EL

Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:

Sensing-Part 1

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

IIoT Features – Recap

EL
 A network of billions of machines and devices, which are
connected by communication technologies
 Smart machines and advanced analytics
 Detection of system/machine/product failure and downtime

PT
 More concern about the improvement of efficiency,
productivity, health, and safety of a system

2
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Applications with Smart Sensors

EL
PT
Source: IIoT Application, Online: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Industrial-Internet-of-Things-IIoT

3
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 IIoT Layer-wise Architecture

EL
PT
Idea Taken from: “Securing the Internet of Things: A Proposed Framework”, Cisco, Online: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/security-center/secure-iot-proposed-framework.html

4
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Benefits of Sensor Usage in Industry

EL
 Real-time monitoring
 Improving visibility
 Operational efficiency
 Increasing productivity


PT
Efficient quality management

Source: Online: https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/8-uses-applications-and-benefits-of-industrial-iot-in-manufacturing

5
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Benefits of Sensor usage in Industry (Contd.)

EL
 Improving Safety
 Minimizing downtime
 Improving the prediction and prevention of system failure
 Remote diagnosis

PT 6
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT

EL
Remote
Central Processing,
Control Unit Transporting
Controlling, and
Quality Storage Unit Unit
Production Testing Unit
Unit Product
Counting Unit

PT
Packaging
Unit

Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

7
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
Remote Switch
ON/OFF

PT
Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

8
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
Store the
Information

Start

PT
Production

Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

9
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
Product
Manufacturing

PT Quality Testing

Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

10
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
Counting Product
Quantity

PT
Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

11
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
Automatic
Truck Loading

Packaging

PT
Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

12
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensing for Manufacturing Process in IIoT (Contd.)

EL
PT
Idea taken from: Microsoft and IoT presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-of-things

13
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Block Diagram of a IoT Sensing Device

EL
PT 14
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Temperature Sensor Interfacing Circuit

EL
 Monitoring temperature of
used devices in industrial
applications
 LM 35 temperature sensor

PT
generates analog voltage
 The output voltage of LM 35 is
linearly proportional to Celsius
temperature

15
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Temperature Sensor Interfacing Circuit (Contd.)

EL
 Temperature sensor DS1621 is a
digital sensor, which generates 9
bits temperature data.
 Operating voltage from 2.7 to 5.5
Volt

PT
 User can define thermostatic
settings
 The value of resistors R1 and R2 is
from 4.7 to 10 KOhm

16
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Temperature Sensor Interfacing Circuit (Contd.)

EL
 Temperature sensor DS1621 is a
digital sensor, which generates 9 0
bits temperature data. 0
 Operating voltage from 2.7 to 5.5 0
Volt

PT
 User can define thermostatic
settings
 The value of resistors R1 and R2 is
from 4.7 to 10 KOhm
GND

17
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Temperature Sensor Interfacing Circuit (Contd.)

EL
VCC
 Temperature sensor DS1621 is a
digital sensor, which generates 9 1
bits temperature data. 1
 Operating voltage from 2.7 to 5.5 0
Volt

PT
 User can define thermostatic
settings
 The value of resistors R1 and R2 is
from 4.7 to 10 KOhm
GND

18
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Accelerometer Sensor Interfacing Circuit

EL
 Generates the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration
 Accelerometer sensor ADXL335
provides 3 axes (X, Y, and Z)

PT
values in analog voltage

19
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Gas Sensor Interfacing Circuit

EL
 Measures and detects
concentration of different
gases
 Gas sensor MQ-2 provides the

PT
concentration of LPG, propane,
and hydrogen in analog voltage

20
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensors in IIoT Applications

EL
 Temperature sensor
 Monitoring temperature of used devices in industrial applications such as
petrochemical, defense, aerospace, consumer electronics, and automotive
 Used in some special types of application where a specific temperature is
to be maintained, such as fabricate medical drugs and heat liquids.
 Magnetostrictive sensor

PT
 Measures and detects time-varying stresses or strains in ferromagnetic
materials
 Used for inspection of steel pipes, condition monitoring of machinery, and
detection of vehicle safety

21
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensors in IIoT Applications (Contd.)

EL
 Torque sensor
 Measures rotating torque
 Used to measure the speed of rotation
 Pressure sensor

PT
 Used to measure pressure in Industrial and hydraulic systems
 Measures different variables such as speed, water level, and gas/water
flow

22
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensors in IIoT Applications (Contd.)

EL
 Vacuum sensor
 Used to measure pressure below than atmospheric pressure
 Used in different industrial applications such as chemical processing,
detection, cathode ray tubes, gas turbine, and helium leak

PT
 Acceleration sensor
 Measures rate of change of velocity
 Used to detect the magnitude and direction of the acceleration
 Used in car electronics, ships, marine, and agricultural machines

23
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensors in IIoT Applications (Contd.)

