UNIT ce Its a pleasant warm day. There is a woman sitting on a wooden bench. She is young. Adjectives describe nouns. They have the same form in the singular and plural. e.g. a cheap watch — cheap watches ® Adjectives go: a) before nouns. e.g. a clever child b) after the verbs: be, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, seem, appear, become, get, stay, etc. eg. She is thin. He seems tired. ‘® There are opinion adjectives and fact adjectives, Opinion adjectives such as smart, bad, etc. show what a person thinks of somebody or something. Fact adjectives such as short, big, ‘old, ete. give us factual information about age, size, colour, origin, material, etc. ORDER OF ADJECTIVES © Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives. e.g. a handsome young man When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the following order: Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Noun a big old round white French china plate ‘© We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually described bby one, two or three adjectives at the most. e.g. an expensive Italian leather bag Fill in the gaps with the correct adjective from the list. loud, warm, narrow, dark, hot, strong, tired, old, comfortable, bright, long Itwas a cold, 1) ..dark... night. There was a 2) - wind blowing and it was starting to rain. James was driving home atter a 3) . day at work and he was very 4) The road he was driving along Was 5). . and winding, but it was the quickest way home, Suddenly, there was a 6)... flas of lightning and a7) _ crash of thunder as the storm broke, James’ car was 8) .. .», but he pi his foot down because he wanted to get home quickly. He wanted to sit in his 9) chai by the 10) . fire and drink a cup of 11) coffee, Q)y ror ine stectives e.g. an old black telephone the correct order. a(n) black / old telephone a rectangular | brass / lovely picture frame two white / porcelain / pretty statues, ‘some English / old / valuable books a(n) antique / interesting clock ‘a wooden / traditional rocking chair a glass / small / blue dish a(n) English / wooden / old desk a(n) china / oval / lovely plate CervousensVets work hard. treat animals gently and examine them carefully. bs describe verbs, adjectives or other dverbs. adverb can be one word (slowly) or a phrase the street). dverbs can describe manner (how), place here), time (when), frequency (how often), “degree (to what extent), etc. ‘e.g. He speaks slowly. (How does he speak? Slowly. + adverb of manner) Your hat is there. (Where is it? There. - adver of place) They'll come tomorrow. (When will hey come? Tomorrow. - adverb of time) She seldom visits us. (How often does she visit us? Seldom. - adverb of frequency) Adverbs usually go after verbs. They can also go before verbs (adverbs of frequency). e.g. Simon always drives carefully. Adverbs go before adjectives, other adverbs and past participles. eg. The test was surprisingly easy. He speaks incredibly quickly. English is widely spoken. Formation of Adverbs We usually form an adverb by adding -ly to the adjective. eg. soft - softly # Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y. eg. probable - probably @ Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop the -y and take -ily. e.g. heavy - heavily Adjectives ending in -I take -ly. e.g. careful - carefully Adjectives ending in -ic usually take -ally. e.g. tragic - tragically But: publie - publicly Adjectives - Adverbs - Cos Sortie adverbs have either a totally different form or the same form as the adjective. Order of Adverbs @ Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs and the verb to be, but before main verbs. e.g. She has always been loyal. Tim is usually prepared. Helen often goes to the cinema. ® Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary or at the end of the sentence. e.g. He quickly ran up the stairs. She is anxiously waiting for an answer. They responded politely. ® Adverbs of dearee (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc.) go before an adjective, an adverb or a main verb but after an auxiliary verb in a sentence. e.g. He was extremely helpful. We quite enjoyed the trio. | didn’t quite understand what you said. Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of the sentence. e.g. Shall | wait outside? | met him last year. ‘Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go before the main verb, but after the auxiliary verb or the verb to be. e.g. He soon realised that he was wrong. She is now ready to talk to you. @ We can put an adverb at the bedi sentence if we want to emphasise it. eg. Carefully, he opened the letter. (manner) In Paris we fell in love. (place) Tomorrow I'l sign the contract. (time) g ofa @ When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually come in the following order: manner — place — time. e.g. He worked quietly at his desk all day long. @ Ifthere is a verb of movement, such as go, come, leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following order: place — manner — time. e.g. She went home by taxi last night. vlaE} Adjecs Write the adverbs of the adjectives in the list in the correct box. cheerful, dramatic, quiet, probable, systematic, easy, noisy, quick, possible, lazy, simple, happy, hopetul, pretty, energetic Identify the adjective or the adverb in each sentence, as in the exampl Tom is very clever. (adjective) He slowly left the room. The exam was difficult, Sue's house is always tidy. Laser beams are used extensively in surgery. Sarah smiled happily The teacher was angry. Sad songs make me cry. She quietly closed the door. It's easy to make mistakes. Searonsons snowing 2) heavy/heavily all day and the ground was covered in a 3) soft/softly white blanket. 4) Sudden/ Suddenly, there was a 5) loud/loudly knock at the door. | jumped up 6) nervous/nervously. ‘Who is it?” | called 7) anxious/anxiously. There was no reply. | 8) slow/slowly opened the door and looked outside. A tush of 9) coldicoldly air entered the house. | 10) quick/quickly shut the door and turned. around, then | saw the most 11) horriblejhorribly creature | had ever seen standing in front of me. 02 Gp vvsorin tne correct s - Adverbs - Comparisons ‘@ Some adverbs have the same form as adjective: These include: hard, fast, high, low, deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong. e.g. This isa fast car. (adjective) George drives fast. (adverb) ‘© There is a difference in meaning between the following pairs of adverbs: © She tried hard but she failed. (hard = with effort) He can hardly see without his glasses. (hardly = scarcely) * Jessica lives quite near. (near = close) They nearly missed the bus. (nearly = almost) © Tim arrived late. (late = not early) ‘She's been going out a lot lately. lately = recently) * The kite rose high in the sky. (high = at a high evel) : He's highly respectable. (highly = very) * You can visit the museum free. (ree = witho charge) EU citizens can travel freely within Europe. (heely = without restraint) The following words end in -ly, but they a adjectives: friendly, likely, lively, lonely, love silly, ugly. e.g. He's a friendly person. We use the word way/manner to form thei adverbs. 8.9. He talked to me in a friendly wayimanner. (NOT: Hetethecttome-tiesathiy) He gave a silly laugh. (NOT: The adverbs loud(ly), cheap(ly), quick(ly) at slow(ly) are often used without -ly in everyd: English. e.g. Don't talk so loudiloudly. She lives very nearinearly to the school, Jack nearinearly crashed his car yesterday. The prisoners can move around free/freely. | got this pen free/freely with a magazine, His story sounds high/highly unlikely. We could see the bird's nest high/highly up in tree. Roger was late/fately for work every day last w onsen haven't been feeling very well /ate/lately. 9 He tried hardjhardly to solve the problem, but couldn't do it. 10 The music was so loud that | could hardihardly what he was saying,For each gap, choose an adjective from the list given and turn it into an adverb. soft - immediate - sad passing the pet shop when | saw the beautiful kitten in the window. She looked sadly... up at me with her big green eyes and (ed 2) oe « LNW 3) « z Thad to buy her. tearm etter) quiet - loud - cheerful ire called to her mum 1) .. as she | into the house. The door slammed 2)... } hind her. ‘Why do you have to make so much | ise?" shouted her mum. ‘Sorry,’ said Claire, and | crept upstairs. ; in good, well, bad, badly and ill. Did you get your exam results? Yes. | didn’t do very 1) ...well., though. | got a very Den mark in History. Your History exam didn’t come at a 3) ... time though, dial it? No. I was very 4) when | had that exam. I'm sure | wouldn't have done so 5).... if |had been 6) Never mind, perhaps they will let you do the exam again if you explain what the problem was. Say the sentences in as many ways as possible, using the adverbs in brackets. 