BGas Painting Inspection Grade 2/3 |. Name the different ways of surface Preparation? Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning Water Blastin; Hand and Power Too! Cleaning Flame Cleaning Pickling ( Chemical Cleaning ) ‘Vapour Degreasing ig What equipment are needed for Blasting? Compressor : Blast Pot - for abrasives: ‘Vapour Traps ( knock out pot ) Hose Nozzles Safety to 1GE SR. 21 — Maintain operating pressure at 100 psi. Hose should be carbon impregnated. External couplings. dead mans handle should be under direct control of the operator should be kept as straight and as short as possible to avoid kinks, and blowouts. PPE (leather aprons and gloves, boots and ear protectors, including directair fed helmet, with adequate visors. |. What speed do the particles exit a Venturi blast nozzle? 450 mph (720 kmph ) ‘What speed do the particles exit a Straight bore nozzle? 220 mph . Describe how you would carry out a check on air pressure of a blasting? Alert the Operator ‘Shutdown the abrasive Insert the Hypodermic needle gauge into the reinforced hose as possible to the nazzle at 45° toward the nozzle Take direct reading from the gauge ‘What are the advantages and disadvantage of Venturi? ‘Venturi Advantages Disadvantage ‘Very high speed (450mph) Safety Faster operation Maintenance Large area coverage ess accurate Large blast pattern Suitable for large area |. What are the advantages and disadvantage of Straight bore? Straight bore Advantages Desadvantage Greater accuracy Low speed ( 220 mph ) less area coverage‘What is used to determine the presence of Hygroscopic salts, in mdustrial situation? Potassium Ferricyanide test will determine the presence of H ygroscopic salts, in industrial situation? 9. Which test is carried out for soluble salts in a marine environment? Silver Nitrate Te carried out for soluble salts in a marine environment 10. Give another common name for Copper slag? tron Sillica I. How many photographs of Flame clean standards are in BS 7079? ‘There are4 photographs of Flame clean standards are in BS 7079 12. Name the system for pickling followed by passivation? Duplex process system is pickling followed by passivation using phosphoric or chromic acid 13. Describe how rouge peaks are caused? Girt, which cuts the profile. 14. How many times can gamet be used for site blasting? Why? One time only, because after blasting the gamet fall on the ground & it gets contaminated. And wecan't use contaminated abrasives for blasting. 15. List the equipment required for an abrasive blasting operations site? Acompressor A pot containing the abrasives. ‘Vapour Traps for oil and water (knock out pots). Ahvose, usually carbon impregnated to discharge static electric Extemal couplings Anozzle ‘Adead mans handle for operator safety. 16, When power brushes are authorised for use BGas/ Transco site, the wire is made from which non- sparking producing materials ? Phosphor bronze and Beryllium bronze 17. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wet blasting ? Wat Blasting Auhaumasscs - Disadvanmee Useful for removal of toxic materials Need large amount of water Environmanally friendly Disposal of resulting slurry Spark free Does not cut profile Ideal for removal of soluble salts & chlorides ‘Substrate inhibitors to be added 18. What profile range can be measured using coarse Testex? 20 - 50 um profile range can be measured using coarse Testex 19. What profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex? 37-115 um profile range can be measured using X coarse Testex20. What are the two principles of the theory of Adhesion? Molecular Interference ( PHYSICAL ) Molecular Attraction (CHEMICAL ) 21, Briefly Describe the mechanisms of the two theories of adhesion. Molecular Interference : The surface is rough & uneven the paint wets & lock into profile analogy Velcro, PHYSICAL Molecular Attraction =: Negatively charged particles attracts to positive arcas& vice ver, Analogy magnet ( also called as lonic Bonding ). CHEMICAL 22. How many microns are in Ithou? Ithou= 25.4 um 23. Give three different names for the cross section of a blast. ‘Anchor pattem. ‘Surface profile Key Peak to trough height Amplitude 24. What is the most common cause of flash rusting on a blasted substrate? Rouge peaks 25. What would be considered to be an ideal shot grit mix? ‘Whal is the purpose of mixing shot and grit? To get uniform profile, because grit cuts the profile & shot controls the rouge peaks. 26. Which abrasive would have the effect of work hardening a substrate? Metallic Shot 27. Name three methods of measuring or assessing a profile.? 1- By using surface profile Needle Gauge 2 - Using Testex tape & Dial micrometer 3- Comparators 28, Whal is the most common cause of rogue peaks on a substrate? (Grit, which cuts the profile 29. In what situation would it be betier to use deel grit in preference to copper slag abrasives? ‘Copper slag can be used only once, because it shatters into small pieces on impact. So Grit it can be used many times 30. If cracks or laminations are found on a substrate after blasting what steps should be taken? ‘Cracks or laminations must be referred to the Engineer 31. Using comparators to ISO 8503, what are the three main profile assessments? 