EL
 Speed sensor
 A measure of how fast
 Basically measures speed which is determined by the travelling distance in a
given time
 Used in vehicle, diesel engine, engine-powered generator, anti-lock brake,

PT
printer, memory, engine-powered compressor
 PIR sensor
 Detects infrared radiations coming from human body in its surrounding area
 Used for automatic door open/close, human detection, lift lobby, common
staircase, and shopping Mall

24
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Sensors in IIoT Applications (Contd.)

EL
 Image sensor
 Used for distance measurement, pattern matching, color checking,
structured lighting, and motion capture
 Used in different applications such as 3D imaging, video/broadcast,
space, security, automotive, biometrics, medical, and machine vision
 Ultrasonic sensor

PT
 Mainly uses for object detection, measuring distance, and dynamic body
detection
 Applications: Liquid level monitoring of tank, trash level monitoring,
manufacturing process, automobile, and people detection for counting
Source: Camera Sensor’s Application, Online: http://www.cmosis.com/technology/applications/

25
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Sensors in IIoT Applications (Contd.)

EL
 Optical sensor
 Radiation sensor
 Level sensor
 Flow sensor


PT
Touch sensor
Gas sensor

26
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 References

EL
1. IIoT Application. Online: https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Industrial-Internet-of-
Things-IIoT
2. Securing the Internet of Things: A Proposed Framework, Cisco, Online:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/security-center/secure-iot-proposed-framework.html
3. Microsoft and IoT, Presented by Marlon Luz, Online: https://www.slideshare.net/marlonluz/microsoft-internet-
of-things

PT
4. Camera Sensor’s Application, Online: http://www.cmosis.com/technology/applications/

27
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
PT 28
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Sensing Part-2

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things

Introduction

EL
 A gas sensing system plays a vital role for monitoring the
concentration of flammable, combustible and toxic gases in
the environment
 Air quality monitoring and alert systems with gas sensing units

PT
may be deployed to avoid risks of harmful exposure of gases
in the environment

2
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Gas Sensing Methods

EL
Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS) Optic Methods

Polymer Acoustic Methods

Electrical Other
Carbon nanotube

Moisture
Absorbing Material PT variation variations

Source: A Survey on Gas Sensing Technology, Sensors 2012

Gas Chromatograph

Calorimetric Method

3
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 MOS Gas Sensor's Working Principle

EL
 MOS Gas sensors are also called Chemi-Resistive Gas sensors
 Baseline Resistance: Resistance of the sensor material in air
when not exposed to target gas
 Chemi-resistive gas sensors depend on the thermal energy for

PT
its operation which is supplied with an heater
 A particular temperature at which the sensor gives best
response is called Optimum Temperature
Source: Electroceramics, Second Edition, A.J.Moulson,J.M.Herbert,Wiley

4
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
MOS Gas sensor working Principle(Contd.)

EL
 Resistance changes when exposed to gas depending on the
rise or fall in conductivity of the sensor material
 In n-type sensors, resistance decreases, and in p-type sensors,
resistance increases with respect to the Baseline resistance

PT
when exposed to a reducing gas

5
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Characterisics of Gas Sensor

EL
 Sensitivity: It is the change in the output signal with respect to
unit change in input (which is the target gas concentration).
 Selectivity: Ability to detect a particular gas in a mixture of
different gases.

PT
 Stability: This parameter determines the robustness in the gas
sensing property of a gas sensor in a long time period when
exposed to hostile ambience

6
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Characteristics of Gas Sensor (Cond.)

EL
 Response time: The time taken by the sensor to stabilize its
response while sensing the target gas to reach some percent
(80% or 90%) of the final value
 Reversibility: Whether the sensor resistance can return back to

PT
its base resistance value, if exposure to the target gas is stopped
 Response Percent: of a gas sensor is calculated by computing
the percentage change in the resistance when exposed to target
gas with respect to the resistance when not exposed.

7
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
Applications of Gas sensors

EL
 Air quality monitoring
 Leakage Detection of Toxic gases
 Manhole & Sewage Treatment

PT
 Automotive Exhaust
 Alcohol Breath Test

8
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
A Demo on VOC Sensing

EL
 Introduction
 This gas sensing system is able to detect the presence of VOCs
(Volatile Organic Compounds)
 As soon as the gas sensors sense these gases, its resistance changes

PT
from its baseline resistance.
 As the resistance changes, an alert is generated

9
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 Gas Sensing System

EL
Buzzer

Gas Flow

Sensor Module Arduino

PT
Analog
Temperature
Controller

10
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
References

EL
[1] A Survey on Gas Sensing Technology, Xiao Liu , Sitian Cheng , Hong Liu , Sha Hu , Daqiang Zhang and
Huansheng Ning 1 , Sensors 2012. Online URL: www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/7/9635/pdf
[2] How Gas Sensors work.Online URL: https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/instruments-controls/How-Gas-
Detectors-Work
[3] Semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors : A Reveiw.,Ananya Dey, Elsevier 2018 . Online URL:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.12.036
[4] Gas Detection Applications.Online URL: http://www.pem-tech.com/gas-detection-applications.html

