free and fair to serve as a watchdog over the
rights and liberties of the individual and to expose any abuses.

iv. The role of human rights institutions: Human rights institutions eg.
CHRA, DOVVSU/WAJU, FIDA, MOWAC should be strengthened to
prevent human rights abuses.

v. Modernization of outmoded cultural and traditional practices: We have

to modernize our outmoded cultural and traditional practices like Dipo,
Trokosi system, widowhood rites etc.

THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON CIVIC EDUCATION (NCCE).

The acronym stands for National Commission on Civic Education. It was established
by an act of parliament in 1993. Its main objective is to make people aware of the
principles and objectives of the constitution of Ghana. It has offices in all the
Districts in Ghana. Its national headquarters is in Accra.
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTCE
(CHRAJ).
Their work include:
i. They are to educate Ghanaians on human rights and freedoms.
ii. They are to investigate complaints on violation of fundamental human
rights and freedoms, injustices, abuse of power and unfair treatment of any
person.
iii. They are to investigate all instances of alleged or suspected corruption and
the wrong use of state fund by public offices.

WHAT IS DOVVSU OF GPS.

The acronym DOVVSU of GPS stands for Domestic Violence and Victim Support
Unit of the Ghana Police Service. The unit used to be called Women and Juvenile
Unit (WAJU) of the Ghana Police Service. It was established on 26th October, 1998.
Its functions are;
1. To investigate all offences against the vulnerable in society, especially women
and children.
2. To handle cases of domestic violence.
3. To handle cases of child abuse.
4. To handle juvenile offences.
5. To handle cases of child delinquency.

They handle cases such as defilement, rape, criminal abortion, forced marriage,
threatening, child trafficking etc.

ACTIVITIES OF DOVVSU.
1. It provides free services to members of the general public.
2. It does not demand money from people.
3. They provide advice on crime prevention in schools, churches and markets.
4. They provide victims with information on their cases as well as details of the
investigator.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN LAWYERS (FDA).

FIDA Ghana was set up in 1974 as an affiliate of the International Federation of
Women Lawyers by a group of dedicated female Ghanaian lawyers committed to
improving the situation of women and children and to strengthening their position in
the overall developmental process of Ghana.
Functions:
Legal aid: it tries to assist or help poor women and children who do not have money
or the means to get legal services. They help these people free of charge.
Mobile legal aid: it tries to reach the rural poor Ghanaian women by sending a team
of women lawyers who go to the community and asses’ individual legal problems of
the women and advise them to fight for their rights.

NATIONAL COUNCIL ON WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT (NCWD).

It was set up in 1975 by the Government to serve as an official national machinery
for pursuing the advancement of women in Ghana by enhancing their participation in
development and in the long-run to remove inequalities between men and women.

FUNCTIONS OF NCWD.
i. It advises government generally on all issues relating to the enhancement of
the development of women.
ii. It influences changes in existing laws which affect women negatively.
iii. It investigates, monitors and evaluates the affairs of women in Ghana.

DEMOCRACY.
Democracy is a system of government and also system of living. When a government
takes account of the interest, views and will of the people in making decisions and
policies that government is said to be democratic.
President Abraham Lincoln of the United States defined Democracy as the
government of the people, by the people and for the people.

EFFECTIVE WAYS OF DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP AT HOME,

SCHOOL AND IN THE COMMUNITY.
A good citizenship behaviour at school:
1. We obey school rules and work harmoniously with others.
2. We must vote during schools’ election.
3. We must protect the good name of the school.
4. We do not beat or hate others who criticize us etc.
5. We engage school authorities in negotiations to solve problems rather than
taking strike action.

A good citizenship at home:

1. We respect our parents, siblings and other members of the family.
2. We report bad behaviour of any family member to our parents.
3. We do our fair share of household duties.
4. We allow ourselves to be corrected whenever we go wrong.

A good citizenship behaviour in our community:

1. We organize a sanitation club in our neighbourhood.
 2. We take the lead in solving a problem and not wait in vain for solutions from
other people.
3. We contribute towards the development of our communities.
4. We help prevent crime by assisting the police in their investigations.

ESSAY TEST.
1. a. Explain the meaning of citizenship.
b. Describe five ways by which citizenship in Ghana may be acquired.
2. Mention five differences between rights and responsibilities.
3. What are human right abuses?
b. Give four examples of such abuses.
4. Explain four characteristics that are desired of a good citizen for Nation
building.
5. Identify five agencies that are concerned with human rights issues in Ghana
and describe their roles towards prevention of human rights abuses in the country.