1- Fine 2-Medium 3- Coarse32. What are the other two assessments when the above three are not appropriate? 1 - Finer than Fine 2 - Coarser than Coarse 33. What would be size of copper slag needed to give a profile of $0 to 75 um? G— 16 would be size of copper slag needed to give a profile of $0to 75 um 34. What is the title of the BS 7079? The title of the BS 7079 is Preparation of the Steel substrates before application of paint 35. Describe the four Blasting grade? Sal : Light Blast Cleaning Sa2 : Thorough Blast Cleaning. Sid 4 = Very Thorough Blast Cleaning. Sa3 : Blast Cleaning to Visually Clean Steel. 36. What are the four characteristics of an abrasive? Size Shape Hardness Density 37. Why are blast hoses carbon impregnated? To discharge static electricity 38. Name the gauge used for measuring pressure at the blast nozzle? Hypodermic Needle Gauge 39. Name four advantages of centrifugal blasting over open blasting. 1 - Operator Safety 2 - System is more productive 3- Quality can be adjusted 4- Efficient use of Abrasives 40. According to BS 7079 is it possible to blast clean to an A Sal? Not Possible ( According to BS 7079 is it possible to blast clean to an A Sal? ) 41. Is there any difference between an A Sal and B Sal? ASal — Not achievable BSal — Can be achievable 42. Could you tell the difference between rust grades A and B blasted to Sa3? No Difference 43. Could you tell the difference between rust grades C and D blasted to $a3? C— Slight pitting D- Heavily Pitted 4, What would be a typical speed of abrasives leaving a wheel abrator? 220 mph45. What is considered to be the most efficient blasting pressure? 100 psi is the most efficient blasting pressure 46. What is meant by the term “bumishing”? Bumishing means Polishing 47. What would be the equivalent to S12 in the Sa grades? St2 is equivalent to Sa 2% grades 48. What is the neutral figure on the pH scale? 7 is the neutral figure on the pH scale 49. How is pH measured? PH measured using indicator strips 50. Why are inhibitors sometimes added to water in wet blasting? ‘Sometimes inhibitors are added to water in wet blasting, because to retard corrosion 51. Name two typical areas where needle guns might not be used? Rivets & bolts, Weld end preparations 52. What is the Duplex Process of surface preparation? Duplex process system is pickling followed by passivation using Phosphoric acid or chromic wid 53. Why is it considered essential to remove millscale prior to painting? Millscale being cathodic to steel and more noble than steel. $4. Which British standard would be used in determining the size of copper slag abrasive? BS 410 (specification for test sieves) 55. Which British standard would be used in determining the size of metallic abrasive? BS 410 (specification for test sieves? 56. Why itis important to have a good surface preparation? Because good surface preparation provide area available for adhesion and for coating life. 57. What is meant by the term grade, relating to a blast finish? Degree of cleanliness, Degree of roughness (surface profile) 58. What are the main factor governing the grade of a blast finish? fime, Velocity of particles. 59. Name four advantages of centrifugal blasting over open blasting? 60. Operator safety, more productive, efficient use of abrasives, quality obtained. 61. which solvent are commonty used for degreasing? Xylene. 62. How is abrasive cleansed in a wheel abrator system? By Air wash separator.63. 65. 67. 6 What would be the typical temperature and concentration of sulphuric acid in the pickling process 70C, 5-10% concentrated sulphuric acid, 5-25 min, Describe the “Duplex Process"? Clean surface by solvent (xylene) immerse the component is sulphuric acid 5- 10% concentration, 60-70C temp, 5-25 min. rinse with clean warm water to remove layer of soluble salts formed, immerse in bath of phosphoric / chromic acid 2% at 80 C temp., 1-2 min with iron filling (0.5%) ninse in clean water and check PH value, What would be considered to be advantages of wet blasting over dry blasting? Wet blasting removes toxic materials, more environmentally friendly, spark free and ideal for removal of soluble salts ete. Why is the phosphating or chromating ofa steel done? It forms a rust inhibitive layer which protect the underlying surface and increase the adhesion Properties & prevent embrittlement. Name a third type of paint other solvent free and solvent bome? Powder paint Name four or more advantages of chlorinated rubber paint? Resistance to mould growth, Non-flammable ‘afer 8 solvent release. Very high resistance to acid & alkalies Material is: non-toxic & provides a very durable film. What are the three main disadvantages of chlorinated rubber paint? Low resistance to sol vent, Low