1 They will clean the house. (tomorrow) Tomorrow they will clean the house. / They will clean the house tomorrow. 2 Fiona has been making cakes with her mum. (all morning) 3. They have been talking, (for an hour / quietly /in the office) 4 She read the paper. (on the train / carefully) 5. I bought some bread. (today / in the supermarket) 6 James has been playing on his computer. {all evening / in his room) They arrived. (safely) She ran. (quickly / out of the house / after dinner) He knew he had made the right choice. (then) His plan was brilliant. (absolutely) She was confused. (totally) ZSe0o0n aio - Seite - Com Quite and rather are adverbs of degree. Quite goes before a/an. eg. She is quite a pretty woman. ® We usually use quite in favourable comments ‘meaning ‘less than very.” eg. This watch is quite cheap. (it's not very cheap.) ® We use quite before adjectives such as horrible, dreadtul, ridiculous, brilliant, perfect, amazing, extraordinary, useless, impossible, right, true, sure, exhausted, certain, false, wrong, alone, different, etc. meaning ‘completely’/‘totally’. eg. The idea was quite extraordinary. (totally extraordinary) Rather goes before or after a/an. eg.!'m afraid it is rather a boring story. I'm afraid itis a rather boring story. © We usually use rather in unfavourable comments. e.g. Those clothes are rather old. ' We can also use rather in favourable comments when it means ‘to an unusual degree’. e.g. | didn't know Peter could cook. The meal was rather good. (The meal was better than we expected.) © Rather can be used with comparative forms. eg. The second exercise was rather more difficult than the first. @- What was their new house like? Itwas ...quite... perfect. Have you had a busy day? Yes, Ihave. I'm -nnnsne OxHAUSTEC, What's the weather lke in England at the moment? Actually, it's warm. Do you believe inlfe on other planets? No, | think the existence of aliens is. impossible. I heard that David was going to emigrate to Australia. Its, snes tue, He’s been planning It for some time. How much was your new car? Wall, it was .. more expensive than | had expected. 7 A: Do you like this red skit? B: I'm not sure — it's in quite or rather. BR BRBRer 22 ° o> short4 eine. £2,000 People: = 4 Top Speed: 80 mph Top Speed: Age: 15 years old This car is cheap, Itis also old. ® For comparison, adjectives have got two forms: ‘* We use the comparative form + than to compare two people or things. ©. Alec is taller than Jim. My house is more attractive than yours, ® Weuse the + superiative form + offin to compare on in the same group. We use in when we talk about pl ©-9, Alec isthe tallest of all. New York is the most exciting city in the USA. (NOT: af the USA) Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives * The comparative of one-syllable and two-syllable adjectives is formed bj by adding -est. e.g, small - smaller - smallest ‘® The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed with 6.9. difficult - more difficult - most difficu It ‘© The comparative and the superlative of some two-s; friendly, ete. are formed either with -er/-est or with more/most. friendly - more friendly - most friendly a eg. friendly - friendlier - friendliest ESI! j Rule ® One-syllable adjectives ending in -e take -r in the comparative form and -st in the superlative, form. nice - nicer - nicest % Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y turn the -y into -i and then take -er/-est, busy - busier - busiest ® Adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between two consonants double the final consonant and take -er/-est. big - bigger - biggest - but: strong - stronger - strongest. = £8,000 6 100 mph This car is more expensive than the first car. Itis also faster. the comparative and the superlative, 'e person or thing with more than one person or thit laces. vllable adjectives, such as clever, stupid, narrow, gent = Price: £18,000 People: 2 Top Speed: 130mph_ 5 years old Age ‘year old This car is the most expensive of all. Its also the fastest of all. 'y adding -er, and the superlati ‘more and the superlative with Compare the following items, as in example. 