MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)

• Definitions
• Components of MIS
• Types of Information Systems
• Computerized Information Systems
• Manual Information Systems

DEFINITIONS

MIS is the use of information technology, people, and business processes to

record, store and process data to produce information that decision makers can use
to make day to day decisions.
The purpose of MIS is to extract data from varied sources and derive insights that
drive business growth.

Management Information Systems vs Information Technology

Management information system (MIS) refers to a large infrastructure used by

a business or corporation, whereas information technology (IT) is one component of
that infrastructure that is used for collecting and transmitting data.

A management information system helps a business make decisions and coordinate

and analyse information. Information Technology supports and facilitates the
employment of that system.

For example, IT could be a particular interface that helps users input data into a
corporate MIS operation. However, that isn't to say that the scope of IT is narrow. In
some ways, IT is a broader field than MIS. The particular goals of a particular IT
application can fit neatly into a larger MIS framework; however, the reverse is not
necessarily true.

• Decision makers need information to make effective

decisions. Management Information Systems (MIS) make this possible.
• MIS systems facilitate communication within and outside the
organization – employees within the organization are able to easily access
the required information for the day-to-day operations. Facilitates such as
Short Message Service (SMS) & Email make it possible to communicate
with customers and suppliers from within the MIS system that an
organization is using.

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 • Record keeping – management information systems record all business
transactions of an organization and provide a reference point for the
transactions.

COMPONENTS OF MIS

The major components of a typical MIS long-form (Management Information

System) are:

• People – people who use the information system

• Data – the data that the information system records
• Business Procedures – procedures put in place on how to record, store and
analyse data
• Hardware – these include servers, workstations, networking equipment,
printers, etc.
• Software – these are programs used to handle the data. These include
programs such as spreadsheet programs, database software, etc.

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

This type of information system is used to record the day-to-day transactions of a

business. An example of a Transaction Processing System is a Point of Sale (POS)
system. A POS system is used to record the daily sales.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Management Information Systems abbreviated as MIS, are used to guide tactic

managers to make semi-structured decisions. The output from the transaction
processing system is used as input to the MIS system.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Decision support systems are used by top level managers to make semi-structured
decisions. The output from the Management Information System is used as input to
the decision support system. DSS systems also get data input from external sources
such as current market forces, competition, etc.

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 MANUAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS VS COMPUTERIZED
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)

Data is the bloodstream of any business entity. Everyone in an organization needs

information to make decisions. An information system is an organized way of
recording, storing data, and retrieving information.

In this section, we will look at manual information systems vs. computerized

information systems.

Manual Information System

A manual information system does not use any computerized devices. The
recording, storing and retrieving of data is done manually by the people, who are
responsible for the information system.

The following are the major components of a manual information system

• People –people are the recipients of information system

• Business Procedures –these are measures put in place that define the rules
for processing data, storing it, analysing it and producing information
• Data –these are the recorded day to day transactions
• Filing system – this is an organized way of storing information
• Reports –the reports are generated after manually analysing the data from
the filing system and compiling it.

ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF A MANUAL

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Advantages:

The following are the advantages of manual information systems

• Cost effective – it is cheaper compared to a computerized system because

there is no need to purchase expensive equipment such as servers,
workstations, printers, etc.
• Flexible –evolving business requirements can easily be implemented into
the business procedures and implemented immediately

Disadvantages:

The following are some of the disadvantages of a manual information system.

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 • Time consuming –all data entries need to be verified before filing, this is a
time-consuming task when done by humans. Retrieving data from the filing
system also takes a considerable amount of time
• Prone to error – the accuracy of the data when verified and validated by
human beings is more prone to errors compared to verification and
validation done by computerized systems.
• Lack of security – the security of manual systems is implemented by
restricting access to the file room. Experience shows unauthorized people
can easily gain access to the filing room
• Duplication of data –most departments in an organization need to have
access to the same data. In a manual system, it is common to duplicate this
data to make it easy to accessible to all authorized users. The challenge
comes in when the same data needs to be updated
• Data inconsistency – due to the duplication of data, it is very common to
update data in one file and not update the other files. This leads to data
inconsistency
• Lack of backups – if the file get lost or mishandled, the chances of
recovering the data are almost zero.

Computerized information system

Computerized systems were developed to address the challenges of manual

information systems. The major difference between a manual and computerized
information system is a computerized system uses a combination of software and
hardware to record, store, analyze and retrieve information.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a computerized

information system (CIS)
The following are some of the disadvantages of a computerized information
system.

Advantages:

The following are the advantages of computerized information systems

• Fast data processing and information retrieval – this is one of the biggest
advantages of a computerized information system. It processes data and
retrieves information at a faster rate. This leads to improved client/customer
service
• Improved data accuracy – easy to implement data validation and
verification checks in a computerized system compared to a manual system.

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 • Improved security – in addition to restricting access to the database server,
the computerized information system can implement other security controls
such as user’s authentication, biometric authentication systems, access rights
control, etc.
• Reduced data duplication – database systems are designed in such a way
that minimized duplication of data. This means updating data in one
department automatically makes it available to the other departments
• Improved backup systems – with modern day technology, backups can be
stored in the cloud which makes it easy to recover the data if something
happened to the hardware and software used to store the data
• Easy access to information – most business executives need to travel and
still be able to make a decision based on the information. The web
and Mobile technologies make accessing data from anywhere possible.

Disadvantages:

• It is expensive to set up and configure – the organization has to buy

hardware and the required software to run the information system. In
addition to that, business procedures will need to be revised, and the staff
will need to be trained on how to use the computerized information system.
• Heavy reliance on technology – if something happens to the hardware or
software that makes it stop functioning, then the information cannot be
accessed until the required hardware or software has been replaced.
• Risk of fraud – if proper controls and checks are not in place, an intruder
can post unauthorized transactions such as an invoice for goods that were
never delivered, etc.

ENGINEER TO ENGINEER MANAGEMENT TRANSITION

• Mentors matter - especially within the company. ...

• Understand the most important priorities of your new role. ...
• Decide on a time and task management strategy. ...
• Set short term goals. ...
• Finally - take time to read, experiment, learn and reflect.

How to transition from an engineer to an

engineering manager:
• Seek mentorship
• Foster effective communication

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 • Understand your goals and objectives
• Hold regular one-on-ones to build rapport
• Ask for feedback
• Avoid micromanagement

Important skills to help you transition from

engineer to manager
• Accountability
• Organization
• Leadership
• Growth mindset
• Communication
• Self-awareness