WRITTEN REPORT - PHILIPPINE POPULAR CULTURE

WRITTEN REPORT

FORMS OF POPULAR CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

MODULE OVERVIEW

This module provides a concise exploration of Filipino popular culture, encompassing its diverse
elements, historical roots, and contemporary impact. Students will gain insight into the dynamic world of
Filipino music, dance, cinema, entertainment, and literature. Emphasizing the interplay of tradition and
modernity, this course aims to foster a deeper appreciation of how popular culture shape’s Filipino identity
and influences society, with an eye towards its role in contemporary life and future trends.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Understand and articulate the concept of Filipino popular culture, its multifaceted nature, and its
significance in contemporary society.
2. Explore the historical origins and influences that have contributed to the development of Filipino
popular culture over time.
3. Recognize and appreciate the different forms of popular culture in the Philippines.

LEARNING CONTENTS (Philippine Music)

Philippine music is a vibrant fusion of European, American, and indigenous influences. It bears the
imprint of the Philippines' rich heritage, including the colonial Spanish legacy, Western rock, and roll, hip-
hop, as well as the native sounds of the Austronesian and Indo-Malayan musical traditions, such as Gamelan.

There are three main roots of Filipino music. They are classified as follows:
Ø An old Asian influenced music referred to as the indigenous.
Ø A piece of religious and secular music influenced by Spanish and European forms.
Ø An American/European inspired classical, semi-classical, and popular music.

The traditional folk songs are inspired by indigenous customs and beliefs. Notable folk song composers
include the National Artist for Music Lucio San Pedro, who composed the famous ‘Sa Ugoy Ng Duyan’ that
narrates the loving touch of a mother to her child. Another great composer is Antonio Buenaventura who is
well known for his patriotic compositions.
Modern Pop Music in the Philippines draws heavily from the Manila Sound genre of the 1970s, which
once reigned supreme. Over time, it evolved into Original Pilipino Music (OPM) and continues to resonate
with today's youth.
Additionally, foreign music from the United States and Korea has also made a significant impact on
the music culture in the Philippines.
There were several genres of traditional Filipino music evolving that encompassed Asian origins and
predominantly Spanish origins due to Spanish colonization. A harana and kundiman which had Mexican-
Spanish influence involves romantic melodies and string instruments. These songs acquired a new rhythm of
Spanish-Cuban influence and were played with mandolins, bandurias, and arrangement of string instruments.
These types of songs were especially popular in the 1960s.

MANILA SOUND

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The musical genre known as "Manila Sound" emerged in the Philippines during the mid-1970s, with
its peak popularity occurring in the late 1970s. This genre is often associated with the more positive aspects of
the Philippine martial law era and played a significant role in shaping modern music styles in the country,
serving as a precursor to OPM (Original Pilipino Music).
Prominent acts like APO-Hiking Society, Asin, Rey Valera, and Sharon Cuneta were among the
pioneers of this genre.

OPM
Originally, "OPM" exclusively referred to a genre of Philippine pop songs, primarily ballads, which
gained popularity following the decline of its predecessor, the Manila sound of the late 1970s. However,
today, the term "OPM" has evolved to encompass all popular music composed and performed by Filipinos,
extending its reach to various genres including rock, rap, and hip-hop.
Some of the most renowned OPM acts include the Eraserheads, Parokya ni Edgar, Francis Magalona,
Rivermaya, and Gary Valenciano.

RISE OF INDIE MUSIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SOUNDS

Although Filipino indie is heavily influenced by styles from Europe and the United States, these
songs are always mixed with local sounds and tell stories more relatable to the people from the country. Some
talk about what it’s like to live by the sea, or more serious topics like the drug war. Others simply tap into
universal emotions like heartbreak, which has become somewhat of a subgenre called “hugot” or “to draw out
feelings.”

