Experiment 4 - Simple and Fractional Distillation
Experiment 4 - Simple and Fractional Distillation
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Know the procedure of a simple and a fractionated distillation, as well as its
characteristics and the factors involved in them.
• Separate the components of a binary mixture by simple or fractional distillation.
• Choose the most appropriate distillation technique, depending on the nature of the
liquid or mixture of liquids to be distilled.
PRACTICAL PROBLEM
The student will separate the main components of an alcoholic beverage through a
simple and a fractional distillation and will establish which method is best for its separation.
REAGENT
Sample problem: 30 mL of an alcoholic beverage that the student will bring.
Equipment
1 Bent distilling adapter 1 Water condenser with hoses
1 Vigreux column 1 Distillation head T bend
1 Quick filter funnel 1 Alcohol thermometer (-10 to 260 °C)
1 Erlenmeyer flask (50 mL) 1 Magnetic stirring bar
1 Flat bottom flask (25 mL) 1 Heating magnetic stirrer
1 Thermometer holder 2 3-Prong clamp with clamp holder
2 Graduated cylinder (25 mL) 1 Spatula Cr- Ni (20 cm)
1 Pewter bowl
PROCEDURE
I.FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF A MIXTURE.
NOTE: All the ground joints corresponding to the distillation equipment must be
greased with a very small amount of grease. An excess of grease will contaminate the
coolant and the distilled sample.
Place the magnetic stirring bar in a 25 mL flat bottom flask and add 10 mL of the
sample problem with the help of a glass funnel. With a three-prong clamp, hold the neck of
the flask, taking care that it remains well placed on the heating magnetic stirrer.
The Vigreux column is placed, covering it with a bit of fiberglass, a cloth or aluminum,
then the distillation head T bend is placed as shown in Figure 1, with another three-prong
clamp the refrigerant and the collector are held, the distillate fractions are collected in the
graduated cylinder (Figure 1). Finally, the thermometer holder is placed together with the
thermometer as shown in Figure 1. When the equipment is completely assembled, the
agitation of the heating magnetic stirrer is turned on and then the heating begins, leaving 1
to 2 mL of distillation tail.
Figure 1. Fractional distillation equipment.
The distillation temperature is recorded in Table 1 for each half milliliter obtained.
Based on the temperature variations, head, first component (body), intermediate fraction
(tail of the first component and head of the second component), second component (body)
and finally the distillation tail must be separated.
Intermediate fraction
2 Component
nd
Tail
According to the temperature variations for each milliliter of distillate, the three
fractions of the distillation must be separated, record the results in Table 3 for this distillation.
With the results obtained, two graphs are plotted on millimeter paper or in Excel, one
for each type of distillation, placing the volumes of the distillate on the abscissa and the
distillation temperatures on the ordinate. By looking at these graphs you can determine the
best one for the separation of the mixture used.
REFERENCES
• Mayo D., Dike R., Forbes D., Microscale Organic Laboratory: With Multistep and
Multiscale Syntheses, 5 ed., USA, Wiley, 2011.
• Williamson K., Masters K., Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6 ed.,
USA, Brooks and Cole, 2010.
• Fessenden R. J., Fessenden J. S., Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and
Cole, USA, 2001.
• Gilbert J. C., Martin S. F., Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale,
5 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2010.
• Vogel A. I., Practical Organic Chemistry, 5 ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, London,
1989.
• Pavia D. L., Lampam G. M., Kriz G. S. Engel R., A Small Scale Approach to Organic
Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
• Pedersen S. F., Myers A. M., Understanding the Principles of Organic Chemistry: A
Laboratory Course, Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
• Armarego W. L. F., Chai C., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6 ed., Elsevier, USA,
2009.
RESIDUES
D1. Distillation head and tail
OBJETIVOS CADÉMICOS
Conocer el procedimiento de una destilación simple y una fraccionada, así
como sus características y los factores que intervienen en ellas.
Separar los componentes de una mezcla binaria por medio de una destilación
simple o fraccionada.
Elegir la técnica de destilación más adecuada, en función de la naturaleza
del líquido o mezcla de líquidos que se van a destilar.
PROBLEMA
El alumno separará los componentes principales de una bebida alcohólica
mediante una destilación simple y una fraccionada y establecerá cual método es
mejor para su separación.
REACTIVOS
Muestra problema: 30 mL de una bebida alcohólica que traerá el estudiante
EQUIPO
Refrigerante para agua con
1 Colector 1
mangueras
1 Columna Vigreux 1 T de destilación
Termómetro de -10-260 °C de
1 Embudo de filtración rápida 1
alcohol
1 Matraz Erlenmeyer de 50 mL 1 Barra de agitación magnética
1 Matraz de fondo plano de 25 mL 1 Parrilla con agitación magnética
1 Portatermómetro 2 Pinzas de tres dedos con nuez
2 Probetas de 25 mL 1 Espátula Cr-Ni de 20 cm
1 Recipiente de peltre
DESARROLLO EXPERIMENTAL
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problema, con una pinza de tres dedos se sujeta el cuello del matraz cuidando que
quede bien colocado sobre la parrilla.
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3.5 8.5
4 9
4.5 9.5
5 10
Tabla 2. Resumen de resultados.
Fracción de la Temperaturas de Volumen (mL)
destilación destilación (°C)
Cabeza
1er Componente
Fracción intermedia
2º Componente
Cola
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Tabla 3. Destilación fraccionada de una mezcla.
Volumen del Temperatura de Volumen del Temperatura de
destilado (mL) destilación (°C) destilado (mL) destilación (°C)
0.5 5.5
1 6
1.5 6.5
2 7
2.5 7.5
3 8
3.5 8.5
4 9
4.5 9.5
5 10
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Mayo D., Dike R., Forbes D., Microscale Organic Laboratory: with Multistep and
Multiscale Syntheses, 5 ed., USA, Wiley, 2011.
Williamson K., Masters K., Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 6
ed., USA, Brooks and Cole, 2010.
Fessenden R. J., Fessenden J. S., Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks
and Cole, USA, 2001.
Gilbert J. C., Martin S. F., Experimental Organic Chemistry A Miniscale and
Microscale, 5 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2010.
Vogel A. I., Practical Organic Chemistry, 5 ed., Longman Scientific & Technical,
London, 1989.
Pavia D. L., Lampam G. M., Kriz G. S. Engel R., A Small Scale Approach to
Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3 ed., Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
Pedersen S. F., Myers A. M., Understanding the Principles of Organic Chemistry:
A Laboratory Course, Brooks and Cole, USA, 2011.
35
Armarego W. L. F., Chai C., Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6 ed., British,
USA, 2009.
36