ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

POWER GENERATION

Alfin Sahrin, S.T., M.T

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 Power Generation
Electrical Power System

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 Power Generation
Electrical Power System

There are several energy sources used to produce electrical power. For example, coal, oil, and
uranium are fuels used to convert water into steam which, in turn, drives a turbine. Some utilities
also use gas turbines, or, for combined cycle operation, both gas and steam turbines. The output
shaft of the turbine is connected to an an alternating current (AC) generator. The AC generator is
rotated by the turbine. It is the AC generator which converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy

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 Power Generation
Hydroelectric Power

Hydroelectric power plants use mechanical energy from falling water to turn a generator.

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 Power Generation
AC Generator

AC generators operate on the theory of electromagnetic induction.This simply means that,

when conductors are moved through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced into the conductors.

Although commercial power generators are complex machines, for the purpose of explanation,
a basic generator can be constructed of magnets, an armature, slip rings, brushes, and some
type of resistive load. An armature is any number of conductors wound in loops which rotate
through the magnetic field created by the magnets. For simplicity, one loop is shown below.

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 Power Generation
AC Generator

If you track the rotation of the AC generator through a complete revolution of 360°, you would
see that during the first quarter of a revolution voltage increases until it reaches a maximum
positive value at 90°. Voltage decreases during the second quarter of a revolution until it reaches
zero at 180°. During the third quarter of a revolution, voltage increases in the opposite direction
until it reaches a maximum negative value at 270°. During the last quarter of a revolution, voltage
decreases until it reaches zero at 360°.

This is one complete cycle of operation. If the armature of this simple AC generator rotates 3600
times per minute (3600 RPM), it produces 60 cycles of voltage per second, or 60 hertz.

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 Magnetism
Electric Current and Magnetic field

Ørsted’s experiments showed that a magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying conductor, and
that the direction of that field depends upon the direction of that current.

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 Magnetism
Electromagnetic Fields

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 Magnetism
Electromagnetic Fields

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 Magnetism
Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday’s experiments

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 Magnetism
Generator Action

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 Magnetism
Generator Action

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 Magnetism
Generator Action

Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule - The direction of this induced potential difference may be
determined by using (for conventional flow) Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule for ‘generator action’,
which works as follows.

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 Magnetism
Generator Action

Action and Reaction : Len’z Law

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Generation Action

Current is « collected » on rings

Where to represent (on the sinusoidal curve

each of the 4 positions: from (a) to (d)

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Generator Principle and Function

▪ The AC generator converts the mechanical energy produced by the turbine (or heat
engine or any type of prime mover) into electric energy via electromagnetic induction.
▪ Two types of "core" and "field" windings are required to achieve this.
▪ The "main" current or operating current comes from the core (generally the stator).
▪ DC (or rectified current) is injected in the field windings in order to create a magnetic
field of fixed direction (or polarity).
▪ Relative movement between the core and field windings is required to produce voltage.
▪ The stator and the rotor are used to produce this relative movement. The latter will
rotate in the stator windings, thus creating induced voltage.

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Stator

▪ The stator is built with high-grade silicon steel laminations, precision punched, and
individually insulated

▪ Low voltage windings are random-wound coils in lined, semi-closed slots. High-
voltage windings are form-wound in lined slots.

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Rotor

▪ Made of shaft + magnetic iron (poles armature) + rotor windings (around the poles to
form the field armature) + fan + Exciter
▪ Coils of wire are wrapped around each metal pole to form a magnetic field opposite from
the one next to it
▪ All four metal poles of the rotor form the second type of winding, the field winding.
▪ During generator operation, dc current is passed through each pole winding to form
alternate north and south poles, which makes up the rotating magnetic field.

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The Exciter

▪ Which is in fact a second generator (generally AC) being exactly of same principle than
the main one
▪ The brushless exciter produces three-phase ac voltage for use in the four magnetic poles
of the rotor.
▪ To use this ac voltage, it must be rectified to dc by the six diodes located at the forward
end of the rotor shaft. The six diodes furnish three-phase, full-wave rectification for a very
smooth pulsating dc current, which is fed directly to the main field windings on the
projecting poles.