LEARNING CONTENTS (Philippine Dance)

Filipino folk-dance history is not the history of a single national dance of one or two regions. Dances
evolved from different regions which are distinct from one another as they are affected by religion and
culture.
In the Philippines, dance is as diverse as the culture intermingling in the archipelago. It encompasses
all the dance forms that have been used by Filipinos through the centuries to express themselves. This
dazzling diversity of dances in different forms and dynamics grew out of the times, situations, and
experiences of the people and the exposure to the varied cultures and traditions introduced by the waves of
colonial rule that have reached the Philippine shores.

DEVELOPMENT OF FOLK DANCE

1. Pre-Colonial Period - Dances during this period were considered by some historians, anthropologists, and
researchers as dance in its purest form because this particular dance form has not been refined, developed,
trained, or guided by an artist. To the early Filipinos, dance was an expression of community life that
animates the various rituals and ceremonies.

CLASSIFICATION
Ethnic dance (or Indigenous dance)- found among the ethnolinguistic groups scattered all over the
Philippine islands who have not been substantially Westernized. The mountain regions of Northern Luzon
house dances that continue to be an expression of community life that animates the various rituals and
ceremonies. Sometimes, these dances are called Cordillera dances. Cordillera is a name given by the Spanish
Conquistadors when they first saw the mountain ranges. Meaning "knotted rope", the Spanish term refers to
the jumbled rolls and dips of this long-range traversing the northern part of Luzon Island. One dance coming
from this area is called Banga.

"Banga" literally means pots. The Banga or pot dance is a performance of Kalinga of the Mountain
Province in the Philippines. This dance illustrates the languid grace of a tribe otherwise known as fierce
warriors. Heavy earthen pots, as many as seven or eight at a time, are balanced on the heads of maidens as
they trudge to the beat of the "gangsa" or wind chimes displaying their stamina and strength as they go about

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their daily task of fetching water and balancing the banga.

Another ethnic dance found in southern Philippines (also known as Muslim dance) is called Singkil.
Like their brothers from central and northern Philippines, Filipinos in the South are avid lovers of dance. The
dances, particularly of the Maguindanao, the Maranao, and the Tausug, are largely ceremonial and are often
accompanied by percussion instruments such as gongs and drums.

Singkil is usually in the repertory of most Filipino dance troupes. There are many interpretations of
this dance. In 1958 the Bayanihan Dance troupe started with a simple version and has since developed it into a
theatrical and stylized spectacle to the point of it becoming the troupe's signature piece. According to Maranao
legend, the Singkil derives its name from the feat of a certain Princess Gandingan. While she was walking in
the forest, diwatas (fairies) caused the earth to quake and shake the trees and rocks; Princess Gandingan,
however, skipped nimbly from one place to another so that her feet did not touch the fallen trees and rocks.
Originally, in Singkil (Maranao word for "getting a leg or foot entangled in an object") a solo female
performer danced in and out of crisscrossed bamboo poles, keeping time to the syncopation of the poles, at the
same time manipulating two fans (apir). The dance had no music other than the beating of the poles and had a
moderate and static rhythm.

2. Spanish Colonial Period - Exposed for almost four centuries to the influence of European dances, the
Filipinos gradually assimilated the dances of the Spaniards, evolving their own simplified versions and
derivations of the different forms with each region adding its own touches. The elegance of the body and arm
movements of foreign dances fascinated the Filipinos, so they adopted these. However, the sharp and fast
movements of most European dances were tempered and softened by the languid grace that is characteristic of
many Filipino dances.

CLASSIFICATION
Maria Clara dance (or Western Influenced dance)- These dances reached their zenith in popularity
around the turn of the century, particularly among urban Filipinos. They are so named in honor of the
legendary Maria Clara, who remains a symbol of the virtues and nobility of the Filipina woman. Maria Clara
was the chief female character of Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere. Displaying a very strong Spanish influence,
these dances were, nonetheless, "Filipinized" as evidenced by the use of bamboo castanets and the abanico, or
Asian fan. Typical attire for these dances is the formal Maria Clara dress and barong tagalog, an embroidered
long-sleeve shirt made of pineapple fiber.

