TOTAL SOLUTIONS IN

PHY111
CALCULATIONS AND THEORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
INCLUSIVE
(INCLUDING SOLVINGS OF ALL EXERCISES IN YOUR TEXTBOOK)

BY KAYMATH
CALL: 08068552755
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Calculations and theoretical aspects inclusive (strictly exams focus)
All texts and calculations typed for easy assimilation
Over 100 Theoretical questions and answers.
By Kaymath (call 08068552755)
TABLE OF CONTENT
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT APPROXIMATIONS—1

MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS—2

VECTORS – 3

MECHANICS—5

PROJECTILE MOTION—8

FORCE AND NEWTON’S LAW—11

CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION—13

WORK , ENERGY AND POWER—14

MOMENTUM—16

ROTATIONAL MOTION—19

TEMPERATURE AND THERMOMETER—21

WORK DONE BY SYSTEM OF EXPANDING GAS AND

CALORIMETRY—23

THEEMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER—24

KINECTIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS—25

HEAT TRANSFER—26

PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER—27

THEORETICAL ASPECT OF PHY111—27

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALCULATORS—34

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By kaymath (call 08068552755) 1

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT APPROXIMATIONS

Approximations are very significant in uniben physics and chemistry
exams because if you approximate wrongly you will get a wrong answer
but in this material I will Teach you how to approximately correctly. Note
that you approximate A number only when the decimal number is in the
range of 0-2 and when the decimal number is in the range of 7-9, you
don’t approximate when the decimal number is in the range of 3-6 or else
u get a wrong number which will be either bigger or lesser than answers
in the options instead write your figures and solve like that. I will Explain
what I mean in details .for instance you are solving and you Get a number
like 2.1112 If you must approximate you get 2.1 or 2.11 because decimal
range is 0-2,if you get a number 3.7 or 3.79 or 3.668 you can approximate
to 4,3.8 and 3.67 respectively because the decimal numbers you
approximated ranges from 7-9 .but note when u have a number
2.555,2.554,2.556 or 2.443 or 2.553 you don’t approximate instead solve
with the figures the Way you see it in the calculator because the decimal
number ranges from 3-6.This aspect is very important when solving
questions else you get a number slightly different from the ones in the
options please take note. More examples, if you get a number
2.2275,7.1284,6.394,2.3844,3.293, you get 2.23,7.13,6.4,2.4,3.3,
respectively .it doesn’t matter where the decimal number is as far as it
follows the rules. also if u get 2.335,2.445,2.333333,2.66666,2.43434, do
not approximate solve with it the way you see it. TAKE NOTE!!!!!!!!!!!
( let’s begin see page 19 for the theory questions and answers but let’s
deal with the calculation aspect first)
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 2

MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS an equation to be dimensionally correct co-