STRAND 9

PRODUCTION IN GHANA.

INTRODUCTION: Ghana’s economy depends largely on the production of raw

materials. However, the sale of raw materials does not fetch much money to the
country. This is one of the major factors slowing down of our economy. There is
therefore the urgent need for Ghana to make fervent efforts towards secondary and
tertiary production.
Production is the process by which things are made. It can also be defined as the
creation of goods and services to satisfy human wants. Production is complete only
when the goods or services reach the final consumer. The factors of production are
land, labour, capital and entrepreneur.
TYPES OF PRODUCTION.
There are three main types of production, they are;
I. Primary Production
II. Secondary Production
III. Tertiary Production.

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
1. Land: in the form of relief, soil, rocks, site, vegetation, water bodies.
2. Labour: in the form of personnel.
3. Capital: in the form of money and machinery.
4. Entrepreneur: the producer.
PRIMARY PRODUCTION.
Primary production is the extraction of natural resources from the environment or it
can also be defined as the process of producing or extracting raw materials which
already exist in nature. Another name for primary production is the extractive
industry.
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS.
PRIMARY INDUSTRY LOCATION
The mining industry Nsuta, Obuasi, Awaso, Akwatia and
Tarkwa.
The fishing industry Winneba, Accra, Tema
Oil palm plantation Benso/twifo/Sese/Kwae/Kade
Rubber production Bonsaso/Bunso/GREL-Ghana Rubber
estate Ltd. At Axim.
Citrus Asebu
Mango Nsawam/Somanya
Cocoa plantation Tafo/Sankore

SECONDARY PRODUCTION.
Secondary production involves turning raw materials into finished and semi-finished
goods such as soap, cloth, radio, cars, furniture, books, televisions, pens, etc. It is
called secondary production because they change or transform the raw materials
produced by the primary industry into finished goods.
EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY INDUSTRIES AND THEIR LOCATION.
Secondary industry Location
 Wood processing industry Takoradi, Mim etc
Cocoa processing industry Takoradi, Tema, Tafo
Food canning industry Tema, Nsawam, Wenchi
Textiles industry Tema, Akosombo, Juapong
Oil refinery Tema
Cement industry Tema, Takoradi, Aflao
Rubber processing industry Bonsa/Bonsaso
Flour milling Takoradi, Tema
Breweries Accra, Kumasi
Tyre remoulding Takoradi, Accra, Tema
Chemical industry Tema, Accra

TERTIARY PRODUCTION.
It is the production of services to support primary and secondary production and the
general development of the country. Eg. Teaching, the legal system, banking and
finance, the transport industry, hostels and catering, tourism etc. Another name for
the tertiary industry is the services industry.
EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY INDUSTRIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS.
Tertiary industry Location
The insurance industry Accra, Kumasi, Tema etc
The Hotel industry Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Cape Coast
Banking industry Accra, Kumasi, Tema, Cape Coast

MAJOR PRIMARY PRODUCTS OF GHANA.

1. Gold 6. Natural gas
2. Diamond 7. Timber
3. Bauxite 8. Cocoa beans
4. Petroleum 9. Manganese
5. salt
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OR INDUSTRY
TO THE ECONOMY OF GHANA.
1. Employment: The primary industries together employ over 40% of the
working population in Ghana. It offers employment for cocoa farmers,
fishermen, miners etc.

2. Source of food: Some of the products of primary industries like fish, yam,
cassava, maize and rice are foodstuffs used in preparing meals by Ghanaians.
3. Foreign exchange: Extractive industries earn foreign exchange. Exports like
cocoa, gold, and timber are exported to earn foreign exchange. It is the largest
foreign exchange earner in the country.

4. Source of building materials: Some of the products of primary production

like wood, water, gravels and sand are used for building houses, roads and
bridges.

5. Revenue to Government: The government gets revenue in the form of income

Tax and export taxes from Agricultural products.
6. Support to industrialization: It provides raw materials to feed the industries
eg. Cocoa beans for Tema cocoa processing industry, wood to feed the
furniture industry, bauxite for the aluminium industry etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION.

