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8.1 paper 2 HL [70 marks]

4.
[Maximum mark: 17]
18M.2.HL.TZ1.6
The radioactive nuclide beryllium-10 (Be-10) undergoes
beta minus (β–) decay to form a stable boron (B) nuclide.
(a)
Identify the missing information for this decay.
⼉ 0
压
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[2]
The initial number of nuclei in a pure sample of beryllium-
10 is N . The graph shows how the number of remaining
0

beryllium nuclei in the sample varies with time.

(b.i)
On the graph, sketch how the number of boron nuclei in
the sample varies with time.
[2]

0
(b.ii)
After 4.3 × 10 years,6

Show that the half-life of beryllium-10 is 1.4 × 10 years. 6

2143“
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0
[3] ≈ 14×

gO
(b.iii)
Beryllium-10 is used to investigate ice samples from
Antarctica. A sample of ice initially contains 7.6 × 10 11

atoms of beryllium-10. The present activity of the sample is

8.0 × 10 Bq. −3
8410 ×365024
)
× 60 × 60
λ t= in 4 95610767 6
Determine, in years, the age of the sample. .

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ArNiene
[3] 2 箱 002495 eahyear
X 10
2 0 -

.
4

An ice sample is moved to a laboratory for analysis. The ⼆毕95 ×

temperature of the sample is –20 °C.
∴
10728 品

years
0
(c.i)
State what is meant by thermal radiation.
electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material that is due to the
[1] heat of the materia

(c.ii)
Discuss how the frequency of the radiation emitted by a
black body can be used to estimate the temperature of the
body. The miill
dependsonhe
warelergh of
wares

he
frequenycan
lemyperature of emitter
[2]
,

, estimate
the
wavelengh it
lan
snon
(c.iii) he
eeratere
Calculate the peak wavelength in the intensity of the
radiation emitted by the ice sample.
[2] 29x 3
. 1 λ105 m
τ1
(c.iv)
The temperature in the laboratory is higher than the
temperature of the ice sample. Describe one other energy
transfer that occurs between the ice sample and the
laboratory.
The conductiin berween ice and
[2]
lab surface
5.
[Maximum mark: 15]
17M.2.HL.TZ2.2
(a)
Outline the conditions necessary for simple harmonic
motion (SHM) to occur.
The conditions that must be met to produce SHM is that the restoring force needs to be proportional to the
[2] displacement. In contrast, it acts opposite to the direction of motion and has no drag forces or friction. Also, the
frequency of oscillation will not lean on the amplitude.

A buoy, floating in a vertical tube, generates energy from

the movement of water waves on the surface of the sea.
When the buoy moves up, a cable turns a generator on
the sea bed producing power. When the buoy moves down,
the cable is wound in by a mechanism in the generator and
no power is produced.

The motion of the buoy can be assumed to be simple

harmonic.
(b.i)
A wave of amplitude 4.3 m and wavelength 35 m, moves
with a speed of 3.4 m s . Calculate the maximum vertical
–1

speed of the buoy.

[3]
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33

fX022 x3 14 22.
V22 . x; 6 m,
(b.ii)
Sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the
generator output power. Label the time axis with a suitable
scale.

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≈
[2]
Water can be used in other ways to generate energy.
(c.i)
Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of
a pumped storage hydroelectric system.
oKEthen dectricial
PE
ChangeThe of onagy
water to
[2]
wuterwill orme back
pumped
(c.ii) susplus enrgY of
,

The water in a particular pumped storage hydroelectric

system falls a vertical distance of 270 m to the turbines.
Calculate the speed at which water arrives at the turbines.
Assume that there is no energy loss in the system.

Plgn 273ms
[2]
(c.iii)
The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators.
Determine the maximum time for which the hydroelectric
system can maintain full output when a mass of 1.5 x 10 10

kg of water passes through the turbines.

X 9 81×2024 X 163 π
1 5X 100
[2] mgaz
.

100258246104
4
x
s
(c.iv)
Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy
losses in the system. Explain two such losses.
resiitence
flui duringth
There are
' d

proses
,

There are
friition ppexist
in
the

[2]