efficient of dimension must be the same
(CHAPTER 1) ex. 4; if x refers to a distance u and v are
Fundamental quantities are quantites that do velocities , a is acceleration and t is time ,
not depend on other quantities e.g. mass(kg), which of the following is dimensionally
length(m), time(s), temperature(k), electric correct. (a) x= (b) = 2ax
current(ampere A), amount of substance(mol) SOLUTION
luminous intensity (candela ‘Cd’). x= ,L= , L=L + LT, It is
Derived quantities; are quantities derived
incorrect because the co-efficient are not
from other quantities e.g. speed(m/s),
the same, take a look at L, we have and
acceleration (m/ ) ,density (kg ), moment
, The co-efficient are not the same ,
(Nm), pressure (N ), torque e.t.c.
hence is no correct.
Dimension: getting dimension is very easy, in
exam you might be asked to find the (b) = 2ax ,force , = + ,is
dimension of an uncommon formular, note correct because co-efficient of dimensions is
that the dimension for mass is L, distance is L, the same. Note that numbers are dimension
time is T, current is I, in getting dimension you e.g. they don’t appear in dimensionless.
need to know the formular first SOLUTION OF EXERCISE 1
ex. 1; Find the dimension of velocity. 1.1 You are told that the volume of a sphere
SOLUTION is given by V= , where V is the volume
v= = = . and d is the diameter of a sphere. Is this
ex. 2; what is the dimension for acceleration equation dimensionally correct?
SOLUTION SOLUTION
a= = = . volume= ( ) , dimension of diameter
‘’d’’=m ( ) ,from V= , = = , = .
Ex. 3; what is the dimension for pressure? note that numbers and symbols do not
SOLUTION appear in dimension. It is dimensionally
P= = = = . Dimension of l correct.
and b are ‘’L’’. Hence simply knowing the basic 1.2 If x= , where x is length and t is time,
acceleration like velocity ,acceleration is it dimensionally correct, what are the S.I
, pressure , volume . unit of the constant g?
you can easily get other higher dimension SOLUTION
easily ,other examples of dimension are
moment , impulse , x= , x= length (L) , g=gravity ( ), (
momentum , elastic modulus ), L= , L=L. Hence it is
, you can try deriving them using dimensionally.
their formulars. 1.3. show that the equation x= ,
application of dimension; It is useful in in where v is velocity and and are length
checking if an equation which has been is dimensionally correct.
derived is dimensionally correct, note that for SOLUTION
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 3
= vt , =distance (L) , =distance(L) , Vectors are physical quantities that have
v=velocity ( ), t=time (T) ,L=L + , magnitude size and direction. Examples are
L=L + L. It is dimensionally correct. displacement , velocity , acceleration, force ,
1.4. One student using unit analysis, says that impulse, moment, field intensities (e.g.
the equation V=√ is dimensionally magnetic field , electric field, gravitational
correct. Another says it is not with whom do field) , weight , momentum , friction ,
you agree? torque, tension , upthrust , you can use the
SOLUTION ‘’SHORTCUT’’ [DAVIM TUT FOR FORM FILL
V=√ , a=acceleration= , MANAGEMENT WORK] to remember all
vector quantities easily where
=√ , =√ , = . Hence it is d=displacement a=acceleration, v=velocity ,
dimensionally correct. i= impulse, m=moment , t=tension ,
1.5. A car travels at a constant speed of 15m/s u=upthrust, t=torque , f=force , f=field
. how many miles does it travel in 1h? intensities , f=friction , m=momentum ,
SOLUTION w=weight any other quantity that isn’t in
‘’davim tut for form fill management’’ .
Converting 15m/s to miles/hr, 15x
scalar quantities: Scalar quantities are
=33.56m/s. physical quantities which have only
1.6. Which one of the following has the same magnitude but no direction e.g. distance,
dimension as time? (a) (b) √ speed, mass, time, length, volume, e.t.c.
Resultant of a vector is given by
(c) √ (d) v (e)
|R|=√ , =resultant
SOLUTION vector along x-axis , = resultant vector
T= √ , T=√ =√ , T=T, Therefore the along x-axis , = resultant vector along x-
axis. Y Note that magnitude can also
answer is B
1.7 The area of a room floor is 25f . How Z X be |R|=√ . The
many are there in the floor?
SOLUTION direction is given by Ө=
Note that 3.28feet= 1m, = , hence RESOLVING VECTORS
10.7584= . 10.758  The best and common method of resolving
25  x, = =2.324 . vectors is the vectorial or component or
component method.
1.8. What is the dimension of co-efficient of
(i) Vectors in the same direction are added
friction and viscosity ?
together. e.g. all vectors moving in x-axis are
SOLUTION
added together . (you will understand better
Co-efficient of friction is given by μ= = when we solve exercises )
= . It is dimensionless because symbols (ii) Always add vector in same direction
do not appear in dimension. together
VECTORS (CHAPTER 2) (iii) After adding vectors in each direction
you the resultant
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 4
you find the resultant determine the magnitude and direction of
(iv) Note that when resolving vectors , vectors the third leg of the journey