PT
[5] Electroceramics, Second Edition, A.J.Moulson, J.M.Herbert,Wiley
[6] Metal oxide for solid state gas sensor : What determines our choice?, G. Korotcenkov ,Elsevier 2007.Online
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2007.01.044
[7] Detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by metal oxide nanostructures-based gas
sensors: A review, A. Mirzaei, S.G. Leonardi, G. Neri, Elsevier 2017. Online URL:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.06.145

11
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
PT 12
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
 EL
Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Connectivity-Part 1

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

 Industrial Communication

EL
 Typical industrial communication requirements
 Real-time
 Very low duty-cycle
 Very low latency
 Very low jitter
 Industrial Communication majorly thrives on the following technologies:

PT
 Industrial Ethernet
 Industrial Ethernet protocols for real-time control and automation.
 Used in manufacturing processes dealing with clock synchronization and performance.
 Fieldbus
 A communication standard for Local Area Network (LAN) of field devices for industrial
automation.
 Used in manufacturing processes dealing with periodic I/O data transfer.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2

Industrial Communication (contd.)

EL
 Industrial Ethernet  Fieldbus
 ModBus-TCP  Modbus-RTU
 EtherCat  Profibus
 EtherNet/IP  Interbus

PT
 Profinet  CC-Link
 TSN  DeviceNet

Reference: Industrial Ethernet & Fieldbus solutions from KUNBUS.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

 EL
ModBus-TCP

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4
Introduction to ModBus-TCP

EL
 A standard communication protocol used in industry, developed
by Modicon Inc (Schneider Electric).
 It uses TCP/IP & Ethernet for data transmission between two
compatible devices.

PT
 The communicating system includes several devices:
 Client-Server devices linked to a TCP/IP network
 Interlinked devices – bridge or router or gateway
 Serial line sub-network to grant links between client-server
Source: Modbus messaging on TCP/IP implementation guide.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

Features of ModBus-TCP

EL
 A standard date frame is embedded into a TCP frame.
 The protocol defines 2 units in the data frame: PDU (Protocol
Data Unit ) and ADU (Application Data Unit)
ADU PDU

Additional Address

PT
Function Code Data

 ADU is identified by a header called MBAP.

Transaction Protocol Unit
Identifier Identifier
Length
Identifier (MODBUS Application
(2 bytes)
(2 bytes) (2 bytes) (1 byte) Protocol header – 7 bytes)
Source: Swales, A. Open ModBus/TCP specification.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

Features of ModBus-TCP (contd.)

EL
 It is a connection-oriented protocol following the Client-Server
architecture.
 Masters are the clients, whereas slaves are denoted as servers.
 The protocol supports up to 10 active connections/sockets at one

PT
time.

Source: Introduction to MODBUS TCP/IP.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

 EL
EtherCat

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8
Introduction to EtherCat

EL
 EthernetCAT (Control Automation Technology) was developed by
the ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group).
 It is based on IEC 61158 & IEC 61784 (international standards).
 It follows a master-slave architecture utilizing the standard IEEE

PT
802.3.
 Application areas: time-sensitive scenario (due to high-speed of
the system)

Source: Communication solutions for EtherCAT networks from KUNBUS.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

Features of EtherCat

EL
 Master and slave exchange data as PDO (process data
objects)/telegram.
 Slaves follow multicast or broadcast communication initiated by
the master.

PT
 Every PDO contains a distinct address denoting several slaves.
 EtherCAT telegram = Process data + Header.
 Processing incurs a few nanoseconds delay for the telegrams.
 Each telegram utilizes memory up to 4 GB in size.
Source: Communication solutions for EtherCAT networks from KUNBUS.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

Features of EtherCat (contd.)

EL
 Data exchange provide low duty cycle time of <~100 µs and low
jitter for better synchronization.
 Range of data transmission rate is ~200 Mbps
 Allow transmission range up to 100 m between the individual

PT
participants. (Using optical waveguides: up to 20 km).
 Utilizes CRC checksum for fault recognition (bit errors).
 Network topology – tree, star, line, ring, or hybrid.

Source: Communication solutions for EtherCAT networks from KUNBUS.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

 EL
EtherNet/IP

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12
Introduction to EtherNet/IP

EL
 It is based on the standard Internet Protocol suite and IEEE 802.3.
 EtherNet/IP: CIP (Common Industrial Protocol) Over Ethernet.
 CIP: Unified communication architecture for industrial
applications.
 CIP is a media independent, connection-based, object oriented procedure

PT
intended for automation applications.
 It is constructed from layers used in DeviceNet and ControlNet.
 IIoT requires improved throughput and extensive approachability
via CIP, which is offered by Ethernet.
Source: EtherNet/IP Quick Start for Vendors Handbook.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

Communication Type

EL
 EtherNet/IP defines two primary types of communications:
 Explicit
 Provide generic, multi-purpose transmission path between devices.
 Message transfer is asynchronous.
 Handles non time-critical information.

