AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 6

Lab Title: DIODE CLAMPERS

Student Name: Maryam Razzaque Reg. No: 220644

Objective: To become familiar with the function and operation of Positive and Negative
Diode Clamping circuits. To observe the behavior and working of Biased Diode
Clamping circuits.
LAB ASSESSMENT:
Attributes Excellent Good Average Satisfacto Unsatisfacto
(5) (4) (3) ry (2) ry (1)

Ability to Conduct
Experiment

Ability to assimilate
the results

Effective use of lab

equipment and
follows the lab safety
rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:
Attributes Excellent Good Average Satisfacto Unsatisfacto
(5) (4) (3) ry (2) ry (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks: Date Signature:

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO.6
DIODE CLAMPERS
DISCUSSION

Theory of Diode Clampers:

A clamper is an electronic circuit that changes the DC level of a signal to the desired level without
changing the shape of the applied signal. In other words, the clamper circuit moves the whole signal up or
down to set either the positive peak or negative peak of the signal at the desired level.
The dc component is simply added to the input signal or subtracted from the input signal. A clamper
circuit adds the positive dc component to the input signal to push it to the positive side. Similarly, a
clamper circuit adds the negative dc component to the input signal to push it to the negative side.

If the
circuit pushes the signal upwards then the circuit is said to be a positive clamper. When the signal is
pushed upwards, the negative peak of the signal meets the zero level.

On the other hand, if the circuit pushes the signal downwards then the circuit is said to be a negative
clamper. When the signal is pushed downwards, the positive peak of the signal meets the zero level.

The construction of the clamper circuit is almost similar to the clipper circuit. The only difference is the
clamper circuit contains an extra element called capacitor. A capacitor is used to provide a dc offset (dc
level) from the stored charge.

A typical clamper is made up of a capacitor, diode, and resistor. Some clampers contain an extra element
called DC battery. The resistors and capacitors are used in the clamper circuit to maintain an altered DC
level at the clamper output. The clamper is also referred to as a DC restorer, clamped capacitors, or AC
signal level shifter.

Types of clampers:

Clamper circuits are of three types:

∙ Positive clampers
∙ Negative clampers
∙ Biased clampers

Positive clamper:
The positive clamper is made up of a voltage source Vi, capacitor C, diode D, and load resistor RL. In the
below circuit diagram, the diode is connected in parallel with the output load. So the positive clamper
passes the input signal to the output load when the diode is reverse biased and blocks the input signal
when the diode is forward biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal
appears at the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current
flows to the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage Vm. The capacitor charged in
inverse polarity (positive) with the input voltage. As input current or voltage decreases after attaining its
maximum value -Vm, the capacitor holds the charge until the diode remains forward biased.

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal
appears at the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So
the input current directly flows towards the output.
When the positive half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released). Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (Vm) and the input voltage (Vm) { i.e. Vo = Vm+ Vm = 2Vm} which have the
same polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted upwards.
The peak to peak amplitude of the input signal is 2Vm, similarly the peak to peak amplitude of the output
signal is also 2Vm. Therefore, the total swing of the output is same as the total swing of the input. The
basic difference between the clipper and clamper is that the clipper removes the unwanted portion of the
input signal whereas the clamper moves the input signal upwards or downwards.

Negative clamper:
During positive half cycle:
During the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and hence no signal
appears at the output. In forward biased condition, the diode allows electric current through it. This current
flows to the capacitor and charges it to the peak value of input voltage in inverse polarity -Vm. As input
current or voltage decreases after attaining its maximum value Vm, the capacitor holds the charge until the
diode remains forward biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the input AC signal, the diode is reverse biased and hence the signal
appears at the output. In reverse biased condition, the diode does not allow electric current through it. So
the input current directly flows towards the output.
When the negative half cycle begins, the diode is in the non-conducting state and the charge stored in the
capacitor is discharged (released). Therefore, the voltage appeared at the output is equal to the sum of the
voltage stored in the capacitor (-Vm) and the input voltage (-Vm) {i.e. Vo = -Vm- Vm = -2Vm} which have
the same polarity with each other. As a result, the signal shifted downwards.

Biased clampers:
Sometimes an additional shift of DC level is needed. In such cases, biased clampers are used. The working
principle of the biased clampers is almost similar to the unbiased clampers. The only difference is an extra
element called DC battery is introduced in biased clampers.