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Bearing
▪ The bearings in the typical mid-range generator are self-lubricated anti-friction type
or the either the sleeve bearing type

Resistance Temperature Detector

▪ Resistance temperature detectors (RTD) monitor the temperature of the generator
windings and bearings

Space Heater
▪ A space heater in the interior of the generator prevents the formation of condensate
in the generator windings after shutdown.

Supporting Frame
▪ The generator frame supports the rotating and stationary components and serves as
an enclosure to protect the internal components.

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The Single Phase Synchronous Generator

▪ In a generator the magnetic field is created by the electromagnets; in other words the
poles of the generator.

▪ An exciter (generator) is used to obtain this direct-exciter current. The exciter mounted
onto the alternating-current generator will be of the internal-pole type

▪ The main advantage of the internal-pole type is that the alternating current from the
stator can be fed through stationary connections.

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The Three Phase’s Synchronous Generator

▪ In a three-phase or alternating-current machine the stator has three windings instead of

the one winding as on a single-phase machine. These windings are located and axed at
120° between them.

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The Three Phase’s Synchronous Generator
▪ The rotor excited by direct current has a north and a south pole. The rotor has
therefore one pair of poles; p = 1.
▪ The rotating (changing) main field generates, or induces, voltage in the three-stator
windings.
▪ The three emf's have the same frequency and are 120° “out of phase relative to
each other.

By one revolution of the rotor (R= 1) in “t”

seconds the stator coils embrace the
maximum rotational field at intervals of
1/3 x t seconds relative to each other. In
‘t’ seconds the field rotates 3000 times
(for 50 Hz and one pair of poles), which
means that each stator emf's reach its
maximum value 120° in rotation or 1/3 T =
6.66 milliseconds in time after the next
one.

Comment this sentence getting help from the figure and rewrite it for
60 Hz and for an alternator with 2 pairs of poles
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Alternator with 2 pairs of poles
▪ One revolution produces 2 Hz. For a frequency of 50 Hz, a speed of 25 revolutions
per second will be required, i.e. 1500 rpm which is the synchronism speed (the
speed producing 50hz) for an alternator with 2 pairs of poles.

+V
Sin α V

V S
N
α

N S
-V
1 Hertz V = e = emf

1 tour

Alternator with 'x' pairs of poles

▪ What is the synchronism speed (rpm) for:
▪ An alternator with 1 pair of poles and a frequency of 60Hz?
▪ An alternator with 3 pairs of poles and a frequency of 50Hz?
▪ An alternator with 3 pairs of poles and a frequency of 60Hz?
▪ An alternator with 4 pairs of poles and a frequency of 50Hz?
▪ An alternator with 4 pairs of poles and a frequency of 60Hz?

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AC Generator in General

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Rotor Construction

▪ Cylindrical rotors are common with 2-pole generators and are sometimes used with
4-pole types. They are never used with six poles or more, where the rotor
construction would become far too difficult.

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Rotor Stator Construction

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Turbine Generator Construction

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Alternator Parts
BRUSHLESS GENERATOR
Power output
connection terminals
Stator armature +
windings 3 phase

Shaft mounted
fan for air cooling

Exciter ( small
A.C. generator)

Diode Bridge

Rotor and 4
poles windings

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The Delta system
▪ Windings Connections

▪ Line voltage is equal to phase voltage : E line = E phase

▪ Line current is equal to phase current times the square root of 3 : I line = I phase x √3

T1
T5

T6 T1

2’ 1 T6

3 3’
3’ 1
T3
1’
3 1’ 2
T3 2’ 2 T4
T4 I (amp) line
T5 T2 T2

I (amp) phase

Balanced

Load
E phase E line

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AC Generator in General

Generation in LV (Low Voltage) and generation in HV (Low Voltage)

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AC Generator in General

Star connection and its

voltage parameters Generation in LV (Low Voltage) with
V=1 distribution of neutral conductor
U/2 =
0.866
30°
U
U/2 =
0.866

Delta connection
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Electricity Law

Impedance (continued)

▪ Differentiation and representation of R, L, C, X, Z:

▪ In DC:
▪ R in Ohms
▪ L in Henrys
▪ C in Farads
▪ Charging/discharging current and voltage according to the series and parallel configurations