in the x-axis ( ) are resolved using ‘’ ’’ N SOLUTION
i.e. = and for = . Please take According to the
note , these two formulars are very crucial. W E cardinal point it moved
This is very crucial according to trigonometry 3km east at , it
‘’ACTS’’ to be specific4th quadrant S moved again from
2nd quadrant S A 1st quadrant east to south east ( extension) . hence
3rd quadrant T C 4th quadrant = . Hence let the unknown
A=all is positive , C= cos is positive , T=tan is further distance resolving x and y axis, we
positive , S=sine is positive take and as 8m hence = 8km and
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 2 = 8km.
2.1 A particle has velocities 1m/s , 2m/s, 8=3 +5 +B ,
3√ m/s, and 4m/s inclined at an angle of , B =8 3 +5
, and respectively to the x-axis. B = 3.5355 -------- (1)
Find the resultant velocity in magnitude and 8=3 + +
direction B =8– 3 +
SOLUTION B = 1.4645---------- (2) . The magnitude
velocities=1m/s , 2m/s, 3√ m/s, and 4m/s , of (1) and (2) will give us B. from
angles= , , and
Note that we resolve the vectors in both x-axis |R|=√
and y-axis and find resultant hence from |R|=√ = 3.83km. The di-
=1 +2 + 3√ + rection is given by Ө= = =
4 = 0.5. , for =1 +
√
2.3. Determine the magnitude of the
+ + = =0.866 . from resultant of two displacement A and B
where A= -2k)m , B= m
|R|=√ =|R|=√ = 1N.
SOLUTION
When calculating resultant you ignore any Whe are simply add up the two vectors and
minus sign because = . No need of find the resultant , A + B = -2k) +
putting it because we already know it will give =
us ‘ ’ direction using Ө= = from |R|=√
Ө= . Checking the hint on trigonometry
|R|=√ = √ = 6.
tan is only negative in 2nd quadrant and 4th
2.5. A lady drove her car northwest for a
quadrant hence we add to ,
distance of 10km , then east for 40km a then
because it’s a negative answer
south or 60km calculate the overall
Ө= + = .
displacement of the car from the starting
2.2 A boar sails 3km east , then 5km west
point.
south east, then a further distance in an
SOLUTION
unknown direction. If his final position is
I need you to study the cardinal point
8km directly east of the starting point
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 5
carefully and know how I got the values from started , hence = 30 + 40
W E from 10km northwest = 49.4975. =30 +4
northwest = from 10km
East of 40km at east= = 7.071. |R|=√
W E 60 km south = given by |R|=√ = 49.99 = 50.
the diagram
Ө= = = . in acts tan is
N = 10 +2 +
60 = 32.93. negative in first quadrant hence,
=10 +4 + Ө= = .
S =1 = 52.93 . 2.8 Four forces 8N, 6N , 2N, and 4N act at a
point O in the directions north, east, south
|R|=√ =√ =62.3km and west respectively , find the magnitude
of their resultant
Ө= = = . SOLUTION
2.6 A particle of mass 10,000g is acted upon We were given 8N, 6N, 2N and 4N moving
by forces of 2N, 4√ N , 6N and 8N inclines at from north, east, south, west .we have ,
angles of , , and respectively , and . =8 +
to a given direction. The magnitude of the N 6 +2 +
resultant force and the acceleration are? W E 4 = 6.
SOLUTION =8 +6 +
We were given 2N, 4√ N, 6N and 8N and for S 2 +4 = 2N
angle , , , , hence
|R|=√ =√ = 6.32N.
=2 + 4√ + 6 +
8 = 4.73. =2 + 4√ + 2.9 Referring to question 2.8 . find the
6 + = 17.12N. direction of the resultant force.
SOLUTION
|R|=√ =√ =17.77N. from Ө= = = .
Note that from f = ma , m= 10,000g to kg=10kg
MECHANICS (CHAPTER 3)
a= = = 1.777 .
speed or velocity is given by V = =
2.7 A particle is subjected to two
displacement as follows 30m to the northwest acceleration is given by A = , u v is
and 40m to the northwest. What must be the the change in velocity . Average velocity is
third displacement the particle is to end if the given by V = , u= initial velocity , v=final
particle is to end up at the starting point? velocity , (this average velocity is for
SOLUTION uniformly accelerated motion note that a
30m northeast= , northwest = , note body is said to be uniformly accelerated if
N N that if it moves the rate of change of velocity with time is
W E to starting point constant), the average velocity for non-
W E it goes back to uniformly accelerated motion is given by
S S north where it =
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 6
EQUATIONS OF MOTION: equations of motion b= 45. This is a velocity-time graph , the
are given by = , = , height of the shape is the velocity which we
s= + . The distance covered by a to find using
rectangle , trapezium or triangle is the area of v= at=2x15= 30secs. S =
the shape . Areas of this shapes or rather S= 1050m. (b) The maximum velocity is also
distance are; for trapezium S = , a= 30m/s. (c) This is a non-uniformly
accelerated motion , the total time = 45s
distance of the shape under v-t graph , b= base
, h= height . for triangle S= . Note that for using = = =23.33s
freely falling objects under the influence of (d) of distance , x 1050 = 700m. we then
gravity are given by; = ,S= find the time it takes to cover 700m from
diagram
= , – = , where
2 The diagram of
= initial distance , = final distance .The a= t 15 , b= t