1 apebble /astone / a rock (big) A stone ie blager than a pebble ~~A rock is the Plagest of all. 2. cotton / woed J iron (heavy) bronze siver / gold (expensive) 4 abioycle /a car /a train (fast) 5 a cheetah /a cat /a snail (sion) 6 a sheep /a horse /a giraffe (al) steel / wood / wool (Sot)parative and superlative s of Adverbs E nparative and superlative forms of adverbs ed in the same way as those of adjectives. erbs which have the same form as the ective usually take -er in the comparative -est in the superlative. fast faster-fastest early - earlier - earliest bs formed by adding -ly to the adjective ‘more in the comparative and most in the ‘smartly - more smartly - most smartly Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adverbs. more efficiently most efficiently comparative or erlative forms with the following words: ry + adjective . This is a very expensive gift ‘much/a lotifar/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative g. It's much hotter today than yesterday. ‘by far + superlative e.g. He's by far the best student in the class. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the adjective/adverb in brackets. That house is too small for our family. We need something much ...bigger... (big) | can’t understand you. Could you speak a bit .. (slowly), please? This coffee is bitter. | prefer to drink ita ite... : (sweet) 4 That dress is very . (expensive). I can't afford to buy it. 5 Fiona is by far .... (intelligent) girl in the class, 6 It was very cold yesterday, but it's slightly (warm) today. jon't go to that supermarket ‘any more. This one is far. . (cheap). @ [like living near the city. It's a lt (convenient) good/well badibadly muchimany/ alot of regular Gonparatives a Superlatives Note: 1 re : I've just read ...the saddest. BP DPOPo > DPD o> PRPOra> : Oh, yes. It's better worse an less further/farther jurther/farther (adv) = a longer distance e.g. His house is furtherifarther away from the post office than ours. further (adj) = more eg. Don't hesitate to ask me if you need any further information. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form, adding any necessary words. Why are you crying? (sad) book ever written: Do you like crisps? : Yes, but | think chocolate is much (tasty) crisps. This must be (hot) day of the year. agree. Let's go swimming, = Kate is a lot (pretty) Anne, Yes. She's (pretty) girl l know. Is this ladder (long) the other one? They look the same to me. That Was BY ff nnn (ood) cake you've ever made. I'm glad you enjoyed it. Do you like this dress? (beautiful) dress I've ever seen. Mount Everest is (high) mountain in the world. Everyone knows that! Mr Smith is . Well, he looks good for his age. Did that coat cost a lot of money? Yes, it was by far . (expensive) coat in the shop. Thank you for your help. That's okay. If you need any (far) advice, come and see me. (old) Mr Jones.LUT) Adjesi the gaps with the comparative or Dy, Stocnative fem’ te acct Yesterday was 1) ...the coldest... (cold) day of the year. It had been snowing all night and everything ‘was white. The children woke up 2) (cariy) usual. They were excited because the snow was 3) ... . (deep) ever before and they wanted to go outside and play, We dressed them in 4) ... (warm) clothes we could find, then they went out into the garden. We watched from the window as they built 5) (big) snowman | have ever seen. AS the snow was falling 6) . ssenees (hFS) ever, the children soon came inside to warm up. They were laughing as if they had heard 7) (funny) joke ever told, They said that they thought winter was 8) ... (good) season of all Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form, adding any necessary words. ‘A: Well Mr Jones, we've interviewed the three 1) ..most likely... (likely) candidates. Who do you think would be 2) .. (good) person for the job? B: | have to say, | thought Mrs Shaw was 3)... aes (intelligent) of the three, but Peters was alittle 4) (nice) her. ‘A: That's true, and we do need someone who can work with people. However, I thought Miss Brown would be 5)... (popular) the others: with our clients. B: [also thought that she was by far 6)... (responsible) candidate. ‘A; Good. Thank you for your help, Mr Jones. Choosing who to employ is 7) cs (dificult) part of my job. It's always 8) ae (easy) when | hear someone else's views. Vm glad | could help, s - Adverbs - Comparisons The sofa is as comfortable as the