An example of a Maria Clara dance is Cariñosa. The dance originated in Panay Island in the Visayan
Islands and was introduced by the Spaniards during their colonization of the Philippines. It is related to some
of the Spanish dances like the bolero and the Mexican dance Jarabe Tapatio or the Mexican Hat Dance.
According to the book of Francisca Reyes-Aquino, Philippine Folk Dances, Volume 2, there is a different
version of the dance in the region of Bicol. In the Bicol Region Carinosa, hide and seek movement is in
different ways. In the original version, the dancers used the Fan and handkerchief as the way to do the hide-
and-seek movement, in Bicol they used two handkerchiefs holding the two corners of the handkerchief and
doing the hide-and-seek movement as they point their foot forward and their hands go upward together with
their handkerchiefs following the movement.

3. American Colonial Period - In dance, America made its presence felt in the Philippines through “bodabil”
dancing, a term which comes from the French “voix de ville” --- street songs, which was dancing in the
variety show which consisted mainly of popular and theatrical dances from the U.S.A. but later included
Philippine folk dances and choreographies among its production number.

CLASSIFICATION
Rural dance (or Countryside dance)- Perhaps the best known and closest to the Filipino heart are the
dances from the rural Christian lowlands: a country blessed with so much beauty. To the Filipinos, these
dances illustrate the fiesta spirit and demonstrate a love of life. They express a joy in work, a love for music,
and pleasure in the simplicities of life. Typical attire in the Rural Suite includes the colorful balintawak and

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patadyong skirts for the women, and camisa de chino and colored trousers for the men.

One example of a rural dance is Binasuan. This is a popular folk dance that originated in Bayambang,
Pangasinan. The word “binasuan” means “with the use of drinking glasses.” The dancers balance glasses on
their heads and in their hands as they move. The glasses are filled with rice wine, which makes any misstep a
messy mistake. People dance binasuan at weddings and festivals.

LEARNING CONTENTS
In the Philippines, (Philippine
the movie industryCinema)
continues to boom as “movie going” has never been old. Aside
from the cheap ticket price, the increase production of foreign film especially American films each year and
the increasing popularity of films among people who loves going to a movie, has a big attribution when it
comes to this industry. Romance, action and independent productions are the hottest picks and favorites here
in the Philippines.

WHAT IS CINEMA?
A theater where people pay to watch movies. Cinema is a place where people go to watch films for
entertainment.

PURPOSE OF CINEMA
Cinema is to entertain audiences. Movies provide a form of escapism, allowing people to forget their
problems and immerse themselves in the world of the film. Movies can make us laugh, cry, or feel a wide
range of emotions, providing a source of entertainment for people of all ages.

DIFFERENT MOVIE GENRES IN CINEMA

 Action - Movies in the action genre are fast-paced and include a lot of action like fight scenes, chase
scenes, and slow-motion shots. They can feature superheroes, martial arts, or exciting stunts.
Examples: On the job (OJT) (2013), The Janitor (2014), and etc.

 Comedy - Comedy films are "make 'em laugh" films designed to elicit laughter from the audience.
Comedies are light-hearted dramas, crafted to amuse, entertain, and provoke enjoyment.
Examples - Booba (2001), Kimmy Dora (2009), Here Comes the Bride (2010) and so on.

 Fantasy - Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually
magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds.
Examples: Dyesebel (1990), Ang Panday (2011), Enteng ng Ina mo(2011), and etc.

 Horror - Horror films are also known as scary movies. Horror films may incorporate incidents of
physical violence and psychological terror; they may be studies of deformed, disturbed, psychotic, or
evil characters; stories of terrifying monsters or malevolent animals; or mystery thrillers that use
atmosphere to build suspense.
Examples: Wag kang Lilingon (2006), The Healing (2012), Aurora (2018) and so on.

 Romance - Romance films are love stories. They center around two protagonists exploring some of
the elements of love like relationships, sacrifice, marriage, obsession, or destruction. Romance movies
sometimes feature hardships like illness, infidelity, tragedy, or other obstacles for love interests to
overcome.
Examples: She's dating gangster, Barcelona, Can't help falling in love, and etc

LEARNING. CONTENTS (Philippine Entertainment)

The Entertainment industry in the Philippines has been a powerful force in defining Popular Culture
here in the Philippines. Often the Culture of the time is characterized by what was being played on the radio,
what was being watched, and what was popular with the general public.