1. Deforestation: The use of poor farming methods such as shifting cultivation
encourages deforestation when farmers clear the forest in order to set up farms
to grow crops making the land infertile.

2. Water pollution: The primary industries such as mining throw waste into
water bodies which contaminates the water making unsafe for drinking.

3. Environmental degradation: Land is degraded as a result of mining when the

top soil is pest infestations eg. Locust, fall army worms etc.

PROBLEMS FACING THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION INDUSTRIES

IN GHANA.
1. Land tenure system: The poor land tenure system does not promote large
scale farming.

2. Transportation difficulties: The poor road network makes it very difficult for
farmers to transport the goods to the market centres.

3. Inadequate storage facilities: Workers in the extractive industry find it very

difficult to store their goods. This makes most of their products which are
perishable get rotten. They need storage facilities such as silo etc.
4. Inadequate capital: Due to the problem of inadequate credit facilities and
high lending rate, most farmers find it difficult to raise the needed capital for
their farms.

5. Inadequate labour: Getting labour or farm hands in the primary sector is

sometimes difficult. Some farmers are at times made to resort to using their
children as farm labours which is not good.

6. High cost of inputs: Farm inputs such as fishing nets, fertilizers, machinery
etc are expensive making it difficult for the workers in the industry.

7. Inadequate landing sites or ports for fishing crafts.

8. Inadequate agricultural extension and veterinary services.

9. Stealing and smuggling for subsidised farming inputs.

WAYS OF IMPROVING PRIMARY PRODUCTION.

1. Provision of improved storage facilities: The provision of improved storage
facilities such as silos etc will help reduce post-harvest losses hence increasing
productivity.

2. Education and training of skilled personnel: This will increase productivity

through specialization.

3. Establishment of more agro-based industries: The establishment of more

agro-based industries such as gari processing factory etc. will help increase
cassava production and so on.

4. Provision of good roads for movement: Provision of good roads especially in

the rural areas will help people to transport their produce to the market hence
increasing productivity.

5. Provision of more credit facilities to producers in the primary sector:

Government and the financial institutions must give credit facilities to farmers
in the primary sector.

6. Development of positive work attitudes: We must develop positive work

attitudes. Eg. Reporting to work early and avoiding laziness and absenteeism.
7. Effective supervision and monitoring: Government must introduce effective
supervision and monitory in the primary sector. Eg. The activities of extension
officers must be intensified.

WAYS TO ADD VALUE TO PRIMARY PRODUCTS IN GHANA.

1. We can add value to sugarcane by processing them into sugar.

2. We can process tomatoes into tomato pastes

3. We can add value to cotton by processing them into cloth.
4. We can add value to palm oil by processing them into soap.
5. We can add value to our cocoa by processing cocoa beans into cocoa powder,
cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, cocoa cake and chocolates.

THE REASONS WHY THE SECONDARY PRODUCTION SECTOR IS

IMPORTANT IN GHANA.
1. It provides market for the agricultural sector: It supports agriculture by
providing market through buying the primary raw materials for processing.

2. It helps in the development of infrastructure: It helps in the development of

infrastructure through construction of roads to industrial sites, expansion of
electricity and provision of portable water.

3. It leads to an increase in technological development: This is done through

investment in the industrial sector.

4. It serves as a source of employment: It serves as a source of employment to

many people. Example: plumbers, electricians, artisans, engineers. All these
people earn income to improve their standard of living.

5. Diversification of the economy: The country through the manufacturing

industries is moving away from the dependence on traditional raw materials
like cocoa and timber to canned fruits, textiles and knock down furniture etc.

6. Produces manufactures goods for local consumption: This helps to reduce

imports on such items thus helping to save scarce foreign exchange.

7. Support to agriculture: Tools and implements such as cutlasses, hoes and

ploughs are provided by industries. Fertilizers and chemicals used in
agriculture are also produced.
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE SECONDARY PRODUCTION.
i. Water pollution: Waste materials from industries cause water pollution
causing spread of water borne diseases eg. Large volumes of water and
dirty liquids from textile factories and breweries are poured into nearby
streams, rivers, lakes or seas.

ii. Air pollution: The activities of secondary industries pollute the air. Eg. The
waste, gases, dust and heat from surrounding atmosphere pollute the air
such as that of VALCO.