PT
 Implicit
 Provide distinct and special-purpose transmission paths between a master
and several clients.
 Message transfer is continuous.
 Handles real-time I/O data.
Source: Brooks, P. EtherNet/IP: Industrial Protocol White Paper.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

Features of EtherNet/IP

EL
 Based on active star topology.
 Easy set-up, operation, maintenance, and expansion.
 Handles large amount of information at speed of 10/100 Mbps.
 Maximum data rate up to 1500 bytes per packet.


PT
Mainly used with PCs, robots, I/O devices, and PLCs
(Programmable Logic Controllers).

Source: EtherNet/IP Quick Start for Vendors Handbook.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

 EL
Profinet

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16
Introduction to Profinet

EL
 Profinet (PROcess FIeld NETwork) is the standard for industrial
Ethernet developed by Profibus & Profinet Int.
 The technology is based upon Ethernet/IP.
 Defines the communication channel between controller and

PT
distributed devices in the field.
 Basically used for process control and process measurement.

Source: PROFINET Unplugged – An introduction to PROFINET IO.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

Communication Channel

EL
 Uses three different communication channels:
 Non-Real Time (NRT) – Used for non time-critical processes (acyclic
read/write operations). Uses standard TCP/IP and UDP/IP to transmit data
packets.
 Real Time (RT) – Used for time-sensitive processes (cyclic data transfer

PT
and event-driven procedures). Utilized for optimized and high speed data
exchange.
 Isochronous Real Time (IRT) - Used for clock-synchronized communication.
Suitable for motion control applications. Allows short cycle time (~250 µs).

Source: PROFINET. Siemens.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

 EL
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19
Introduction to TSN

EL
 It is an extension of Ethernet based on set of IEEE 802.1Q (virtual
LAN) and 802.3 technology.
 It was developed to enable deterministic communication
(predictive) for industries on standard Ethernet.

PT
 This protocol is time-aware and distributes data over the
bandwidth according to a schedule.
 It is centralized and minimizes jitter using time scheduling for
real-time applications.
Source: Time-Sensitive Networking: A Technical Introduction. Cisco Public.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20

Features of TSN

EL
 It supports cyclic data transfer.
 Provides pre-emption for packets with high priority.
 Network topologies: ring, chain, star, and hybrid topologies.
 Data rate is 100Mbit and 1Gbit for industrial applications.


PT
TSN offers IT/OT network convergence.
The network and operation cost is minimized due to the
convergence.
Source: TSN: Converging Networks for a Better Industrial IoT.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

 EL
Modbus-RTU (Remote Terminal Unit)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22
Introduction to Modbus-RTU

EL
 It is a serial protocol (RS-232/485) that follows the Master and
Slave architecture.
 It follows a request/response model.
 It is used for transmission of data signal from control/

PT
instrumentation devices to the control unit.
 It is a messaging protocol intended for application layer.

Source: Modbus RTU Unplugged – An introduction to Modbus RTU Addressing, Function Codes and Modbus RTU Networking.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

Features of Modbus-RTU

EL
 The protocol defines 2 units in the data frame - PDU (Protocol
Data Unit) and ADU (Application Data Unit)
ADU PDU

Additional Address Function Code Data Error Check

 The client initiates the MODBUS transaction with a request.

PT
 The format of a message request contains the address of the
slave, the command (read/write register), the data, and error
check.
Source: Modbus RTU Unplugged – An introduction to Modbus RTU Addressing, Function Codes and Modbus RTU Networking.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24

References

EL
1. Industrial Ethernet & Fieldbus solutions from KUNBUS. Online. URL: https://www.kunbus.com/industrial-
communication.html
2. Swales, A. (1999). Open modbus/tcp specification. Schneider Electric, 29.
3. (2005). Introduction to MODBUS TCP/IP. Acromag, Inc. Online. URL: https://www.prosoft-
technology.com/kb/assets/intro_modbustcp.pdf
4. (2014). Modbus TCP/IP Option. Walchem, Iwaki America Inc. Online. URL:
https://www.walchem.com/literature/.../180413_WIND%20Modbus%20Manual.pdf
5. (2002). Modbus messaging on tcp/ip implementation guide. Online. URL:

PT
https://www.honeywellprocess.com/library/support/Public/Documents/51-52-25-121.pdf
6. Communication solutions for EtherCAT networks. Online. URL: https://www.kunbus.com/ethercat.html
7. (2008). EtherNet/IP Quick Start for Vendors Handbook. ODVA Inc. Online. URL:
https://www.odva.org/Portals/0/Library/Publications_Numbered/PUB00213R0_EtherNetIP_Developers_
Guide.pdf
8. Brooks, P. (2001). EtherNet/IP: Industrial Protocol White Paper. Logix/NetLinx Technology Adoption
Rockwell Automation.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25

References (contd.)