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POPULAR TELEVISION

Television has been part of the daily life of people. Aside from gathering information through news
and getting entertainment through dramas or what is projected there, it became a source of joy too.
Television in the Philippines is dominated by three networks ABS-CBN, GMA, and TV-5. Most of the shows
aired are variety shows, tv dramas, and game shows.
The Most Prominent being that of TV dramas or more locally known as Teleseryes that Air an episodic series
daily.

GMA

Global Media Arts is one of the leading Broadcasting companies here in the Philippines. First
covering the Greater Manila Area, it then started broadcasting throughout the archipelago.
Its most prominent show that it airs is the Variety show Eat Bulaga

TV-5

TV-5 is a broadcasting network in the Philippines which is formerly known as the ABC network.
Currently it hosts the shows Produced by ABS-CBN like Ang Probinsyano
Its most famous show is the reality show known as Face-to-Face.

VIDEO GAMES

Though Banned during the Marcos Dictatorship. Video game's popularity in the Philippines has
become a huge part in modern day youth culture. Changing the idea of art and competitive sports. Video
games has become an industry that arose in the late 20th century and continues to grow.
The Philippines maintains a sub-culture of die-hard Filipino gamers having game developers,
streamers, esports, and online cafe's dedicated in spreading the culture of Video Games through computers,
mobile phones, and consoles.

STREAMING AND ONLINE PERSONALITIES

With the rise of social media and streaming sites Filipino's are able to stream let's plays of video
games showing themselves playing different genres of games.
Streaming in itself has become a source of income for some Filipino's earning Money through
Donation or monetization and Product Promotion.

GAME DEVELOPMENT

The Philippines is a minor player regarding the game development industry. In 2011, it was reported
that the local industry only has a 0.02% market share of the $90 billion global industry. The majority of the
game development industry is focused on outsourcing to foreign companies rather than the creation of local
content.
But that is not to say that there are no Games Published here in the Philippines. Several titles have
come out in the island nation, most are mobile games, and others are accessible in an online digital market
called STEAM.

ESPORTS AND COMPETETIVE GAMING

The eSports scene in the Philippines was made up almost completely of amateurs. Though
competitive video games like Dota 2, Counterstrike: Global Offensive, and League of Legends are mainstays
across the country’s many computer shops and Internet cafés, most saw them as a hobby.

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The turning point came in 2016, when a Philippine team beat out a major team at The International
Dota 2 Championships defeated European powerhouse team.
Currently Tournaments around the islands are held with different teams competing. The most notable
current esport is that of COD and MLBB

LEARNING CONTENTS (Philippine Literature)

WHAT IS LITERATURE?
Literature is a diverse and rich body of written works that spans a wide spectrum of human
expression. Its roots can be traced back to oral traditions, where stories, legends, and poems were passed
down through generations before being transcribed into written form. One of the defining features of literature
is its capacity for imagination, as it often delves into the realms of creativity, allowing authors to craft
narratives that transport readers to different worlds, evoke powerful emotions, and explore the complexities of
the human experience. Whether in the form of captivating stories or the lyrical beauty of poetry, literature
serves as a reflection of the author's unique perspective, and its content can vary widely, offering a rich
tapestry of ideas, themes, and insights into the human condition.

THREE POINTS OF LITERATURE

 Literature portrays human experience.
 Authors interpret these human experiences.
 It is an art form and a style of expression.