PROBLEMS FACING THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN

GHANA.
i. Lack of tools and equipment: Most of the industries in the country do not
have the needed tools and equipment to produce.

ii. Low patronage of locally manufactured goods: Ghanaians do not like

made in Ghana goods. They prefer foreign made goods making it difficult
for the secondary production sector to market their produce.

iii. Inadequate transportation or Communication facilities: The secondary

production is faced with the problem of transportation and communication.
This makes it difficult for them to transact businesses such as selling their
products and buying their inputs.

iv. High cost of power: Most of the secondary industries are faced with the
problem of high cost of electricity charges eg. VALCO.

v. Lack of credit facilities: The industrial sector does not get access to credit
facilities because the banks prefer to give loans to the businessmen and
women. This makes it difficult for the secondary industry to expand.

vi. Lack of skilled Manpower: The secondary industries do not have the
required skilled personnel like managers, engineers, technicians etc.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE TERTIARY INDUSTRY TO THE
ECONOMY OF GHANA.
1. Employment: Tertiary industries offer employment to various people like
soldiers, teachers, bankers, hotel managers, footballers etc. All these people
earn income to improve their standard of living.

2. Foreign exchange: The government gets foreign exchange from the tertiary
industry eg. The monies paid to Ghanaian soldiers on UN peace-keeping
operations, hotel bill paid by tourists etc.

3. Revenue to Government: The government obtains money in the form of

income tax from service providers.

4. Support to agricultural and industrialization: The tertiary industry produces

labour force like managers, accountants, lawyers, engineers for both
Agricultural and Industrial Companies.

5. Defence/ Protection: The tertiary industry through the services of the security
forces help to defend and protect the country leading to peaceful atmosphere
which attracts foreign investment.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE TERTIARY INDUSTRY.

1. Social vices: It also brings social vices such as prostitution, pickpocketing etc.

2. Adulteration of indigenous culture: It also through tourism introduces

foreign culture which adulterates our local culture.

3. Introduction of Diseases: The tertiary industry through tourism brings about

the introduction of diseases eg. HIV/AIDS etc.

PROBLEMS OF THE TERTIARY INDUSTRY.

i. Poor working conditions: Working conditions in the Tertiary Industry are
poor. This makes it unattractive to the youth.

ii. Low remuneration: Workers in the Tertiary sector are not paid well. This
makes life very difficult for them.
iii. Unemployment: Most service providers who have finished training and
want to work do not get jobs in the country. This is because those who want
jobs are more than the jobs that are available.

iv. Lack of proper placement of human resource: The right people are not
employed to do the right work. This leads to low productivity.

v. Lack of educational and training facilities: There are not enough

educational and training facilities for workers eg. Those who qualify to go
to universities every year, only less than half get admission.

vi. Brain-drain: Experts in the tertiary sector such as Doctors, Nurses etc
leave the country for abroad in search for good salaries and good working
conditions.

ESSAY TEST.
1. What is production?
2. State the three main types of production.
3. Describe the three types of production and give examples each.
4. List five primary and secondary industries in Ghana and their locations.
5. State four contributions of the manufacturing industry to the economy of
Ghana.
 STRAND 10
MANAGING OUR FINANCE.

Teaching and Learning Objectives:

After learning this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the proper way of handling the currency of the country.

2. Develop the habit of savings.
3. Identify avenues for saving towards future security.

Introduction: We use the word currency for the money used in a country. Currencies
are usually made up of notes and coins. The currency is the property of the state and
must be handled properly. It is important that we do not deface the money. This is
because the money is printed by the state at a cost and therefore, it is the property of
the state.

PROPER WAYS OF HANDLING THE CURRENCY OF THE COUNTRY

Money can be handled properly in the following ways:

1. We must handle the money with clean hands. This means we must not handle
money when our hands are dirty or wet.
2. We should not soil the money with palm oil or other filthy things.
3. We should not use any material to write on the notes.
4. We should not perforate holes or make holes in the coins by using a nail or
sharp pointed metal.
5. We should not fold or crumple the money. This can destroy the money by
making it worn-out.
6. We should not rub the coins on stones or crush them to deface them.
7. Girls or women should not fold and place money in their brasiers. This will
not only spoil the money but it will also give them diseases. They must place
money neatly in their purse or handbags.
8. Boys and men should not put money in their shoes or in their socks. They
should place it neatly in their purse or pocket or wallets.
9. We should not tie money in handkerchief or at the edge of a cloth.