EL
9. PROFINET Unplugged – An introduction to PROFINET IO. RTA Automation. Online. URL:
https://www.rtaautomation.com/technologies/profinet-io/
10. PROFINET. Siemens. Online. URL: https://w3.siemens.com/mcms/water-industry/en/Documents/PROFINET.pdf
11. (2017). Time-Sensitive Networking: A Technical Introduction. Cisco Public. Online. URL:
https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/solutions/collateral/industry-solutions/white-paper-c11-738950.pdf
12. Taylor, A. and Zapke, M. (2017). TSN: Converging Networks for a Better Industrial IoT. Online. URL:
https://www.electronicdesign.com/industrial-automation/tsn-converging-networks-better-industrial-iot

PT
13. (2010). Modbus RTU Unplugged – An introduction to Modbus RTU Addressing, Function Codes and Modbus RTU
Networking. RTA Automation. Online. URL: https://www.rtaautomation.com/technologies/modbus-rtu/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 27
 EL
Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Connectivity-Part 2

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

 EL
Profibus (Process field bus)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2
Introduction to Profibus

EL
 It is based on the standard IEC 61158.
 It was first started in Germany in late 1980s and then used by
Siemens.
 It is a field-bus technology that supports several protocols.

PT
 It supports cyclic as well as acyclic data transmission,
isochronous messaging, and alarm-handling.

Source: PROFIBUS Protocol. Smar.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

 Variants of Profibus

EL
 There are 3 variants:
 Profibus FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification)
 Handles communication between PCs and Programmable Logic Controllers.
 Profibus DP (Decentralized Peripherals)
 The speed varies from 9.6Kbps to 12Mbps.

PT
 It uses RS485 balanced transmission.
 It supports 32 devices at a time (up to 1900 m, up to 10 Km with 4 repeaters).
 Profibus PA (Process Automation)
 The speed is fixed at 31.2Kbps.
 Uses Manchester Bus Power (MBP) for transmission (suits hazardous environment).
Source: PROFIBUS Protocol. Smar.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 4

Features of Profibus

EL
 It defines 2 layers:
 Data link - accomplished over a FDL (Field bus Data Link).
 Physical
 It uses bus topology where, the bus or central line is underwired
all through the system.

PT
 Buses using MBP supports transmission range up to 1900 meters
and can support branches.
 MBP supports data as well as power transmission.
Source: PROFIBUS, PLC Manual; PROFIBUS Protocol. Smar.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

 EL
Interbus

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6
Introduction to Interbus

EL
 It was developed by Phoenix Contact in 1987.
 It is based upon European Standard, EN 50254 as well as IEC
61158.
 It supports serial communication among control systems (PCs,

PT
PLCs) and spatially arranged I/O modules which connects to
several sensors & actuators.
 Application areas: sensing-actuating application, machine &
system production, and process engineering.
Source: Interbus Basics.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

Features of Interbus

EL
 Network topology: Active ring (Supports maximum 512
subscribers, and the last subscriber closes the ring.)
 Total bus length is 13 km. Length between two remote bus
devices is 400m.
 Supports master/slave architecture, fixed telegram length,

PT
deterministic communication.
 Master & Slave forms a large and distributed shift register ring
with master the starting-ending point, while slave as a part of it.
 Transmission rate: 500 kbps
Source: Interbus Basics

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 8

 EL
CC-Link (Control and Communication)

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9
Introduction to CC-Link

EL
 It is an open industrial network established by Mitsubishi
Electric Corporation in 1997.
 It is based upon the standards EN 954 as well as IEC 61508 in the
safety area (compatible to ISO 15693 & 14443).

PT
 It enables devices from several manufacturers to communicate.
 Application areas: facilities management, manufacturing &
production industries, process control & automation.

Source: CC-Link Protocol. Kunbus.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 10

 Variants of CC-Link

EL
Standard CC-Link CC-Link/LT CC-Link Safety CC-Link IE (Industrial Ethernet)
Facilitates transmission of Convenient for implementing Based on CC-Link. Enables operation, device
information & control data. sensors and actuators. monitoring & data transmission.
Transmission rate: 10 Mbps Transmission rate: 2.5 Mbps Transmission rate: 10 Transmission rate: 1 Gbps
Mbps
Transmission range: up to Transmission range: up to - -

PT
1.2 km (RS485), expansible 500m
to 13.2 km using repeaters.
64 stations for every 64 stations for every network. - Available as fieldbus (254
network. stations per network) as well as
a control network (120 stations
per network)

Source: CC-Link Industrial Networks, Wikipedia

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

Features of CC-Link

EL
 Allows variable communication speed of 2.5Mbps - 1Gbps.
 Maximum transmission distance up to 100 meters (Fieldbus)
while 550 meters (Control).
 Operating frequency: 13.56 MHz (licenses global usage).

PT
 Data transmission utilizes both duplex & single lines.
 Facilitates a deterministic communication.

Source: CC-Link Industrial Networks, Wikipedia

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 12

 EL
DeviceNet

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13
Introduction to DeviceNet

EL
 It is based up on the standard CAN (Controller Area Network)
protocol.
 CAN standard is a serial protocol defining the communication of
data link layer.