▪ in AC:
▪ everything is in Ohms for R, X and Z

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Electricity Law
Main electrical parameters
▪ Image, for a typical receiver with:
▪ Voltage (blue)
▪ Current (red)
▪ Power (green)

Cos φ or Power Factor φ

▪ This only concerns AC. It is the phase difference between the current (‘i’) and the
voltage ‘v’.
▪ And with what we learned in the previous slide we can write cos φ = R / Z for the
phase shift angle between R and Z (but also cos φ = P / S )

The Watt
▪ This is the unit of power that you use at home and for which you pay the company
supplying the electrical energy
▪ In DC: P = U.I = R.I² resistive power
▪ In single phase AC: P = U.I . cos φ = Z.I² . cos φ = R.I²
▪ In three phase AC: P = U.I . . cos φ
▪ In AC, the Watt is the active power, that which produces heat or driving power (for
motors) and directly depends on the resistance R of the circuits

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Electricity Law

VAR
▪ VAR for Volt-Amperes-Reactive - Qmono = U. I. sin φ et Qtri = U. I. 1,732. sin φ
▪ The VAR depends on the values XL and XC (the inductive and capacitive reactances)
and is the reactive power.

VA
▪ VA for Volt Ampere - Smono = U . I et Stri = U . I . 1,732
▪ The VA directly depends on the impedance Z and is the apparent power.

Efficiency: η
▪ For an electric motor: η = shaft power / power input

Frequency: Hz
▪ It is the number of half periods (pulse from 0 to 0 passing through the max+ and the
max-) of an electric current in one second. A pulse corresponds to 1 Hertz.

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Electricity Law
Formulas (to be remembered)
▪ Direct Current
Phase 1 V1
▪ U=RxI
A
▪ P=UxI
V φ I1
▪ P = R x I² Phase 2
U
▪ R = U² / P I3

▪ Alternating Current Phase 3 V2

▪ U=ZxI V3
I2
▪ P = U x I x cos φ (single phase)
▪ P = U x I x 1,732 x cos φ (three phase)
▪ P = 3 x V x I x cos φ (three phase)
▪ Balanced three-phase distribution:
▪ Where I = I1 = I2 = I3 and ‘U’ the voltage between the phases is identical U = U12 = U23 =
U31
▪ P in Watts = U x I x x cos φ (U: voltage between phases)
▪ Q in VAR = U x I x x sin φ (U: voltage between phases)
▪ S in VA = U x I x (U: voltage between phases)
▪ In unbalanced three phase:
▪ P = V1 I1 cos φ + V2 I2 cos φ + V3 I3 cos φ
▪ For Q, replace cos by sin
▪ For S, remove cos
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Electricity Law

Measurement principles for DC and AC

▪ In DC, there is a single, easy measurement (U, I, P,…): it is the maximum value, the
mean value and the efficient value…

V
100V
V
= R

▪ In AC, the devices only take into account a half periods and thus determine a
composite value, an efficient value for pure sinusoids (r.m.s.) or a mean value for non-
sinusoidal values (t.r.m.s.).
100V
45°
V
V
R 45°

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Apparent power measurement (single-phase)

▪ S: Apparent Power

▪ It is the product of P = U x I of the values (RMS) measured by a voltmeter and an

ammeter

▪ The unit is the VOLTAMPERE: S (VA) = U (V) x I (A)

▪ For three-phase, add 1,732 (square-root of 3)

R V

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Active power measurement (single-phase)

▪ P: Active Power or True Power

▪ It is the product of S x cos φ; therefore there must be a ‘phi meter’ or a phasemeter in

the circuit.

▪ The unit is the WATT: P (W) = U (V) x I (A) x cos φ

▪ For three-phase, add 1,732 (square-root of 3)

A φ

R V

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Reactive power measurement (single-phase)

▪ Q: Reactive Power.

▪ It is the product of S x sin φ; therefore there must be a ‘phi meter’ or a phasemeter in

the circuit.

▪ The unit is the VAR (Volt-Ampere-Reactive): Q (VAR) = U (V) x I (A) x sin φ

▪ For three-phase, add 1,732 (square-root of 3)

A φ

R V

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 Thank You

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