SAMPLES OF THE CURRENCIES (NOTES).

SAMPLES OF THE CURRENCIES (COINS).
 EFFECTS OF POOR HANDLING OF CURRENCY

i. Rejection:
When currencies are poorly handled it leads to defacing, tearing and making it
dirty which eventually leads to its rejection by the public with its attendant
effect on society.

ii. Replacement at high cost to government:

There is the need for us to handle our currency very carefully because it comes
with a high cost to government in printing new ones to replace the old. The
money spent in printing new currency could have been used to provide some
essential services and goods to the people.

iii. Contamination with pathogenic bacteria:

Poor and improper handling of money leads to attraction of pathogens making
them become contaminated. As a result of their contamination, it makes the
currency a medium through which diseases are transmitted to other people.
iv. Destruction of beauty of money:
Improper handling of currency leads to defacing or destroying the beauty of the
money for usage. This may lead to its rejection causing misunderstanding and
conflicts between users (buyers and sellers, trotro mates and passengers).

v. Capable of causing skin diseases / contamination:

One sure way by which skin disease or contamination in humans can come is
the improper usage of our currency. Traders who keep money in their brasiers
and under panties stand the risk of contracting skin diseases such as cancer and
rashes. This is because the chemicals which are used to print theses notes are
not good for human body.

vi. Source of transmission of disease:

Individuals as we are, suffer from various diseases and sicknesses some of
which are transferable. People who suffering from one disease or the other can
spread such diseases through the use of the currency.

vii. Causes of food poisoning:

Foods can be poisoned through the improper use of notes and coins. For
example, a coin or note can cause food poisoning when it is left in foods meant
for consumption. It can cause food borne diseases as a result.

viii. Platform for growth of bacteria:

When currency notes and coins are not properly handled, they serve as
platforms for the growth of bacteria. This is because bacteria find solace in
dirty and filthy environments. These bacteria live and grow waiting to be
passed on to others.
SAVINGS

It refers to keeping money for future use. As pupils we must develop the habit of
saving by desisting from unnecessary spending.

THE NEED TO SAVE MONEY OR IMPORTANCE OF SAVINGS

We save money for the following reasons:

(i) To offset eventuality: Saving money will help prevent the effect of
anything that may possibly happen in future.

(ii) To further education: Saving money will help us to further our

education through payment of school fees etc.
 (iii) To undertake projects: Saving helps us to accumulate enough money to
undertake expensive projects eg. building houses, buying cars etc.

(iv) For profit making: We save money for profit making eg. some people
save money in the bank for interest.

(v) For sightseeing or tourism: Some people save money to enable them get
enough money for tourism.

(vi) For investment: Savings enable one to get enough money for future
investment.

(vii) For retirement: Savings serve as a form of future security for some people
in their old-age when they can no longer work.

(viii) To avoid unnecessary spending: Saving will prevent us from unnecessary

spending. That is, we do not waste money.

(ix) To minimize borrowing: Saving part of our money prevents us from

borrowing in times of trouble. So it reduces borrowing.

WAYS OF SAVING OR AVENUES FOR SAVINGS

We save money in the following ways:

(i) Money box: This is the practice of saving money in a small box or tin with
a hole for the money. Money is inserted into it through the small hole on
top from time to time until we get what we need. This is called a “Piggy
bank”

(ii) Saving with “Susu” or non-bank financial institutions: These are

individuals and companies who collect money on daily basis and give them
to the owners at the end of the month. The collectors take their
commissions from the amount, before paying the net to the owners.

Another method of susu is where a group of people contribute either daily,

weekly or monthly to be given to one person at a time. It rotates from the
first person to the last person in the group.
(iii) Credit unions: A credit union is a group of people who come together and
contribute money for saving. The money is kept at the bank, loans are
 made available to members at rates of interest lower than those charged by
banks and other financial institutions. The amount of money a member
borrows will not usually be more than three times the amount the person
has contributed.

(iv) Bank savings accounts: Bank savings account is one into which a
customer put money for safe keeping. Customers pay regular savings
which will accumulate over time. The customer can withdraw money from
this account, anytime he/she needs it.

(v) Government bonds: This type of savings is an agreement by a government

or a company to pay you interest on the money you have lent. All those
who lend money to government by buying government bond get interest.