Positive clamper with positive bias:

If positive biasing is applied to the clamper then it is said to be a positive clamper with positive bias. The
positive clamper with positive bias is made up of an AC voltage source, capacitor, diode, resistor, and dc
battery.

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle, the battery voltage forward biases the diode when the input supply voltage
is less than the battery voltage. This current or voltage flows to the capacitor and charges it.
When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage then the diode stops allowing
electric current through it because the diode becomes reverse biased.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the diode is forward biased by both input supply voltage and battery
voltage. So the diode allows electric current. This current will flows to the capacitor and charges it.
Positive clamper with negative bias:

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the battery voltage reverse biases the diode when the input supply voltage
is less than the battery voltage. As a result, the signal appears at the output.
When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage, the diode is forward biased by the
input supply voltage and hence allows electric current through it. This current flows to the capacitor and
charges it.

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle, the diode is reverse biased by both input supply voltage and the battery
voltage. As a result, the signal appears at the output. The signal appeared at the output is equal to the sum
of the input voltage and capacitor voltage.

Negative clamper with positive bias:

During positive half cycle:
During the positive half cycle, the battery voltage reverse biases the diode when the input supply voltage
is less than the battery voltage. When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage,
the
diode is forward biased by the input supply voltage and hence allows electric current through it. This
current flows to the capacitor and charges it.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased by both input supply voltage and battery
voltage. As a result, the signal appears at the output.
Negative clamper with negative bias:

During positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased by both input supply voltage and battery
voltage. As a result, current flows through the capacitor and charges it.

During negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle, the battery voltage forward biases the diode when the input supply voltage
is less than the battery voltage. When the input supply voltage becomes greater than the battery voltage,
the diode is reverse biased by the input supply voltage and hence signal appears at the output.

LAB TASK 1
∙ Implement the circuit for Positive Clamper given in the Discussion on Hardware as well as on
Proteus.
∙ Set the Input signal to 5Vp, 1kHz from function generator. The value of Capacitor is set to be 4.7uF
and that of RL is 100kΩ.
∙ Draw the Input and Output waveforms.
RESULTS

Oscilloscope:
Function Generator:

Hardware:

Proteus:
LAB TASK 2

LAB TASK 2
∙ Implement the circuit for Negative Clamper given in the Discussion on Hardware as well as on
Proteus.
∙ Set the Input signal to 5Vp, 1kHz from function generator. The value of Capacitor is set to be 4.7uF
and that of RL is 100kΩ.
∙ Draw the Input and Output waveforms.
RESULTS
Oscilloscope:
Function Generator:

Hardware:

Proteus:
LAB TASK 3

∙ Implement the circuit for Positive Clamper with Negative Bias given in the Discussion on Hardware as
well as on Proteus.
∙ Set the Input signal to 5Vp, 1kHz from function generator. The value of Capacitor is set to be 4.7uF and
that of RL is 100kΩ.VB is taken as 3V.
∙ Draw the Input and Output waveforms.
RESULTS
Oscilloscope:
Function Generator:

Hardware:

Proteus:
LAB TASK 4
∙ Implement the circuit for Negative Clamper with Positive Bias given in the Discussion on Hardware as
well as on Proteus.
∙ Set the Input signal to 5Vp, 1kHz from function generator. The value of Capacitor is set to be 4.7uF and
that of RL is 100kΩ.VB is taken as 3V.
∙ Draw the Input and Output waveforms.
RESULTS
Oscilloscope:
 Function Generator:

Hardware

Proteus:
CONCLUSION
In this lab we get introduced with an introduction to diode clampers, their
functions, and their significance in electronic circuits. We learned that diode
clampers are essential for shifting and stabilizing voltage levels in various
applications without
changing the shape of the applied signal .We observed the behavior of both
positive and negative diode clamping circuits. These circuits proved effective in
either clamping the voltage to a specific level or shifting it as needed.
We used Proteus simulation to practically set up and observe diode clamping
circuits. This virtual environment allowed us to experiment with different
waveforms, including sinusoidal and square waves, and analyze their behavior
when subjected to clamping.
Beyond simulation, the lab equipped us with real-world experience by
implementing the diode clamping circuits on hardware.