THE LITERARY PERIODS

CE– 1564
THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Pre-Colonial Period in the Philippines, spanning from 900 to 1564, predates the Spanish occupation
that began in the 1500s. It is characterized by an oral tradition of storytelling that is deeply rooted in the
culture of the indigenous communities. Within this tradition, a treasure trove of valuable lessons and profound
ideas about life, its blessings, and its consequences were shared through stories and poetry. This rich heritage
of oral literature covered a wide spectrum of topics, from the cycles of birth to death. The oral nature of pre-
colonial literature allowed for the formation of numerous connections and relationships within communities.
Despite potential alterations over time, pre-colonial literature continues to hold a special place in the hearts of
many Filipinos, with its source often originating from the local native townsfolk who preserved and
transmitted these cultural gems.

FORMS OF LITERATURE

1.Oral literature
 Riddles – a statement that contains superficial words, but they function figuratively and as metaphors,
and are in the form of questions.
 Proverbs – a statement that is considered as wise.

2.Folk Songs – is a traditional song that has been passed down orally through generations within a specific
cultural or regional community.
 Lullabies – also known as “hele” that are often used to put the babies to sleep.
 Drinking songs – usually sung during drinking sessions.
 Love songs – also known as “harana” that usually sung by men to capture the heart of their loved
ones.
 Funeral Song – a song that is usually sung for their beloved ones that passed away.
 Religious songs – are songs that usually sung to praise the Lord God.

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3.Folktales – are the stories of the natives.

 Myths – this tackles the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how things were created with
an aim to give an explanation of things.
 Legends – a story that gives an explanation of where things originated.
 Fables – is a short brief story that cater the children. Also, it usually uses animals as characters that
represent a particular value or characteristic.
 Epics – a long narrative story poem that usually deals with important subjects’ matter like events of
cultural significance and heroic actions.

1565 – 1898
THE SPANISH – PERIOD

The Spanish Period, which endured from 1565 to 1898, marked a significant chapter in the history of the
Philippines. It commenced with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, whose expedition docked on the shores of
Homonhon, an island in Eastern Samar, on March 16, 1521. During this period, the Filipinos underwent a
process of "Latinization" and were referred to as "Ladinos," signifying their assimilation of Spanish culture
and language to some extent.
Within the Filipino society of the time, there were distinct designations. Some were known as "taga-
bayan," referring to those from the town or urban areas, while others were called "taga-bukid" or "taga-
bundok," denoting those from the rural or mountainous regions. These categorizations reflected the varying
lifestyles and backgrounds of the Filipino populace during the Spanish colonization, which had a lasting
impact on the country's culture and identity.

FORMS OF LITERATURES

1.Religious Literature – revolves around the life and the death of Jesus Christ
 Pasyon – it is about the passion (journey or suffering) and the death of Jesus Christ.
 Senakulo – it is the re-enactment of the Pasyon.
 Komedya – it depicts European society through love and fame but can also be a narrative about a
journey such as Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy.

2.Secular or Non-religious Literature – revolves around tales of valiance and adventure.

 Awit – these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess, e.g., Florante at Laura
 Korido – is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the structure of a poem.
 Prose Narratives – are easy to understand instructional materials that in a literary ight that teaches
Filipinos on proper decorum. e.g., Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864)

3.Propaganda Literature – These were the forms of satires, editorials, and news articles that aimed to attack
the Spanish Rule. e.g., The propaganda trinity (Dr. Rizal, Del Pilar, Lopez)

4.Revolutionary Literature – are exposes that sparked revolution and resistance in the hearts of Filipinos.

1900 - 1942
THE AMERICAN – PERIOD

During the American period in the Philippines, which extended from 1900 to 1942, the nation
experienced a significant advancement in both education and culture. One of the notable aspects of this era
was the simultaneous use of the English language alongside Filipino, reflecting the influence of American
colonization. Under American rule, the Philippine Public School System was introduced, paving the way for
increased access to education for Filipinos. Perhaps one of the most significant developments during this
period was the provision of free public instruction to Filipinos, democratizing access to learning.
In the realm of literature, the American period was marked by an inclination towards imitation of the
American model. Instead of encouraging students to produce original literary works, the education system

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often guided them to follow the established forms and styles of American poets and writers. This influence
left a lasting impact on the literary landscape of the Philippines during this time, shaping both the content and
style of Filipino literature.