PT
 It links industrial sensors & actuators with high-end devices
(Programmable Logic Controllers).
 Application areas: safety devices, data exchange, and large I/O
networks.
Source: DeviceNet Communication Manual.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14

Features of DeviceNet

EL
 Data in CAN is conveyed via data frame: Identifier field (11 bit)
and Data field (8 data bytes).
 Also has a remote frame (RTR) that only contains the identifier.
 CAN uses the CSMA/NBA channel access scheme (physical layer).

PT
 It defines different sorts of telegrams (frames), error detecting
scheme, and data validation.
 It uses linear network topology that permits the signal (shielded
cable) and the power wiring (twisted-pair) in the same cable.
Source: DeviceNet Communication Manual.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

Communication Infrastructure

EL
 In IIoT and Industry 4.0 IoT deployments, the connectivity
infrastructure can be classified as follows:
 Wired Connectivity  Wireless Connectivity
 DSL  IEC-PAS 62601/WIA-PA
 Modem
 PSTN

PT
Note: ISA 100 is discussed in IoT Communication-Part II of this course.
 Satellite Connectivity
 ISA 100
 LPWAN

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16

 EL
DSL

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17
Introduction to DSL

EL
 DSL stands for “Digital Subscriber Line”.
 Aims at bringing high data rate to households and industries using
the common telecommunication line.
 A DSL line can carry both data and voice signals.
 DSL may be categorized as Asymmetric DSL(ADSL) and Symmetric

PT
DSL(SDSL).
 ADSL supports a higher download speed compared to the upload
speed.
 SDSL supports equal speed for both upload and download.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

Features of DSL

EL
 Supports simultaneous connection for voice and data
communication.
 Basic DSL supports data rate between 1.544 Mbps and 8.448 Mbps
for download service.
 Data is transmitted in its digital format, without any conversion to

PT
analog format.
 This digital transmission allows wide range of bandwidth for
communication.
 The speed of the service decreases with the increasing distance of
the user from the central office of the service provider.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19

 EL
MODEM

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20
Introduction to MODEM

EL
 MODEM is a short form of Modulator-Demodulator.
 A network hardware device to perform the modulation and
demodulation of carrier signals with encoded data.
 Data is modulated into analog form at the transmitting side
MODEM.

PT
 The received analog data by the MODEM is transformed into
digital form, called demodulation.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

Types of MODEM

EL
 On the basis of directional capacity:
 Simplex: It offers data transmission in only one direction, from digital
device to network or vice-versa.
 Half duplex: It offers bi-directional data transmission but one at a time.
 Duplex: Data transmission can take place in both directions,

PT
simultaneously
 On the basis of transmission mode:
 Synchronous Mode: In this mode a continuous stream of bits of data can
be handled but requires an external clock pulse.
 Asynchronous Mode: In this mode data bytes with start and stop bits can
be handled without any external clock signal.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22

 EL
PSTN

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23
Introduction to PSTN

EL
 PSTN stands for “Public Switched Telephone Network”.
 It is considered as an aggregation of all the circuit switched
networks across the world, used for public telecommunication.
 PSTN networks are also called POTS, Plain Old Telephone Systems.

PT
 These network run on a regional, local, national and international
scale using fiber optic cables, telephone connection lines, cellular
communications or microwave transmission links.
Source: TSSN - Telephone Networks, Tutorialspoint.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24

 EL
IEC/PAS 62601: WIA-PA

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25
Introduction to IEC/PAS 62601: WIA-PA

EL
 WIA-PA stands for “Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation-
Process Automation”, is a wireless communication technology,
primarily focused on Industrial IoT.
 It is a variation of IEEE 802.15 and IEC.

PT
 Advantages:
 It supports Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH).
 Aggregation of data packets is done.
 Variable routing methodologies and modes of application are available.
Source: Yu Chen. IEC 62601: Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation- Process Automation(WIA-PA).

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26

 EL
Satellite Communication Technology

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 27
 Introduction to Satellite Communication

EL
 Satellite communication handles large number of devices providing
long range data transmission with global coverage.
 Advantages:
 Long range communication with global coverage.
 Cost of transmission is independent of the geographical coverage region.
 Limitations:

PT
 Launching of satellite in space comes at a higher cost.
 Propagation delay is more compared to other terrestrial methods.
 Difficulty in repairs in case of any damage.
Source: Satellite Communication – Introduction, Tutorialspoint

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 28

References
1. PROFIBUS. RTA Automation. Online. URL: https://www.rtaautomation.com/technologies/profibus/

EL
2. (2018) PROFIBUS. PLC Manual. Online. URL: http://www.plcmanual.com/profibus
3. PROFIBUS Protocol. Smar. Online. URL: http://www.smar.com/en/profibus
4. Interbus Basics. Online. URL: http://www.interbus.de/dl/Dok_interbus_basics_en.pdf
5. Interbus - The Network For Enterprises. Kunbus. Online. URL: https://www.kunbus.com/interbus.html
6. Speed, C. (2005). INTERBUS Means Speed, Connectivity, Safety.
7. CC-Link Protocol. Kunbus. Online. URL: https://www.kunbus.com/cc-link.html
8. CC-Link Industrial Networks. Wikipedia. Online. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC-Link_Industrial_Networks
9.