temperature tolerance, 6SC maximum. Spray application resulted in ‘cobwebs* 70. Would it be good practice to apply chlorinated rubber over alkyd resin? No, 7 3, ™ 75. What is meant by opaque? Hiding, power, covering power (opacity) What is another name for an un-pigmented paint? Varnish What are the natural properties of a resin? Brittle by nature and fast drying, mix with oil to modify some properties. ‘What are the natural properties of an oil? Slow drying properties, mixed with resin to modify the film properties. How does the paint using the barrier principle work? The material form athick impermeable layer of a high electrical resistance 76, How does the paint using the passivation principle work?Chemical reaction between the paint constituents and the substrate.77. How does paint using cathodic protection principle work? Bi-meualllic principle by using less noble metal. 78. Give another name for solvent free two packs? MCL - Multi compound liquid 79. Name six properties of binder? Viscosity Adhesion to the substrate for the expected life of coating. Resistance to chemical attack. Dialectic strength. Resistance to passage of water. Cohesive strengih. Resistance to abrasion. ‘80. Name three natural resin used in paints? ‘Copals, Dammers & Coumarones. 81. Name five natural oil used in paints? Linseed Oil, Tung Oil, Soya Oil, Tall Oil & Safflower Oil. 82. Name an Inorganic high temperature service binder? Ethyl & Methyl silicate (silicone) 83. Name two pigments likely to be used for high temperature service? Aluminium & Carbon. $4. By what name would youcall the basic unit of a polymer? monomer (mer). 85. what is polymerization? Joining together of a string or structure of repeated units. 86. What would be the characteristics of a short oil paints? less than 45% oil toresin, brittle and fast drying material. 87. What would be the characteristics of a long oil paints? ‘More than 60% oil to resin, dow drying properties, decorative material. 88. Whal is meant by the term opaque pigment? Inert particle with excellent light scattering properties in onder to give covering power (opacity). 89. Wha is the typical size of a pigment particle? 1/10 micron. ‘90. Briefly describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated when refering w oil or polymers? ‘Saturated oil are oil which cannot combine with oxygen to form a film and unsaturated oil combine with oxygen and solidify by polymerization to form film 91. What is the main difference between a dye and a pigment? Pigment used in paints must remain as solid particles within the vehicle (solvent + binder), and not dissolve, if is dissolves it is known as a dye.92. Name three rust inhibitive pigments considered to be toxic? Red lead, Calcium plumbate, coal tar & zinc chromate. 93. Name four commonly occurring minerals used as extender pigments? ‘Clays, chalk, talcum & slate flour. 94. If pigments was added way below the CPVC, how would it affect the film? Good gloss properties but poor covering power (opacity), low cohesive strength. 99. The abbreviation CPVC means what? Critical pigment volume concentration. 100. Why are thixotropes added w a paint formulations? To stop settlement and allow higher film thickness. 101. Deseribe how a basic inhibitor works? ‘Causing a chemical reaction between the paint constituent and substrates. 102. Which of the common extenders could not be used in whites and pastels? Slate flour (black colour). 103. How would the film affected if pigment was added above the CPVC? Film would be porous, low in cohesive strength and adhesion. 104. Which of the rust inhibitive pigments is the most common? Zinc phosphate. 105. Why are extenders used in paint formulation? Provide adhesion, cohesion, film strength and durability, 106. If chromium was used as a pigment, what colour would the paint be? Green, yellows & Oranges. 107. Why are plasticizers added w paint? Flexibility, reduce brittleness, compatible with binder 108. Two metals are commonly used as galvanic pigmentation, name them? Zine & Aluminium 109. Why are driers added to oil based paint? ‘To.allow even thorough drying of the film. 110. What is meant by the term thixotropic? Thixotropic is an anti settling agent, a thickener, allows a higher film thickness eg bentones & wanes. 111. What is meant by the term aggregate when referring to paint? Degree of dispersion of fineness of grind. 112. If antioxidant was added to paint, what would it do? Antioxidant retard the formation of a skin on the surface of the paint eg Methy ethyl ketoxime.113. Give names of two plasticizers? Castor oil, coconut oi! and palm oil. 114. What is meant by the term dispersion? A paint consist of solid particles suspended in the vehicle, where there is no sob dispersion. 115, There are two types of dispersion, what are they? A dispersion can be either a solid or liquid dispersed within another liquid, where there is no solubility. 50 a paint isa 116. Ifpaint cures by chemical reaction is it reversible or convertible? Convertible or non reversible. 