FORMS OF LITERATURES

 Poetry – under the American rule still followed the style of the old but had contents that ranged from
free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.
 Drama – was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule and to immortalize the
heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan.
 Remake novels – took up Dr. Jose Rizal’s portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.

1941– 1985
THE JAPANESE – PERIOD AND THE REPUBLIC

During the Japanese period and the subsequent period of the Philippine Republic, which spanned
from 1941 to 1985, the landscape of Philippine literature underwent notable transformations. Firstly, the
development of Philippine literature came to a halt as the nation grappled with the challenges of Japanese
occupation. Under the rule of Japan, the use of the English language was forbidden, and the Filipino language
was mandated as the medium of communication.
While this language mandate posed a problem for some, it was viewed as a blessing in disguise by
many writers. It provided an opportunity for Filipino literature to take a respite from external influences and
flourish independently. During this period, Filipino writers seized the chance to contribute to the literary
world, producing plays, poems, short stories, and other forms of creative expression. This resurgence of
literature served as a testament to the resilience of the Filipino spirit, showcasing how art and culture can
thrive even in the face of adversity.

FORMS OF LITERATURES

 Poetry – common theme of most poems during this period was nationalism, country, love, and life in
the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts.
 Fiction – the field of the short story widened during Japanese period. Many wrote short stories.
 Drama – the drama experienced a lull during this period because movie houses showing American
films were closed.
 Newspapers – the writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt
suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness, while some
continued to write, the majority waited for a better climate to publish their works.
 Essays – essays were composed to glorify the Filipinos and at the same time to figuratively attack the
Japanese.

21st CENTURY LITERATURE

In 21st century Philippines, there are lot of literary innovations that are adapted and created by
Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not have any significant literary background make their own way
using the freedom that they have to write and to express.
There are lot of new forms from the basic genre of literature; thus, proving how far literature in the
Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

Identification:
1. ___ It is a body of written works.
2. ___ It is a statement that contains superficial words, but they function figuratively and as metaphors, and
are in the form of questions.

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3. ___ It is a story that gives explanation where things originated.

4. The Filipinos were then called ___ meaning they were latinized.
5. ___ It is a mix of European, American, and native sounds.
6. It is an often considered ___ of the Philippines martial law era.
7. Others simply tap into universal emotions like heartbreak, which has become somewhat of a subgenre
called ___ or ___.

Enumeration:
Give the three Popular Television that mentioned in discussion.
8.
9.
10.

True or False
11. Filipino folk-dance history is the history of a single national dance of one or two regions.
12. The Banga or pot dance is a performance of Kalinga of the Mountain Province in the Philippines.
13. The Binasuan dance is a popular folk dance that originated in Bayambang, Pangasinan.
14. Cinema is a theater where people pay to watch movies. Cinema is a place where people go to watch films
for entertainment.
15. American films each year and the increasing popularity of films among people who loves going to a
movie, has a small attribution when it comes to this industry.

SUMMARY

The module explores the multifaceted world of Filipino popular culture, including music, dance,
cinema, entertainment, and literature. It delves into the historical origins, influences, and contemporary impact
of these cultural elements. From the fusion of indigenous traditions with European and American influences
in music to the rich tapestry of Filipino folk dances, the module highlights how these aspects contribute to
shaping Filipino identity. It also touches upon the thriving film and television industries and the significant
role they play in Filipino life. The discussion culminates in an exploration of Filipino literature across various
historical periods, reflecting the nation's enduring spirit of creativity and resilience.

DOCUMENTATION

REFERENCES

Valdeavilla, R. (2022, September 1). The Best Books in Philippine Literature. Culture Trip.
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-10-best-books-in-philippine-literature

Lesson 1 - VARIOUS DIMENSIONS of LIT.pptx. (n.d.).

https://www.slideshare.net/FrancisNinoLariza/lesson-1-various-dimensions-of-litpptx

U. (n.d.). INTRODUCTION: “Philippine Literature.” https://jm92-

philippineliteraryworks.blogspot.com/2012/09/introduction-philippine-literature_24.html

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