armchair. The stool is not as/so big as the sofa. The armchair is less expensive than the sofa, We use as + adjective + as to show that two people or things are some way. In negative sentences, we use not as/so ... as. e.g. Paul is as old as Richard. Alison is not as/so clever as Cynthia. We use less + adjective + than for two peop or things. It is the opposite of more...than. e.g. This film is less exciting than the other one saw. (=The other film we saw was more exciting than this one.) We use the least + adjective + of/in for more than two people or things. It is the opposite o the most...of/in. eg. The game we played yesterday was the least interesting of all we've played so far. We use comparative + and + comparative show that something increases or decreases. eg. He tried harder and harder until he opened the door. As time went by, he got more and more impatient. We use the + comparative .., the + comparati to show that two things change together or that ‘one thing depends on another thing. eg. The longer he talked, the more confused the} became.Complete the sentences, using one of the adjectives from the list and comparative + and + comparative. hot, hard, heavy, tired, cold, tall, pretty Iran, my legs got ...more and more tired... r the years, the trees grew... we lay on the beach, We gOt nnn sma's work is improving because she’s studying ile | was walking in the snow, | got... 80 | decided to go home. she did her shopping, her bags got... AS Jane grows up, she just gets Complete the sentences using the comparative, as in the exampl The children got noisy. The teacher got angry. ..The noisier. the children got, ...che angrier... the teacher got. We worked hard. We earned lots of money. We WORKED, nnnnnnnnne MONEY we earned. | pushed the swing high. The little boy laughed a lot | pushed the swing, Pate the little boy laughed. If you-eat lots of chocolate, you'll get fat. ... chocolate you eat, soe YOU'l get: Ifa car is new, iis valuable acaris, itis, It grew dark. | became scared. it grew, noe | Decame. ‘Compare the following pets using the adjectives from the list. noisy, quiet, expensive, cheap, playful, messy, obedient, easy to look after, eal loyal leg. The dog ie the noisicet of all The cat len't as/e0 noiey as the dog. Adjectives - Adverbs - Com ~ Put the adjectives in bracke comparative or superlative form. Dear Leo, i Into the | | | | 'm writing to tell you about my new house. It's 1) ..the biggest... (big) house I've ever lived in, but also 2) ...... | 9)... (expensive). Stil i's much | (nice) than my last house. Although the garden is a little 4) . (small), the rooms are much 5) .. ite | (spacious) and there is much 6)... le) noise. The area live in now is 7) tern (peaceful) place I've ever lived in, The | neighbours are 8) (quiet) here than anywhere else, and they are 9)... (friendly) people you will ever meet There are lots of flowers here, so it's much 10) (colourful) than my previous _ home, and there is a bus stop near my house, so it's 11) (convenient) than before because | don't have to take my car to work. Allin all, | | can say that finding this house is 12) (g00d) thing that's ever happened to mel | hope you will | visit me here soon. Love, Helen 2 ey Groctinte Bowri }9H4FeN4 Mark's voice is very much louder than Alan's. Mrs Garrison is the most oldest teacher in the school This village is by far quieter than the one we live in. Playing gol isn't as more tiring as playing football As time went by, it got darker and the darker. The more you study, the better than your marks will be. This task is the less difficult than the others. He drives the far fastest of all. Jane is as much tall as Sarah. It was a quite an exciting film.UT} cheque for shocked at/by sth clever of sb to do sth talk to sb about sth contact with sb live on 1. Alan is friendlier than Brian, jealous of sb/sth throw sth at sb/sth as Brian isn’t as/so friendly as Alan. know offabout sth throw sth to sb less _ Brians less friendly than Alan protect sb/sth from/against (no) hope of st 2 I've never seen such a beautiful painting ees the Its the most beautiful painting I've ever seen. 3 Ellen has got the same number of CDs as Peter. eo in the correct preposition. many —_ Ellen has got as many CDs as Peter. 