(vi) Purchase of shares: Another avenue of savings is by buying shares of

companies. Shares are bought through a stockbroker on the stock exchange
market. By buying shares of a company, one becomes a shareholder or one
of the owners of the company. Shareholders receive dividends which are
part of the company’s profit paid to its shareholders.

(vii) Treasury bills: Treasury bills serve as a form of savings to those who buy
them. A treasury bill is an instrument which the Bank of Ghana issues to
the general public to raise money for development. Buyers of Treasury
bills earn interest on the amount of treasury bills they buy.

(viii) Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT): Every worker in
Ghana is required by law to contribute towards their future through SSNIT.
SSNIT is a body that provides income to people during old age by
deducting part of their income whilst in active employment. Employers pay
these contributions on behalf of their workers every month.

(ix) Other Insurance: Some people save with insurance companies by making
contributions to them. The regular contributions people make to the
insurance companies is known as “Premium” or “Insurance Premium”.
Compensation is paid to contributors who suffer the actual loss for which
the contributions were made.

(x) Investment in immovable properties: We can save by investing in

immovable properties such as land, houses, schools, hotels etc.
(xi) Fixed deposit: Savings can be made in the form of a fixed deposit account
in the bank. eg. six months, 1 year etc. Such deposits attract interest.

1. Money box: This is the practice of saving money in a small box or tin with
a hole for the money. Money is inserted into it through the small hole on
top from time to time until we get what we need. This is called a “Piggy
bank”.

ADVANTAGES OF SAVING MONEY IN A MONEY BOX

1. You can get your money any time you want it.
2. It saves you from unnecessary spending.
3. It can be practiced by anyone at anywhere.
4. It is the simplest and easiest form of savings.
5. The owner does not pay commission to anybody unlike banks and susu.

DISADVANTAGES OF SAVING MONEY IN A MONEY BOX

1. Money saved in a money box can be stolen.

2. It can also get burnt when there is fire outbreak.
3. The owner can be tempted to open the box and collect the money when he
does not need it much.
4. It is not a safe method of saving money.

SUSU

These are individuals and companies who collect monies on daily basis and
give them to the owners at the end of the month. The collectors take their
commissions from the amount before paying the net to the owners.
Another method of susu is where a group of people contribute either daily,
weekly or monthly to be given to one person at a time. It rotates from the first
person to the last person in the group.

ADVANTAGES OF SUSU
1. With the susu group a person who needs money urgently can be allowed to
collect it before his turn.
2. It helps to avoid unnecessary spending.
 3. It is easy to operate or to practice.
4. It helps to accumulate capital.

DISADVANTAGES OF SUSU
1. Your money may not be paid to you when you badly need it.
2. Those who collect the susu can easily run away with the money.
3. With the susu group, someone may collect the money and leave the group
before everybody gets his turn.

CREDIT UNIONS
A credit union is a group of people who come together and contribute money
for saving. The money is kept at the bank. loans are made available to
members at rates of interest lower than those charged by banks and other
financial institutions. The amount of money a member borrows will not
usually be more than three times the amount the person has contributed.

ADVANTAGES OF SAVING WITH CREDIT UNIONS

1. It is relatively safer than susu and “Piggy bank”.
2. It gives you the chance to obtain loan more than what you have saved.
3. It prevents you from misusing your money since it is kept at the bank.
4. It gives you the chance to recommend other persons for loans.

DISADVANTAGES OF CREDIT UNION.

1. You may not get your money at a time when you need it badly.
2. Credit unions are not common everywhere especially in the villages.

BANK SAVINGS ACCOUNT.

Bank Savings account is one into which a customer puts money for safe keeping.
Customers pay regular savings which will accumulate over time. The customer can
withdraw money from this account anytime he needs it. There are two types of
savings account. One is savings deposits which requires no notice before withdrawals
are made and the other is time deposits which allows withdrawals to be made after a
given period of time eg. Three months. Savings accounts holders are paid interest on
their deposits.
 HOW TO SAVE WITH A BANK

If you want to save with a bank, all you need to do is to go to the bank, fill in the
necessary forms and provide your two passport pictures. You must also sign your
signature on a card. When the account is opened, the bank will give you a savings
bank passbook in which all deposited and withdrawals are recorded. Interest is
calculated and then paid on the balance in your account every year.
A savings account holder must personally go to the bank if he wants to withdraw
money from his accounts. He fills in a withdrawal from which he gives to the cashier
together with his passbook. The cashier records the amount involved, pays the money
and gives passbook to its holder.