117. What type of polymerization occurs in chemically curing paint? Cross linked polymers. 118. Name a paint, which dries solely by solvent evaporation? (Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, acrylics, cellulosic and laquers, 119. What is meant by non-convertible? Dries solely by solvent evaporation, no chemical reaction. 120. What is meant by non-reversible? Cures by oxidation and Chemical reaction. 121. Name four drying mechanisms? Solvent evaporation, oxidation, chemical curing and coalescence. 122. In acoating, which dries by solvent evaporation, what type of polymerization occurs? Linear polymers. 123. What is another name for fineness of grind? Degree of dispersion. 124. Which generic types of paint dry by solvent evaporation followed by oxidation? Alkyds, phenolics, natural oil and resins. 125. What type of polymers forms during oxidation? Cross linked polymers. 126. What term applies io paint drying at ambient temperatures? Air drying. 127. What is meant by the term coalescence? Physically join together. 128. What is meant by the term pot life? Pot life is the period of time after mixing in which the paint must be used. 129. Name three curing agents used in epoxies? Amides, Amines and Isocyanates.130. Is paint a solution or dispersion, qualify? Dispersion, pigment particle remain in as solid in a vehicle. 131. What is an exothermic reaction? heat off from the container, 132, ‘What is meant by the term induction period? ‘The length of time after mixing which the paint should stand before use, 133. What is the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting? ‘Thermosp|lastic material soften with the application of heat, therefore reversible or non convertible Eg. Polyethylene and polypropalene ‘Themosetting means the material will cure with the application of heat, therefore are convertible or non-reversible eg, Epoxy and urethane. 134. Two other terms relate to induction period, what are they? Stand time and lead time, 138. Does a phenolic resin have an induction period? No. 136. Name some reversible binders? Chlorinated rubber, vinyls, cellulose ete. 137. Is an epoxy powder paint thermoplastic or thermosetting? ‘Thermosetting 138. Ifa coating is permeable, what does it mean? Allow water to penetrate to the substrate. 139, What is meant by cross-linking, give two binders as an example? Cross linking or chemical curing is a three dimensional polymerization process eg. Epoxy & urethane. 140, What is the opposite to exothermic? Endothermic. 141. What is the term used for paints needing temperature in excess of 65C to cure? Stoving. 142. Name a material used as a driers in paint formulation? Octoates, manganese and zirconium, 143. Why would bentones or wax be used in paint formulation? Used as anti settling agents, 144. What generic type of paints would use anti-oxidants? Alkyd, natural oil, resin 14S. How does a single pack, epoxy ester paint dry? ‘Oxidation.146. How is dew point defined? ‘The temperature at which water vapour in the air will condense. 147, When using a whirling hygrometer which bulb should be read first and why? ‘Wet bulb, the water in the wet bulb uses heat energy from the air to change into water vapour. 148. At what speed should the thermometer bulbs pass through the air’? dmsec. 149. By what other name can we refer oa whiting hygmometc? Aspirated hygrometer or 180. What is the stated criteria for acceptance, prior to calculations on a whirling hygrometer? ‘On two consecutive spin the reading should be within 0.2C, wet bulb to wet bulb and dry bulb to dry bulb. 151. Name two pieces of equipment used for taking steel temperature? Magnetic and digital. 152. Define viscosity? ‘Viscosity is defined as being a fluid resistance w flow. 153. Approximately, what is the viscosity of water? One centi poise 154. Name the cgs and SI units of dynamic viscosity? Poise, centi poise, dyne, N. s/n 15S. Name three different flow cups? Zabn, Frikmar, Ford, ISO and DIN 156, When using a flow cup which unit of viscosity would be used’? Second. 157. In ford flow cup no 4 what does 4 relate to ? Hole size in mm. 158. Give the names of three different rotational viscometers? Rotothinner, Kerbs Stormer Viscometer and Flow viscometer. 159. Give a reason for performing a viscosity test on ste? ‘To obtain the percentage of thinner used. 160. iscometer would not be used on thixotropic paint? Flow viscometer, 161. Whyis temperature very important when doing viscosity tests? Increase or decrease in temperature will effect the viscosity.162. What is the main difference between the rotathinner and krebs stomer? Rotothinner measures dynamic viscosity and kerbs stomer measures kinematic viscosity, 163. Describe how to use a ford flow cup? Level the stand and cup. Place another cup under the flow cup to caich the paint, fill the cup with paint ensuring it is full whilst covering the 4mm hole in the bottom. Run a straight edge over the lip: of the cup to ensure it is full simultaneously remove finger from bottom and start stop watch. Time until 1* break in flow, The time recorded is the viscosity in seconds at the temperature. 