PT
(2008). DeviceNet Communication Manual. Online. URL: http://ecatalog.weg.net/files/wegnet/WEG-ssw07-
devicenet-communication-manual-10000046963-manual-english.pdf
10. DeviceNet® Communications. Online. URL: https://www.eurotherm.com/devicenet-communications
11. Margaret Rouse. Fast Guide to DSL (Digital Subscriber Line). Online. URL:
https://whatis.techtarget.com/reference/Fast-Guide-to-DSL-Digital-Subscriber-Line.
12. Bradley Mitchell. July 05, 2018. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line. Online. URL: https://www.lifewire.com/digital-
subscriber-line-817527

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 29

References (contd.)

EL
13. Dinesh Thakur. Modem: What is a Modem? Types of Modems. Online. URL:
http://ecomputernotes.com/computernetworkingnotes/computer-network/explain-about-modem
14. TutorialsPoint. Network Devices. Online. URL:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/communication_technologies/communication_technologies_network_device
s.htm.
15. Yu Chen. IEC 62601: Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation- Process Automation(WIA-PA). URL:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/c5da/da2c05aeff9065ed22b1967b97bdc059dda1.pdf
16. May/June 2016. Satellite and the industrial IoT market in EMEA: an opportunity for Ku-band service. Online.

PT
URL: http://www.satelliteevolutiongroup.com/articles/IoT.pdf
17. TutorialsPoint. Satellite Communication – Introduction. Online. URL:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/satellite_communication/satellite_communication_introduction.htm.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 30

 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 31
 EL
Key Enablers of Industrial IoT:
Connectivity-Part 3

PT Dr. Sudip Misra

Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 1

Introduction

EL
PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 2
 Key Requirements

EL
 Supports heterogeneity
 Devices: Industrial robots, machineries, security cameras
 Device-specific QoS parameters: delay, availability, reliability, throughput
 Unified connectivity
 Optimized service



Dedicated network

PT
Low-latency communication
Ultra-reliable communication
Source: G. Brown and M. Yavuz, "What Does 5G NR Bring to the Industrial IoT & the Factory of the Future? " Qualcomm (Producer), June 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 3

 Community Initiatives

EL
 3GPP
 Study communication requirements specific to industries (Release 15)
 “Factories of the Future” 5G usecase in (Release 16)
 5G-ACIA

PT
 Unite OT industries, ICT industries and academia for enabling 5G for
industries
 IEEE
 Enabling Ethernet for Time Sensitive Network (TSN) - 802.1Q Ethernet
Source: G. BrownI and M. Yavuz, "What Does 5G NR Bring to the Industrial IoT & the Factory of the Future? " Qualcomm (Producer), June 2018

Introduction to Internet of Things 4

 3GPP Release16 Usecases

EL
PT
Source: 3GPP Technical Report 22.804, “Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical domains”, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 5

 Factories of the future

EL
 Realization of heavy industries
 Oil refineries
 Mining
 Manufacturing
 Warehouses
 Systems in Interest

 Robotics
PT
 Motion Control

 Massive wireless sensor networks

Source: 3GPP Technical Report 22.804, “Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical domains”, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 6

 5G support for Private Network

EL
 5G new radio (NR)
 Low band (<1 GHz)
 Middle band (1-6 GHz)
 High band (>24 GHz) millimeter wave
 Smallcell deployments
 Femtocell
 Picocell

PT
 Integrated WiFi
 Device-to-Device communication
Source: G. BrownI and M. Yavuz, "What Does 5G NR Bring to the Industrial IoT & the Factory of the Future? " Qualcomm (Producer), June 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 7

 EL
5G -NR

PT
8
 5G-NR

EL
 New air-interface proposed by 3GPP
 Aligned with ITU service categories
 Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)
 Massive machine-type communication (mMTC)

PT
 Ultra reliable low latency communication (uRLLC)
 Design objectives
 Backward compatibility
 Enabling versatile connections
Source: H. Ji et al., "Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 5G Downlink: Physical Layer Aspects," IEEE Wireless Communications,
vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 124-130, JUNE 2018.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 9

 EL
Smallcell Deployment

PT
10
 Smallcell Deployment

EL
 Objectives
 Alleviating burden on backhaul
 Improving energy efficiency
 Decreasing dead zones
 Operating frequency

PT
 Licensed spectrum
 License-exempted spectrum

Source: A. Damnjanovic et al., "A survey on 3GPP heterogeneous networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 10-21, 2011

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 11

 EL
Device-to-Device Communication

PT
12
 Device-to-Device Communication

EL
 Objectives
 Achieving low latency
 Increasing throughput
 Eliminating load core network
 Operating frequency

PT
 Inband deployment
 Overlay, Underlay
 Outband deployment
 Controlled, Autonomous
Source: A. Asadi et al., "A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1801-1819, Fourthquarter 2014.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 13