ADVANTAGES OF SAVING MONEY WITH THE BANKS:

i. Security and safety of money:

Bank savings ensure that monies deposited by customers are well secured.
Yours money at the bank is safe unlike when it is kept under the bed or in a
susu box. The problems of thieves and robbers are solved once the money is
saved at the bank. You are sure of getting your money even if the bank is
robbed, liquidated or guttered by fire.

ii. Interest on savings:

Saving at the bank earns/yields interest. One stands the chance of increasing
the value of his money or his/her wealth when monies are saved in the bank
unlike keeping such monies under the pillow.

iii. Curbs spending habits:

Saving at the bank prevents and controls our spending habits. Bank saving
helps us to be discipline in our spending to avoid unnecessary spending.

iv. Investment starting point:

Saving at the bank enables the individuals to raise capitals in the future for
investment. Your savings can be a source of guarantee for a loan to starting
business.

v. Easy to withdraw:
The individuals stand the chance of getting his/her money easily without any
difficulty. You can withdraw money from your account with your passbook or
ATM card without any hindrance any time you so wish.

vi. Easy to track account history/transaction or records:

 It is very advantageous operating bank accounts as the individual is able to
track his bank records through a bank statement. A bank statement is a record
of your deposits and withdrawals with date and amounts as well as your
balances. Thus it makes room for transparency.

vii. Easy access to other bank service:

Savings at the bank gives the individuals an opportunity to have access to other
bank service such as loan facilities, shareholding and guarantor ship which
outsiders do not have access to.

viii. Easy access to loan:

One of the advantages associated with bank savings is that it guarantees the
customer easy access to a loan facility from the bank for investment.

ix. Easy and faster transfer of money between different account:

Having a bank account as a result of savings make it very convenient sending
or transferring money from it to another person’s account in settlement and
payment of debts. It saves one from carrying huge sums of money around.

DISADVANTAGES OF BANK SAVING ACCOUNTS

1. You may not get your money at the time when you need it much. Eg; Saturdays
& Sundays, bank does not work. Sometimes you have to give them notice
before taking your money.
2. You cannot find most banks in the villages so this makes it difficult to save
with them in the rural areas.
3. With the time deposited account, there is limitation on the number of times a
customer can withdraw in a week.
4. The customer has to give notice to the bank before withdrawals are made.

AVENUES FOR SAVING TOWARDS FUTURE SECURITY

WHEN WE ARE PLANNING FOR THE USE OF OUR MONEY, WE SHOULD

not think of only the things we need now. We should also think about the time when
we grow up or when we are too old or ill to work. The following are some of the
ways for preparing for the future or avenues for building future security.

1. We can save towards future security through investment such as buy shares in
a company.
2. We can save toward future security by buying Treasury bills.
3. We can invest in immovable property such as houses.
4. We can save with insurance companies towards future security.
 5. We can contribute toward future security through Social Security and National
Insurance Trust (SSNIT).

PROTECTION THROUGH SOCIAL SECURITY AND NATIONAL

INSURANCE TRUST (SSNIT).

Over here, payments are made every month into a common fund operated by the
Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT). This is meant for anybody
who has a job in Ghana. Every Ghanaian worker who is below the ages of 60 is
expected to build up some financial security for the future, in the form of a pension
which is paid after this age and enjoyed up to the age of 75.

Under the new National Pension Act 2008, Act 766, the worker contributes 5.5% of
his/ her basic monthly salary and the employer adds 13% of the worker’s basic salary,
making a total of 18.5%. Out of the 18.5% the employer shall remit 13.5% within
fourteen days after the end of each month to SSNIT. Subsequently, SSNIT also
remits 2.5% out of the 13.5% to National Health Insurance Authority for the
member’s Health Insurance.