164. Give another name fora fineness of grind guage? Hegman grind gauge 165. How and for what is a hegman grind gauge used? Paint is added to the deepest point of the scale and drawn along to totally fill the groove using a specially profiled scraper bar. Within 3mm band, five to ten aggregates break through the surface of the paint, this is the point where surface will change from gloss to mait, thus measuring the degree of dispersion of paint. 166. Briefly describe how to do the volatile, non-volatile test to BS 3900 Pt B2? Acdry glass stirring rod and watchglass along with 2gm of paint is weighted, watchglass containing paint is place into a hot air oven, stir to drive away volatile content, take a final weight of the glass, rod, and dry paint and simple calculation will give volatile / non volatile ratio by weight. 167. Name the equipment used to determine the flash point of a solvent? Abel cup. 168. Whatcolour should the flame be at the flash point? Blue colour, 169. What formula is used to calculate the density? Density = Weight / volume 170. What formula is used to calculate specific gravity? Specific gravity =Density / Density of water 171, Whats relative density? Weight of material divided by of volume of water 172. Whatare the other names for a density cup? Relative density cup, specific gravity cup, weight per liter cup, weight per gallon cup and pyknometer. 173. Whatis a stoke, the unit for ? Aviscosity unit frequently used for kinematic viscosity is the stoke, (kerbs units or poise), 174. Which test is used to determine Abrasion resistance? Taber rotary abraser. 175. Which equipment would be used to determine flexibility? Cylindrical mandrels.176. Which equipment would be used to measure impact resistance? ‘Tubular impact testers. 177. For what reason would the Koeing albert apparatus be used? To test the hardness of a film. 178. For which two reason could a density cup be used on site? To calculate the density of the solvent. To calculate the 2 pack are mixed in correct proportion 179. Name four accelerated test boxes? Humidity cabinets, salt spray cabinets, water soak tests, temperature cycling and prohesion testing 180. Why would a tropical box be used? For testing tropical conditions. 181. Would a paint be higher or lower density than water? Higher 182. How would the density be affected if solvent was added to paint? The density of paint decrease 183. What is the capacity of a density cup? 100 ce 184. What difference is there between SG and Density? 185. What information could be obtained from a water soak test? Painted panels submerged to test for water absorption, 186. What information could be obtained from temperature cycling test? Maximum and minimum temperature can be set and cycle time, over a running period to 1000 hrs. 187_ What information could be obtained from a cold check test? 188. Name four drying and curing tests? Mechanical thumb test, Pencil scratch test, mechanical scratch test and gold leaf test. 189. What stage of the BK test would be recorded as the drying time? Solvent Evaporation time, the solge! transition, surface drying time and final dry time. 190. Name three methods of determining opacity? ‘Trough type, black and white fused plate and cryptometer. 191. What effects the opacity ofa paint film? Pigment volume concentration. 192. Why would a Pfund cryptometer be used? ‘To measure Opacity. 193. Give one reason why an inspector would use a PIG gauge? ‘To measure MIO.194. Why are wet paint film thicknesses needed? ‘To-ensure that the DFT would be ok. 195. Name two methods of measuring WFTS? Eccentric wheel and comb gauge. 196. What is the reason for taking WFT immediately after application? ‘To obtain true readings (solvent start evaporating as it exits the spray tip). 197. Cana banana gauge be used on non-ferromagnetic substrate? No. 198. Could an eddy current gauge be used on ferromagnetic substrates? No. 199. Can a horseshoe gauge be used on non-ferromagnetic substrates? No. 200. As part of which test would a bar applicator be used? ‘Opacity. 201. Which instruments would be used to measure reflectivity? Gloss meter. 202. How does a gloss meter work? A light source direct a beam of light onto the surface under test and a photo cell, set at the same angle, collect the reflected light and quantifies it and convert it digitally into a percentage of the incident light. A high percentage of reflection will be gloss and a low percentage will be matt. 203. Which factors in paint govem the degree of gloss? Degree of dispersion, resin type and PVC 204. In aprimar/mid coat what would be the expected degree of grind? 40-45, 205. In agkess paint what would be a typical degree of grind? 20. 