4 Can't you sing any louder than that? 1 fair, John thy ll .at.. loudest Is that the loudest you can sing? peste memo! Age os | aprize, 5 Ashe grows older, he becomes more mature. Ae ee Oe the The older he grows, the more mature] 3 jn Ne eae he becomes. 3 nae naa 6 Susan behaved very kindly to her guests. kind Susan behaved ina kind way/manner| 4 We were shocked the damage cause to her guests. by the storm, 5 She wears a hat... protect her hair the rain, Cathy was jealous ..nnnnn her sister, who wa Complete the sentences with two te five very pretty. ee words, including the word in bold. She didn't know anything ........... the surprise pat Host contact my friend after she emigr 1 Jeff has read the same number of books as Carol. Twrote & CHEQUE .nernnnn £100 many —_Jeffhas read ..as many books as.. Carol. itwas clever --sse« Sam to find this restaura 2 As she works harder, she gets more tired I manage to live about £50 a week the The harder she works, There was no hope ...... escape fort eee ane terrified prisoners. 3. Amanda is wealthier than James. as James .... 4 I've never heard such beautiful music. stand by sb: support sb, esp in a difficult situati the it's stand for: hold an opinion $ I've ever heard. = 5. Colin spoke very politely to his boss. ese et ere polite Colin spoke ee stand up: rise to one's feet tO Dose: stand up to: defend oneself against sb 6 Gary talks more quietly than Anne. less Anne talks Sram oe Gary. 7 Can't you run any faster than that? in the gaps with the correct phrasa fastest Is that ase verb. pete, owen ih you can run? 8 As it gets later, it gets darker. 1 It takes courage to ...stand up to... a bully. (de the The later it gets, .. : yourself against) it gets. 2 That GrOUP .rnnnsesee animal rights. (represents) 9 Tony has eaten the same number of cakes as Ben. 3_| know that my parents ...... i ala many — Tony has eaten CZ somnnine ME, (will Support me in a difficult situatio a Ben. 4 Claire. me while | was on holida 10 I've never seen such a pretty child (replaced me temporarily) tho’ winlf'a| Earle om Ei 5 The children when their teact : . I've ever seen, enters the room. (tise to thelr feet) 8Choose the correct answer. “Where's Melanie?” “She ...B... in her bedroom, | think.” A studied B isstudying C studies ‘Did you see James yesterday?” Yes. He onnsines me that he's having @ party on Saturday.” A says B said C told ‘I think I'm getting a cold. YOU ene. take plenty of vitamin C.’ A oughtto = B can © may ‘Who's that?” ‘W's the man... L asked to fix my TV. A. which B who © whose ‘That's an unusual tablecloth.” "Yes. It by my grandmother.” A makes B ismade © wasmade "Where is Dad?’ 'He’s in the garden, tree,” A picking some apples from the B pick © to pick 7 ‘What are your plans for the future?” ‘Well, by the time I'm thirty, | hope | house.” A. will have been buying © have bought 8 ‘They have finished building the new theatre. "know. tt by the mayor next month.” ‘A willbe opened B is opened C is opening 9 ‘When did you call Simon?" my own B will have bought ‘I called him ... had put the shopping away.” A after B bythe time C while 10 “TWISH | nnn to buy @ new car.’ “You ought to save some money then.’ A atford B would afford © could afford 11 finish that computer game yesterday.” ‘Well done. It's a really difficult game.’ A can B wasableto C could "You look nice today. What's different?” “Actually, Von MY hal Cut.” A was having B have 12 have had Adjectives - Adverbs - You are doing some research for your boss concerning women’s magazines. Look at the information below and make comparisons using the adjectives in the list, as in the exampl cheap, expensive, thick, thin, old, popular Price: 75p No. of pages: 55 First published: 1975 Sales per issue: 9 milion The best since 1975! uel um euelt Price: £1.50 No. of pages: 120, First published: 1990 Sales per issue: 7 milion Price: £2.60 No. of pages: 200 First published: 1960 Sales per issue: 8 million 9. $1: Woman's World is the cheapest ofall 82; Internationale is more expensive than Modern Woman. ctivity Your boss has asked you to write a report for him, ‘comparing the three magazines. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete the report below. To: Mr P. Collins From: Mrs J. Harper Date: 21st November | studied three magazines for my research: Woman’s World, Modern Woman and Internationale. Woman's World is the cheapest ofall It costs only 75 pence. internationale is more expensive than Modern. Woman 9