ASSIGNMENT

ANATOMY

Submitted by : Usman Saeed Cheema

Submitted to : Ma’am Arooj

Sap id : 70126182

Date : 12-12-2021

Topics
 Introduction to reproductive system
 Female reproductive system
  Layers of uterus
 Functions of uterus and fallopian tube
 The perineum
 Male reproductive system

INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Reproduction is the production of offspring. There are two main forms: sexual
and asexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the
genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. In asexual
reproduction, one parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring
The reproductive system is the human organ system responsible for the
production and fertilization of gametes (sperm or eggs) and, in females, the
carrying of a fetus. Both male and female reproductive systems have organs
called gonads that produce gametes. A gamete is a haploid cell that combines
with another haploid gamete during fertilization, forming a single diploid cell
called a zygote. Besides producing gametes, the gonads also produce sex
hormones. Sex hormones are endocrine hormones that control the development
of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction once
sexual maturation has occurred. Other reproductive system organs have various
functions, such as maturing gametes, delivering gametes to the site of
fertilization, and providing an environment for the development and growth of an
offspring.

Female Reproductive System

The main structures of the female reproductive system are internal to the body
and shown in the following figure. They include the paired ovaries, which are
small, ovoid structures that produce ova and secrete estrogen. The
two oviducts (sometimes called Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes) start near the
ovaries and end at the uterus. Their function is to transport ova from the ovaries
to the uterus. If an egg is fertilized, it usually occurs while it is traveling through an
oviduct. The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ that functions to carry a
fetus until birth. It can expand greatly to accommodate a growing fetus, and its
muscular walls can contract forcefully during labour to push the baby out of the
uterus and into the vagina. The vagina is a tubular tract connecting the uterus to
the outside of the body. The vagina is where sperm are usually deposited
during sexual intercourse and ejaculation. The vagina is also called the birth canal
because a baby travels through the vagina to leave the body during birth.
 LAYERS OF UTERUS
 The endometrium is the inner layer that lines the uterus. It is made up of
glandular cells that make secretions.
 The myometrium is the middle and thickest layer of the uterus wall. It is
made up mostly of smooth muscle.
 The perimetrium is the outer serous layer of the uterus.

FUNCTIONS OF UTERUS AND FALLOPIAN

TUBE

Uterus :
The uterus, also known as the womb, is a female reproductive organ that
is responsible for many functions in the processes of implantation, gestation,
menstruation, and labor.

Functions :
The uterus carries out many functions:
 Implantation site of the blastocyst
 Provides protection and support for the fetus to grow
 Site of menstruation
Fallopian tube :
The fallopian tubes are muscular tubes that sit in the lower abdomen/pelvis,
alongside the other reproductive organs. There are two tubes, one on each side,
that extend from near the top of the uterus, run laterally and then curve over and
around the ovaries. Their shape is similar to an extended J.

Function :
serve as pathways for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes.
 PERINEUM

The perineum in humans is the space between the anus and scrotum in the male,
or between the anus and the vulva in the female. The perineum is the region of
the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and the coccyx (tail bone),
including the perineal body and surrounding structures.
The formal anatomical boundaries of the perineum may be said to be
 In front: the pubic arch and the arcuate ligament of the pubis
 Behind: the tip of the coccyx
 On either side: the inferior rami of the pubis and ischial tuberosity, and
the sacrotuberous ligament
 Superiorly: pelvic floor
 Inferiorly: skin and fascia
In Males:
 Scrotum
 Bulb of penis
 Perineal body (or central tendon of the perineum) - not as obvious as in the
female perineum and not a clinically important structure in the male as it is
in the female

In Females :
 clitoris
  labia majorum
 labia minorum
 posterior fornix
 vagina
 urethral opening
 perineal body (central tendon of the perineum)
 anus

Boundaries of the Perineum:

The boundaries of the perineum are:

 anterior - pubic symphysisic
 posterior- coccyx (C)
  lateral - ischial tuberosities (IT)
 anterolateral - ischiopubic ramus (IPR)
 posterolateral - sacrotuberous ligament

Contents of the anal triangle:

We can identify the makeup of the anal triangle as;

Starting from the center and working out identify the:

 anus
 external anal sphincter
 levator ani muscle
 obturator internus muscle

The vessels and nerves :

 perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

 posterior scrotal or labial nerve and artery from the pudendal nerve and
internal pudendal artery
 inferior rectal nerve and artery from the pudendal nerve and the internal
pudendal artery

Walls of the ischiorectal fossa :

 External anal sphincter

 Obturator internus muscle
 Levator ani
 Superficial fascia and skin

Muscles of perineum:
Male urogenital triangle:

The male urogenital triangle houses the bulb of the penis, the scrotum and
serves as a point of attachment for the penis. The perineal body is
continuous with the perineal raphe in the scrotal skin. In males, the
bulbourethral ducts, urethra, deep dorsal neurovasculature of the penis and
the nerves and vessels of the scrotum all pass over the perineal membrane.

Female urogenital triangle:

The female urogenital triangle contains the mons pubis, labia majora and
labia minora, the clitoris, and the vaginal and urethral orifices. The perineal
body is attached to the vaginal introitus, as well as the posterior commissure
labia majora. In addition to the other muscles of the deep perineal pouch,
females also have the urethrovaginalis muscle that surrounds both the
urethral and vaginal orifices.

The urogenital diaphragm is almost completely divided by the urethra and

vagina into two triangular halves. The membrane is held in place by the
pubourethral ligament, which is traversed by the vagina, urethra, Bartholin’s
ducts, the labial neurovasculature and the deep dorsal neurovasculature of
the clitoris.

Anorectal triangle:

The anorectal triangle is the posterior part of the perineal region and is
generally identical in both males and females. The triangle
is limited anteriorly by the posterior boundary of the urogenital triangle (the
interischial line and perineal body) and its apex (located posteriorly) is at the
tip of the coccyx.

Structural differences between the male and female:

The anorectal triangles in males and females only differ only in size, where
the female anal triangle is significantly wider than that of the male. This
disparity is a direct result of the structural differences between the male and
female pelvis. Not only is the transverse diameter (distance between the
ischial tuberosities) of the female pelvis wider, but the plane of the pelvic
outlet (the anteroposterior distance between the pubic arch and the tip of
the coccyx) is also longer. This sexual dimorphism accommodates the
passage of a baby through the pelvic cavity during childbirth.

Male Reproductive System

The main structures of the male reproductive system are external to the
body and illustrated in following Figure. The two testes (singular, testis)
hang between the thighs in a sac of skin called the scrotum. The testes
produce both sperm and testosterone. Resting atop each testis is a coiled
structure called the epididymis (plural, epididymes). The function of the
epididymes is to mature and store sperm. The penis is a tubular organ that
contains the urethra and has the ability to stiffen during sexual arousal.
Sperm passes out of the body through the urethra during a sexual climax
(orgasm). This release of sperm is called ejaculation.

In addition to these organs, the male reproductive system consists of several

ducts and glands that are internal to the body. The ducts, which include
the vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens), transport sperm from
the epididymis to the urethra. The glands, which include the prostate
gland and seminal vesicles, produce fluids that become part of
semen. Semen is the fluid that carries sperm through the urethra and out of
the body. It contains substances that control pH and provide sperm with
nutrients for energy.