206. What percent reading would be expected when measuring gloss on a glass panel? Near 100% 207. Using a gloss meter a reading of 25% would signify what? Man 208. If an aggregate size of 35 um was present in a paint of 30 um DFT what would be a likely result when using a gloss meter? Matt 209. Name three common tests for determining adhesion of a paint film? ‘V auttest, cross cut and dolly test.210. Which adhesion test are quantitative? Dolly test and hydraulic adhesion test. 211. Inter coat adhesion and primer to substrate adhesion are two adhesion faults name the third? Cohesive failure, 212, Whatchemical solution is used to conduct a cathodic disbondiment test? Sodium chloride: 213. Whatcriteria is used when assessing a cathodic disbondment test panel? 214. Name the methods of applying cathodic protection? Sacrificial anodes system and impressed current system. 215. What is used to determine the potential of a pipeline? Copper sulphate half cell electrode. 216. Would it be advisable to refill a pipe trench with carbonaceous backfill? 217. Does a cathodic protection system eliminate corrosion?” It controls where corrosion occurs, 218. Can the exiemnal surface of a tank be protected? No, In order for cathodic protection to be applied, an electrolyte must be present, 219. What voltage would be used on a 250 um thick paint using a sponge pinhole detector? ow. 220. What voltage would be used on a 450 um thick coating with sponge pinhole detector? OV. 221. What function does the above additive perform’? Surface tension, Would it be advisable todo wet sponge detection on galvanizing? Does a sponge detector work on AC or DC? RE FR 224. Other than the wet sponge which other equipment could be used to determine the presence of pinholeholidays? Spark detector (high voltage) 225. Name two categories of paint mill? Ball mill and attritor mill, 226. What is the main reason for processing paint in a mill? Dispersing or Grinding or milling aggregates and agglomerates down to a suitable size for the paint.227. Briefly describe how a ball mill works? Mill base is added to the drum until the balls are covered, about 30% capacity of the drum. The hatch is then sealed off and the drum started rotating at such speed so that the balls cascade down and do not stick on the drum due: to centrifugal forces. Shear forces are applied to the mill base as the balls cascade between the balls and vessel walls. A typical dispersion time would be overnight. 228. Briefly describe how a attritor mill works? ‘The attritor mill is a vertical version of the ball mill, but more efficient and also static. The balls are driven by paddles. The mill base is continually circulated by pump from bottom to top and gives adequate dispersion in less time. 229, Abead mill is sometimes called by which other names? Sand mill or pearl mill 230. How does a colloid mill work? Using grinding dises containing carborundum, approx. 10" diameter. The top stone is stationary and the lower stone is rotating fast at a speed up to 3600 revs per/min. Gravity fed low viscosity slurry enters the centre of the top stone and is passed between the two stones by centrifugal force, where it is subjected to extreme turbulence and shear forces to affect the dispersion. 231, What do you understand from the term halogenated hydrocarbon? 232. How can we determine the viscosity of a high viscosity paint? 233. Briefly describe the principle of CP? ‘A metal less noble than stee! is included in the film and an electrolyte eg. Water passes through the film contacting substrate and pigment particle, then a circuit can engaged whereby the pigment particles will receive the hydroxyl iron and thus suffer corrosion in preference to the steel substraic. 234. What function does a primer have in a paint system? Primer is normally low volume solid material, wets out substrate and provide excellent adhesion and also provide a key for any subsequent layer, 235. In amordant primer what is the main working constituent? Mordant means of a corrosive nature or will bite into and as suggested contains an acid, phosphoric acid. 236. What advantages do clectrostatic application methods provide? ‘The coating material is positively charged and is attracted to the component when using powder coatings, wastage is significally reduce and it produces a more uniform coating. 237. Define exothermic? Giving off heat, the container will warm up. 238. Define endothermic? ‘Taking in heat, the container will cool, forming condensation. 239. What is cohesive failure in paint give the main cause? Over thickness of a layer can entrap solvent during drying process and stop formation of film, reducing cohesive strength. The main reason for cohesive failure is solvent entrapment and incorrect Fatio mix to two pack.240. Why does a zine rich paint need a strong binder? 241. Why are etch primers not spray applied? 242. What do you understand by the term over spray? 243. Name four methods of determining DFTs? ‘Test panels, Calculations, Destructive test gauges & non-destructive test gauges. 244. What is apsychrometer used for? Psychrometer or whirling hygrometer used to determine wet and dry bulb temperature from which relative humidity and dew point is calculated. 