University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh

Course Code: CHEM1301

Course Title: Chemistry
Lab Report: 04
Experiment No.: 04
Lab Section: 01

Name of the Experiment: Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) using Sodium

Hydroxide (NaOH) as a Standard Solution

Submitted to: Dr. Md Alauddin

Submitted by: Tuasin Taj Fiha

ID: 231016010
Department of EEE

Date of Experiment: 12 July 2023

Date of Submission: 26 July 2023
Objective:

Through the use of a standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and the method of
titration, the purpose of this experiment was to produce a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution that
met the criteria for standardization. In quantitative chemistry, the process of standardization is
extremely important since it enables accurate estimation of solution concentration. This is one of
the most important roles that standardization plays.

Theoretical:

Titration is a technique that is used frequently in laboratories for quantitative chemical analysis.
Its objective is to determine the concentration of an unknown analyte by comparing it to the
concentration of a known analyte. In the current investigation, an acid (HCl) and a base (NaOH)
were put through a titration process using an acid-base titration approach. This involved a
chemical reaction between the two substances. Commonly referred to as the "equivalency point,"
this step of the reaction occurs when the reaction finally achieves neutrality. Employing an
appropriate indicator, such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine this point is
recommended. In the current situation, the phenomenon of phenolphthalein goes through a
change in colour, transitioning from a transparent condition to a pink hue. This transformation
occurs at the same time as a variation in the acidity level of the solution, which moves toward a
more alkaline nature.

The reaction that takes place when hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are
brought together in a chemical setting is a simple example of a stoichiometric reaction. This type
of reaction is defined by the fact that the ratio between the reactants is exactly one to one. The
following equation can be used to illustrate this reaction:

The following is the chemical equation that represents the reaction that takes place in an aqueous
solution when hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are present: HCl(aq) +
NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l).

An equilibrium state in a reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide is denoted
by the presence of an equal number of moles of both the acid and the base. Calculations that
follow are built on top of this essential notion that serves as their foundation. Applying the
following mathematical formula allows for an accurate description of the relationship in
question:

M1V1 = M2V2

Both the molarity and volume of the NaOH are denoted by the variables M1 and V1,
respectively, whereas the molarity and volume of the HCl are denoted by M2 and V2,
respectively.

Chemicals and Reagents:

1. Hydrochloric Acid
2. Sodium Hydroxide
4. Phenolphthalein

Apparatus:

1) Funnel
2) Digital weight machine
3) Distilled water
4) Burette
5) Measuring cylinder
6) Conical Flask
7) Dropper

Procedure:

1) To start, you'll need to prepare the 0.1M NaOH solution. Dissolve 2 grams of sodium
hydroxide in half of the amount of distilled water contained in a volumetric flask with a capacity
of 500 milliliters. In order to guarantee that the NaOH is completely dissolved, give it a light stir.
2) Pour half of the standard NaOH solution, which was prepared in step 1, into the burette. Take
the reading from the first burette.
3) Dissolve 1.825 grams of HCl in a separate volumetric flask with a capacity of 250 milliliters
to make the HCl solution. To ensure that everything is thoroughly combined, fill the flask with
distilled water all the way to the line.
4) Using a volumetric pipette, transfer exactly 10.0 mL of the HCl solution that was created into
a conical flask that has been thoroughly cleaned.
5) This conical flask should have two to three drops of phenolphthalein added to it as an
indicator. Because phenolphthalein does not change color in acidic environments, the solution
will keep its transparent appearance.
6) While stirring the mixture frequently, titrate the HCl solution that is contained within the
conical flask using the standard NaOH solution that is contained within the burette. Carry on
until the liquid no longer seems clear but rather a light pink color. This point symbolizes the
equivalence point, which is reached when all of the acid is neutralized by the base.
7) Pay close attention to the readout on the burette as it nears its end. The difference between the
initial and final readings on the burette represents the volume of the NaOH solution (V1) that
was utilized in order to neutralize the 10.0 mL of the HCl solution (V2).
8) Check the results of steps 4-6 at least two more times to ensure correctness. Find out what the
typical volume of the NaOH solution that is used in titrations is.
9) As a last step, determine the molarity of the HCl solution by using the equation M1V1 =
M2V2 to the data. Both the molarities and volumes of HCl are denoted by the symbols M2 and
V2, respectively. M1 and V1 refer to the molarities and volumes of NaOH, respectively. You are
able to compute M2, which is the molarity of the HCl solution if you have M1, V1, and V2.
10) Ensure that all of the glassware is well cleaned both before and after the experiment in order
to prevent the possibility of cross-contamination and inaccurate results. When you are getting
close to the endpoint, begin gradually adding the NaOH solution to the HCl solution. This will
prevent you from going too far past the endpoint.
Table:

Accurate Reading Accurate Reading Accurate Reading

Second Burette (ml) 3.4 7.3 11.3
First Burette (ml) 0 3.4 7.3
Titre Value 3.4 3.9 4

V1 (Volume of NaOH ) = (3.9+4)/2 = 3.95 ml

Data:

- Initial burette reading = 0.0 mL

- Final burette reading = 3.95 mL
- Volume of NaOH used (V1) = 3.95 mL
- Concentration of NaOH (M1) = 0.1 M
- Volume of HCl used (V2) = 10 mL

Results and Calculations:

Applying the formula M1V1 = M2V2,

0.1 M * 3.95 mL = M2 * 10 mL
=> M2 (HCl concentration) = 0.04 M

Discussion:

The molarity of the HCl solution was determined to be 0.04 M by the use of experimental
methods. Based on this discovery, it appears that the initial assumption that the molarity of HCl
would remain constant throughout the preparation at 0.1M was incorrect. The gap that was
discovered could have been brought about by various possible causes of error, such as flaws in
the weighing procedure, imprecise volume measurements, or variances in the purity of the
chemicals that were used. It is essential to reduce these mistakes as much as possible in order to
obtain conclusions that are more exact and reliable.

In addition, it is essential to emphasize that phenolphthalein proved to be an appropriate

indicator for this titration as a result of its pH range, which aligned with the small pH transition
zone found at the equivalence point of the NaOH-HCl titration. This is an important point to
make since it is necessary to highlight that phenolphthalein proved to be an appropriate indicator
for this titration.
In conclusion, titration is a fundamental method within the realm of analytical chemistry, and it
plays an essential part in the process of standardizing solutions. This is an important point to
remember. The employment of this method makes it possible to ascertain the specific
concentrations of the solutions being studied, which is an essential component for the subsequent
accurate quantitative research. The experiment demonstrated the importance of precision in the
processes of preparation, measurement, and observation since these steps collectively enhance
the precision and reliability of the results that are produced.