The first tier of the mandatory scheme is the only Social Security that insures the
worker against the following contingencies. (i) Old age (ii) Invalidity and
(iii) Death

I. Old Age or Retirement Pension: This is where protection is given against old
age. Workers here are of two groups. (a) Full Pension (b) Reduced Pension.
a) Full Pension: This is for people who have reached the normal
retirement age of 60 years and above. To qualify for a full pension:
i. You must be 55 years and above but below 60 years of age.
ii. You must have made a minimum contribution of 180 months in
aggregate.
b) Reduced Pension: This is for early retirement from 55 years and below
60 years. To qualify for a Reduced Pension:
i. You must be 55 years and above but below 60 years of age.
ii. You must have made a minimum contribution of 180 months in
aggregate.
II. Invalidity Pension: This is for people who have been certified invalid. They
are entitled to this pension. To qualify for invalidity pension.
(i) You must have made a minimum contribution of 12 months within the
last 36 months prior to the occurrence of the invalidity.
(ii) You must have been declared permanently invalid and incapable of any
normal gainful employment.
III. Survivors Lump Sum
This benefit is paid to dependants of members under the following conditions.
(a) When the member dies before retirement.
 (b) When a pensioner dies before attaining age75.

ADVANTAGES OF SSNIT

1. It provides some means of earning a living to a family on the death of their

bread winner.
2. It gives income protection in situations when one cannot continue to earn any
longer as a result of old age.
3. It also provides income to a beneficiary in situation when one is unemployed.
4. It provides income to a beneficiary in situation when one is sick and can no
longer work.
5. Whilst you continue to contribute now, you will be entitled to medical care
under the National Health Insurance Scheme as a worker or pensioner.

Building Financial Protection through Insurance

Insurance is a business practice which allows interested people and organization to

contribute period fund toward a central pool which may be used to compensate fellow
contributors who suffer the actual loss for which the contributions were made. There
are two main forms of insurance protections. They are Insurance and Assurance.

1. PROTECTION THROUGH ASSURANCE

Assurance protection is provided against things that are bound to happen. It involves
the payment of a given sum of money when a particular event which is bound to
happen takes place sooner or later.
The most common form of protection provided through assurance is against death.
When on dies, the bereaved spouse and children are provided with a given sum of
money. Protection through assurance can also be made for a child’s education up to a
certain level whether the parent is alive or not.
Apart from these, Assurance protection also provides pension and retirement benefits
when one is out of work.

2. PROTECTION THROUGH INSURANCE

Insurance provide protection against the unforeseen financial losses and hardships
which may not happen.

To enjoy insurance protection, you need to save regularly towards a common fund.
This fund is specially created to enable people who are likely to suffer from a
common set of risk to save or contribute regularly to that fund. The contributions or
savings are called premiums. After paying these premiums, you are in return
compensated with money from that fund when you suffer any damage or loss as a
result of the risk you are insured against.
Insurance gives protection in case of unemployment, medical and surgical expenses,
death, temporary disablement and all kind of business risks.

ADVANTAGES OF INSURANCE PROTECTION.

1) It gives security incase of death.

2) It gives security incase of unemployment.
3) It protects against all kinds of business risks.
4) It gives security incase of medical and surgical expenses.
5) It provides pension and retirement benefits when one is out of work.
6) Through assurance one can obtain loan from financial institution.
7) It provides protection for child’s education up to a certain level whether the
parents are alive or not.

Savings as a means of Building towards Future Security

We have already talked about savings as a means of building towards our future
security in this chapter. Refer to page 153 for savings and its importance.

INVESTMENTS

Investment is also a means of preparing for the future. To invest your money means
to use your money for something which brings more income. Examples of Investment
are using your money to trade, building a house for renting, buying shares or
government stock and bonds debenture etc.

Treasury Bills: You can save in Treasury Bills on the money market. Treasury Bills
are used by governments to obtain temporary fund from the money market. Short
term Bills mature within 91 days so you can use your money to buy treasury bills
from the government on the money market for interest. Other forms of investments
are Commercials Bills, bills of exchange or Trade bills.

HOW TO SPEND MONEY WISELY

1) We must avoid impulse buying. This means we should not buy things we have
not planned for.
2) We must draw a scale of preference. This means we must arrange the things
we want in order of importance. Then we buy the most pressing ones first.
3) We must differentiate between our wants and needs. Our needs are the things
that we cannot live without while our wants are those we can live without. So,
we must buy our need before our wants.
4) You can spend money wisely by making a budget is a plan made to show how
one makes and spend money over a particular period of time.

ESSAY TEST.

1) Mention six ways by which money can be properly handled.

2) a. State four problems arising from using defaced notes.
b. Mention five ways of savings
c. Give four benefits of savings.
3) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of each of the following forms of
savings.
i) Money box
ii) Susu
iii) Bank savings account
4) Mention three way
5) s by which one can plan for the future.