245. What colour should a galvanized surface be after application of “T’ wash? 246. How soon can “T" washed substrate be coated? 247. Other than pigment, base and curing agent name two other constituents fo FBE powder paint? 248. Give the main differences between airless and conventional spray? Conventional spray Airless spray Slow application Excellent application rate Low air pressure 40-75 psi ‘Can need 100 psi to operate pump Delivery pressure greater than 20 psi Delivery pressure greater than G000 psi Need special paint container use manufacture container Low maintenance high maintenance Easy to clean need flushing to remove traces of paint, 249. Brush application has advantages over spray application, what are they? Environmentally friendly; less waste of material, any dust or detritus on the substrate present worked in to the film. 250. What is the main consideration when selecting a metallic pigment for a sacrificial paint? The metallic pigment must be less noble (more electronegative) 251. What is mean by sheredizing? Nuts, bolts or any fasteners rely on tension are tumble in the powdered zine, the tem used is sheredizing. 252. Name three types of paint feed for a conventional spray? Suction Feed, Gravity feed & remote pressure pot. 253. What is calorising process? Calorising is coating with aluminium, one way of calorising 1 component is to dip it into molten aluminium. 284. What is the BS 2015 term for skipped or missed areas? Holidays. 255. Acolour has three properties, what are they? Hue, Brightness & Saturation.212 256. Why would be paint applied by hot spray? : When paint is heated it reduce in viscosity and cure or drying siarts quicker and reduces the need for solvent addition. 257. On an airless spray tiphow are blockage cleared? By turning the tip through 180°, triggering to ground or a container to clear the blockage. 258. How is atomization achieved using conventional sprays? Approximately 25mm in front of the aperture two channels blow air to converge at the paint stream. At this convergence the paint is atomised into vary minute droplets and conduied onio the workpiece 259. How is atomisation achieved using airless sprays? Atomisation occurs by forcing the paint at extremely high pressure usually 2000 to 2500 psi, through a very small aperture 12 to 23 thou diameter into a volume of air offering resistance to paint flow as the air & paint meet the paint atomized. 260. What is dip coating? A.component is dipped into a paint and hung to dry. 261. What do you understand from the term ropiness? Brush marks. 262. What is efflorescence and how does it occur? Awhitish crystalline formation on bricks, mortar, plaster eic. 263. What is flocculation? The development af loosely cohesive pigments agglomerates in coating material. 264. What could be the cause of bittiness in a paint film? Inculsion of foreign matter or within paint itself 265. What are the hazard signs for Toxic, very toxic, harmful and corrosive? Black symbol of skull and crossbones on orange square for toxic, very toxic. Black diagonal cross on an orange square for harmful. Black symbol showing a tilied test tube dripping onto a hand for corosive. 266. What is saponification? The formation of a soap by the reaction of a fatty acid ester and an alkali? 267. What units are used for measuring twxicity? PPM. 268. Which maierial would have to be used on a perpetually damp surface? Moisture curing polyurethane. 269. Whatis padding? Pads of mohair or foam are used to apply brush paint. 270. What causes lifting of a paint film? Strong solvent over a coating using weak solvent271. Why would a paint inspector use potassium hexacyonoferrate? To detect iron soluble salt 272. What would be an average thickness for galvanizing? 100 um. 273. How can you tell the difference between blooming and chalking? Blooming - under surface , chalking - over surface 274. What could be the reason for inter coat adhesive failure? 275. Why are manufacturer developing solvent free, water bome and powders? Environment protection act requirement. 26. How can bleeding be avoided? By applying sealer first. 277. In less than 30 words explain the duties of a painting inspector? Activities such as measuring, examining, testing, gauging. storage of materials, quality plan, site plan and relevant local requirements. 278. What is meant by the termstripe coats? Paint applied by brush to welds and edges. 279. How many om’ are there in 4.5 litres? 4500. cm . 280. Name two types of mill & describe their work? Direct charge mill and pre-mix mill. Direct charge mill — which takes and mill all the raw ingredients together eg. Ball mill, attritor mill & high speed dispenser. : ; ; | ; Premix mill — Take the ingredients which have been premixed to a rough consistency and refine this mixture to a high quality paint. This system is used for large production runs. Eg. Sand mill, colloid mill, single row mill & triple row mill. 281. Whatis compliant coating ? Acoating which complies with the requirement of environment protection Act. 1990. 