 EL
Tactile Internet

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 14
 Introduction

EL
 Real-time transmission of touch/sense and actuation
 Provides new facet to human-machine interaction
 Enables haptic communication


PT
Supports low end-to-end latency
 < 1 ms round trip latency

Source: G. P. Fettweis, "The Tactile Internet: Applications and Challenges," in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 64-70, 2014.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 15

 Haptic communication architecture

EL
PT
Source: K. Antonakoglou, et al., "Towards Haptic Communications over the 5G Tactile Internet," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.
doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2851452

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 16

 Requirements

EL
 Ultra-responsive connectivity
 Latency in the order of 1 ms
 Ultra-reliable connectivity
 Ubiquitous connectivity and wide range coverage
 Security and privacy
 Tactile data
 Edge intelligence PT
Source: M. Simsek, et. al., "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 460-473, 2016.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 17

 Way to realizing tactile internet

EL
 Software Defined Networking (SDN)
 Massive Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO)
 Dual connectivity
 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)


PT
Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Source: K. Antonakoglou, et. al., "Towards Haptic Communications over the 5G Tactile Internet," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.
doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2851452

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 18

 Applications

EL
 Industry automation
 Autonomous driving
 Robotics
 Healthcare



Gaming
PT
Virtual and augmented reality

Unmanned autonomous system

Source: M. Simsek, et. al., "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 460-473, 2016.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 19

 EL
uRLLC

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 20
 Introduction

EL
 Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication
 Requirements:
 Availability: 6-Nines (99.9999%)
 End-to-End Latency : 1ms



PT
Reliability: < 10-5 outage probability
Packet size: 32-200 B
Smaller transmission duration
Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 21

 Design Challenges

EL
 Lacuna in traditional communication systems:
 Primary objective: High throughput
 Large latency (10 – 100 ms)
 Large transmission time interval (TTI)
 Large processing delay
 Aggressive retransmission scheme
 Shorter TTI

 Error prone channel

PT
 Larger signal overhead

 Decreases reliablity
Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 22

 Enabling Methods

EL
 Shorter TTLs
 Smaller slot length ( micro scale)
 Flexible transmission frame structure
 Reducing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing symbols in TTL



PT
Reducing symbol duration
Application: Mission-critical services

Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 23

 Enabling Methods (Contd..)

EL
 Fast HARQ Retransmission scheme
 Procedure: Predicting correctness of received symbol before decoding
 Advantage: Reduces processing time
 Disadvantage: False positive error

PT
 Control channel enhancement methods:
 CQI based Link adaptation
 Compact downlink control information (DCI)
Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 24

 EL
mmWave Communication

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 25
 Introduction

EL
 Frequency Spectrum : 30 – 300 GHz
 mmWave for cellular communication: 30 – 100 GHz
 Indoor communication : 57 – 64 GHz (Unlicensed band)
 Wave length : 1 - 10 mm

PT
 Reduced element size
 MIMO based narrow beam formation

Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 26

 Enabling Methods

EL
 Heterogeneous structure
 Single macrocell with multiple smallcell
 Separate control and data channel
 Control channel : microwave frequency (3G, 4G)

 Dual mode smallcell

PT
 Data channel : mmWave frequency

Source: G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System Enhancements," in IEEE
Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, 2018

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 27

 Disadvantages

EL
 Need high-gain and high-directional antennas
 Signal blocking
 Suffer high penetration loss and shadowing
 Focused beam has very less chance to avoid blocking

efficiency
PT
Low transmitting power due to maintain power amplifier

Source: J. G. Andrews, et. al. , "Modeling and Analyzing Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 65,
no. 1, pp. 403-430, 2017.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 28

 References

EL
1. G. Brown and M. Yavuz, webinar on “What Does 5G NR Bring to the Industrial IoT & the Factory of the Future? “,
Qualcomm, June 2018.
2. 3GPP Technical Report 22.804, “Study on Communication for Automation in Vertical domains”, 2018.
3. A. Damnjanovic et al., "A survey on 3GPP heterogeneous networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 3,
pp. 10-21, 2011.
4. H. Ji et al., "Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 5G Downlink: Physical Layer Aspects," IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 124-130, JUNE 2018.

PT
5. A. Asadi et al., "A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks," IEEE Communications Surveys
& Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1801-1819, Fourthquarter 2014.
6. G. P. Fettweis, "The Tactile Internet: Applications and Challenges," IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 9, no.
1, pp. 64-70, 2014.
7. K. Antonakoglou, et. al., "Towards Haptic Communications over the 5G Tactile Internet," IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials. doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2851452.

Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 29

 References

EL
7. M. Simsek, et. al., "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 34, no. 3,
pp. 460-473, 2016.
8. G. Pocovi et. al., "Achieving Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications: Challenges and Envisioned System
Enhancements," IEEE Network, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 8-15, March-April 2018
9. J. G. Andrews, et. al. , "Modeling and Analyzing Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems," IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 403-430, Jan. 2017

PT
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things 30
 EL
PT
Introduction to Internet of Things 31