Mud Program ~ before drilling commence, drilling engineer have tv come Up with the hud program program, bared on the expected geology consi sk Fuad frees oF once drillin diff dey Started. 3 | i ai < Vv ; Drilling Fiuid vy commoniy contracted +0 service companies Operations mMiswaco Ss miswaco | Boker SW Hughes Weatherford Mud Engineev: ensure mud specs follow ‘he mud program << * x ~4e correct any changes 4 the properties of provides 4.F during drilling operation “responsible im modifying the 4F properties ~~ when necessary. input +o Mud Logger: report on progress through geological zones + teed physical n chemical properties Sra Party ot ae Cudlogging, ex Pe Marsh finsel Cviscosity tes} ) Companies: . mud bolance (density test) cinspect cuttinas brought “up +o OLSenV eo’ surface a 9 J waSgyis = Monitor gas levels > Present in the form of graphic togDrilling Fluid, — liq /gac/miture tnt r circulated during (aF) rotary drilling process to:- # temove drill cutting 5 at prevent flow of formation fluicl cre) 4 Hole Stabilization — chemical Vv neh cal into wellbore (kick ) l > drilling usually r to be alance cond. Cient borehole failure due to done “in ovev > unbalance of in situ —— Siresces @ borehole Pag -(Pyp AP > 0 yeas walls TR Normal P,, Grp = 0-433 psi /tt rasion : > Chemical ren between Abnormal P, Gree > 0-485 pri/ at > formation Subnormal-P, Gxpp<-0-483 pitt Type ot failures <— + Hole Enlargement - erosion due 40 fricton with drill strin ¥ encountev with high P shal + Hole Fracturing ~ Pat > Prracture < + Hole Collapse L Pap +00 low to maintain Hructural_ integrity of borehole 4 cools bit J wring # Arantmit hydraulic” hp to. bit + formation evaluation + reduction in weight of casing, Shing dvilling string [ituatton 40 avoid = Wear on = Loss of civculation = ye ot RoP Pump ~ Borehole Sweting ~ Retention of = Borehole Erosion amslee Solids ind. = Pre Stickingif Pap ce Phore ov Pre hole inte gr: is maintained under good sf} | Ver balance ns") condition. loss circulation ¢— the ? Rat > tore [ reqyive aaiomta rmation AF, Tr cost Formation luid would enter the borehole , displacing the d.F Leausing a kick] Ls The High flowrate leads to mereasin Pore pre vcure of fli may then —> Stuck pipe 0 cause Sine walls = ot the borehole +o fishing Tr cock collapse .* detaching more prevdlent in poorly coh@lidated formationClassification of d.F -o| guide Goes Mites Figure 3.3 Classification of dtferent drilling aids [Gases] (Pneumatic) 1Dry Gir ield highest ROP, ‘aeed ci IS costly cant handle: W-0 producin, formation = Mechani ‘call wellboi ‘Cesning ii. Foam! water + surfactants + air Factors in Selection ® minimum overall wel cost @ formation type fange_of formation @_1a0g¢_ of @ Problem formations @ FE procedure @) Water quatty available @) Production, exp ,enut, Safety concern Gd) Logistics 3 y unstable applied m : loss civculation > Suppress dust zones & cant be economically sealed | > combat mall water inflow ili, Mich: water + aiv > remove Stick : Clay, wet fond, used MM minov water 4n€ Gravels athcpeneng zones. 2 cant handle : unstable wellbore» Clearwatev Cfeshwater /seawater ) e oil -based Synthetic -based (inhibited mud) Ce as the comtinuous phase (wBM) Adv.L5 most economical > longev bit Te > High RoP: v less loss circulation ? Good borehole Stapility Limitations > Increase mm AP due to friction ? May cause Clay suelling Water-Based Mud Water-base Mud saree ~ Bentonite (0 to 50) Barite (0 to 500) ~ Caustic Soda (0 to 5) ~ Soda Ash (0 to 3) = Sodium bicarbonate (0 to 3) — Seawater (any portion) ~ Freshwater (any portion) Drill solids (0 to 100) invert emulsion 7s . ; me = i ail_iy the céntinuous pseudo oil phase, water is <2-5y (om) full oil uted: high T (72,000 F ) when deep C>1,000F1) walls salt /unconsolidated formation/ Jott PhaleAdv. rs able 40 withstand high T Cup + 500°F) 7 More inhibitive ? effective against corrasion 7 Superior lubricating chavoicteristics > Limitations - more costly - ae ee 3 FT of logging tools more pouting ~ difficult detection of gas Kick Coolulole in cit) iv based Mud ~ Barite (60.8%) Clay, sand limestone chert, ~ Base oil (31.3%) a ee ccncoces = CaCl, (3.3%) Solids for - Emulsifier (2.2 %) cH Cle ~ Filtrate control/ wetting agent (1.8%) (CaCl or NaCl 486 = Lime (0.2%) | acon (0286) Figure 3.5 Ditierent compositions of eibase mud Function Physical/Chemical Property Transport cuttings from the Wellbore | Yield Point, Apparent Viscosity, Velocity, Gel Strength Prevent Formation Fluids Flowing into | Density the Wellbore Maintain Wellbore Stability Density, Reactivity with Clay Cool and Lubricate the Bit Density, velocity, Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to Bit | Velocity, Density, Viscosityaka mud weight (ow ) Mua Density tn 179 (ts per gallon ) or Lbs [# or pai/ft o Sq L ideal: 1S.G 2 udev density = nine 5.33 ppg vacluring but Ly wually ngt enough 40 contain F, an field, "mg balance’ ued 40 determine the ©.W) ‘ » rer wean Pressure due 4p — = Support weight |__| 2 0. € fom Ae ae overburden a ete as depth 77 - ae i inctease, oryersiGn faclby. = — Palso inceares ] Py» 0.052. tu) D a + ah \s | 14 a | tf = r “aepth rz L~ the _premuve exerted by the 4-F in the column—of mud if -deemed-ay-the- mud hydrostatic pressure Mw contro] « Solid removals -> Shale shakev 7 é G derander A ti: Mecledai desilter ECD (equivalent circulating density ) Ls te small holes, Alp can couse tt Mw Ce4%")) aboutus J thls, ECD defines the actual Mw) during the thud circulation in the hale cds MW + By 7 eto ose pai) 1 0.052) at turface Ns depth 7)Mud Rheoteg y: Study of the deformation of fluids Shear Stress, & force +o ee > defoym the 44 dt. = in velocity ofa fluid moving, along the X- OS 4F can be classified into 2% Newtonian + shear rate x shear stress wits flow behaviour can fully be described by the Newtonian Viscosity , ex: water , light “oil + 4.79 Cbs Ano F™ n.Non-newtonian - viscous property r Complex — approximation using ‘Bingham’ model u. Power Law Tet ‘ctky ‘Pig 3-2 Sera sear svesretiostin oon Newton ids viscosity , cp —> i) using (harsh _Finn Finnel @ field S 4 recorded in = gives indication of = viscosity not -true-Value \ seconds—ef-a-quartu. Using Viscosimeter mi Plastic Viscosity, Mp— Flow resistance which IS caused bi affected by interaction Between Solid i liquid ® Sie, concentration ,Shape particles of the dF oF solids QP @) Fleceutants or deflocutant Jy. <> Solid oS I@® Contaminants paricles \E liq, particles Procedure + > Set roto 00 ef rotor speed @ 600 rpm Map 300 On torque > record reading after ¢tabilized N veadin. a+ for 200, 200,100,4 % 3 L Grn > ve; , 200,100 , 4 peat toy 6 RS pm volor speed if sheav rate % sheov stress ; . ; Calculate: ie / +#— PV = D600 - D300 : / Yield in 4 Teint * D300 - py Ceb/ivori®) i a (675) i") - e a Leetastic limit pore once exceeded deformation is pevmaneb+ Gel Strength —> properties of Ake mud during Htatic condition force/pessure required +0 jnitiate flow atter the 4.F has” been Static for some time how well solider able +o be suspended —_Fiocedure ; m he mud after initial operation, i pasion, —— leh the a. F r remained static fov - operate rotor at Sipm —— 1050+ lOmin L take note of deflectionAlkalinity Important in controlling calcium [ Leigh pst = good for ailing in min 4.5 should be carbonates’ maintained +0 prevent ail On Corrosion of 4-P, aang, tend 40 erode etc. n occur dissolution in-acidic conditions Othe evties : Solid content —if too high , JL ROP + bit life si i Oe tontrols te, MU u re Fluid Loss ability to form controled Fitter cake. L on sidewalls of bore hole a Tested using Filter press % Chloride | - salt contamination from formaton conte Electvica\_ — mud_resistivity — effects properties formation evaluation [- calculation R Von Tem myersely propertional +o Salt™ concentration Diloge ves maybe ropa into sere caters 1 seat 2 tentnte nije Lig Liaostontes sire Pogmers