282. What is damp surface? Surface on which water is not readily detectable but of which the temperature is below the dew point. 283. What is fully weathered galvanizing? A galvanized steel surface on which a cohesive oxide layer has formed by natural weathering. The surface will normally be dull and lacking in metallic sheen. 284. Whatis hot duty surface? Metal surfaces on the assembly that will attain a temperature of 100°C or above during use.mu 285. What is moist surface? Surface from which standing water and droplets have been removed but on which there is a noticeable film of water, 286. What is T-wash? Anon-proprictary material used as a primer or pretreatment for zine metal surfaces. 287. What has to be considered for maintenance or repainting? Based on a survey of the item or plant which would determine : ‘The existing paint system, ‘The extent of breakdown and corrosion. ‘The in service environment conditions. ‘The nature and extent of any surface contamination, 288. Why & What Equipment to be protected and masked before preparation and painting? Prior to any cleaning, surface preparation or painting, the contractor shall protect and mask ‘equipment and areas in need of protection, with masking material. Eg. Fire protection equipment, weld end preparation, lubrication paints and nameplates, (289. What is the name of the mill used to produce mastics, fillers and putties? Tripple roll mill, 290. What special surface preparation are required for coating on concrete ? Serabbling. 291. Give the reason why different surface require different paint systems? Painting always depends on the nature of surface (rusted, pitied, or new), type of surface (ferrous or non-ferrous) condition (industrial or marine) cost, temp. etc. 292. What additional information would you record when maintenance painting a pipeline without removing the previous coats? What the existing painting is ?, The extent of breakdown and corrosion, the in service environmental conditions, the nature and extent of any surface contamination, 293. If you worked on a contract where frequent stoppage occurred for poor weather, what additional information would you record? what the weather conditions were, how long stoppage lasted, progress of work to stoppage, assessment of damage caused by weather to wet painied areas, loss of material due to stoppage. 294. Name an equipment used to test for opacity? Pfund cryptometer, hiding power chart with applicator, 295, What is another name fora sand mill and describe its operation? Pearl or bead mill, rotation disc attached with vertical shaft aid to shear as paint, slurry, forced through steel ball which present between the disc. The degree of dispersion is high. Suitable for long production run of popular paints.3 296. Briefly state the preferred paints system ( and DFT) for new and maintenance painting at works and site for above ground pipeline and plant installations? High build aluminium primer - 75 um. MIO. -75 um High build epoxy -75 um Epoxy or polyurethane acrylic = 40 um Total = 265 um 297. List ten duties of paint inspector ? Leam the specification, get to know the plant, ensure all concemed undersiand the specification, keep the engineer informed at all times of any departure from the specification, make written reports at an agreed frequency, conduct and atiend site meetings, before commencing the work, check environment, equipment, materials, check previous days work, agree the day work programme with contractor's senior personnel. On the completion of the each stage, ensure that, system meets the specification by carrying out witness tests and check for application faults. On completion of the work, make the final check and the summary reports. 298. Describe contractors mall practice, which you are aware? Use of unskilled labours, unsafe scaffolding. use of unsuitable equipment, leaking compressor, brushes, damaged ladders, etc. Insufficient blasting or paint in difficult areas likes underneath of the pipe etc. painting and preparing the surface during in inclement weather conditions, painting before inspection of substrate or previous coats. Reusing of expandable abrasives, use wrong solvent or an excessive solvent, use diesel in the paint as a solvent or plasticizer, use of incorrect paint or different manufactures paint. Applying of low thickness etc. 299. What is the procedure to remove algae and mould h? ‘Algae and mould growth shall be removed by scrubbing with stiff bristle brush, using clean water, after the removal of 2 boicidal wash to be acceptable to prevent contamination of the new paint system, All surfaces shall be dry before painting commences. 300. What particular problems relate to the splash zone? Possibility of surface contamination (sah, water), damage (from service & work coats), mould and algae growth high salt contamination, restricted areas etc.