derivative of distance or displacement 30 h=30m/s,
15s
gives speed (velocity) . The derivative of t
velocity give acceleration . To differentiate
you multiply bt the power of ‘x’ and minus 1 S= , 1400= 30 ,
from the power i.e. = , = . Note t= 30.84secs. to 2 significant figures it is
approximately 30.00sec.
when a body start from rest u= 0 but when it
3.2. The displacement of a body in positive
comes to rest v= 0 . Note that in motion
x-direction is given x = .
influenced by gravity ‘’ ‘’ is an upward
Find the velocity and acceleration of the
motion while ‘’ ’’ is a downward motion.
body after 5sec.
Note also that for upward motion v= 0 an for
SOLUTION
downward motion u= 0 . Note that negative
x= , we differentiate
sign in acceleration means retardation.
once for velocity and twice for acceleration
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4
3.1. A car starts from rests , accelerate at t= 5s. = substituting 5 for t .
2 , for 15sec, it then continues at a = = 249m/s. this is for
steady speed for further 25sec and decelerates velocity to get acceleration we differentiate
to rest in 5sec find (a) The distance travelled in
m (b) The maximum velocity (c) The average again = 18t + 4 = 18(5) + 4 =- 94
velocity (d) The time taken to cover two-third 3.3. A ball thrown vertically upward returns
of the distance. to the thrower 4.0seconds later. Determine
SOLUTION the speed with which it was thrown (g=
2 The diagram of 10
movement is a SOLUTION
v trapezium hence t note that the total time of flight is
5s 40s 45s the distance will 2secs 4 sec that is for it to move back to
be given from S = , a= 40 15 = 25. the thrower but time= 2sec. note that time
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 7
is half of the total time of flight i.e ( T=2t) = 12m , = ? , it was dropped hence u= 0 ,
from = ‘ ‘ was used because It was anfrom S = ,S=
upward motion. Also v= 0 . hence S= 4.9 -------(1) ,it fell the last 12m in 0.38s
0= u – 10x2, u= 20m/s.
, –12=
3.4. A train approaching a terminus does two
successive 200m in 10seconds and 15seconds –12= ,
respectively . Assuming the retardation to be s 12= 3.724t + 0.71 ,
uniform . Find total distance the train runs s= 3.724t + 12.71 ---(2) , equating (1)
before coming to stop. and (2) , 4.9 = 3.724t + 12.71
SOLUTION 4.9 = 3.724t + 12.71
Doing two successive means it moved 200m 3.724t = 12.71 , t= = 3.413sec.
twice , therefore it did 200m in 10sec and 3.7. Two runners approaching each other on
400m in 10 + 15=25secs. Using s = + a straight track have constant speeds
+4.5 and - respectively ,
200= + , 200= 20 + 100a----(1)
when they are 100m apart. How long will it
400= + , 800= 50 + 625a----(2) take for the runners to meet and at what
solving simultaneously ,(HINT; you can use position will this occur if they maintain
calculator to solve simultaneous equations see these speeds?
page 34 on hint on calculators) .a= -0.533 SOLUTION
u= 22.67m/s , v= 0 , (body comes to rest) total Note that they are running in opposite
distance from = , direction to each other hence from question
0= x 0.53 , 0= 2x0.53xs -3.5m/s 4.5m/s
s= = 482m . 100 x x
3.6. In a movie the FBI is investigating an from v= , hence t= , = x , = 100 x
assassination attempt on the life of the = , = , 3.5x = 4.5(100 x)
president. The settings is a parade in new york
3.5x = 450 4.5x , 8x = 450 , x= = 56.25m.
and an amateur photographer has made a
videotape of the passing motorcade . A careful 3.10. If the speed of a truck is reduced
examination of the tape shows in the from 26.7m/s to 6.7m/s within a distance of
background a falling object that turns out to 800m . find (a) how long were the breaks
be a pair of binoculars used by the would-be applied ? (b) How much longer will it take
assassin . From the tape the FBI is able to before coming to rest ?
determine that the binoculars fell the last 12m SOLUTION
before hitting the ground in 0.38s, it is u= 26.7m/s , v= 6.7m/s , s= 800m from
important for them to know the height and S= , t= = 48sec. (b) , we need
hence the building floor from which the to find the deceleration (negative
binoculars were dropped . Can this be acceleration ) from = ,
determined from the given info? If so, from
= , a=
what height were the binoculars dropped (g =
9.8 ). a= 0.4175 . (negative sign must show
SOLUTION when calculating deceleration but not
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 8
before calculation). V=0, because body comes horizontal motion is with constant velocity
to rest. From v= u + at , 0= 26.7 – 0.4175t , ( ) Maximum range at any velocity is
t= = 16sec. obtained at angle of projection . and is
for a body coming to rest , a= ? s= 800m given by = , horizontal component
3.11. What is the effective take off velocity of of a projectile is given by = ,
a ball that bounces to a maximum height of vertical component of projectile is given by
4m (g = 10 ) = , the instantaneous
SOLUTION velocity or final velocity is given by
Note that at maximum height v= 0 ,the ball is
opposing gravity because the ball accelerate =√ , the direction is given by
upward (-g) . u= ? s= 4m ,using =
Ө= parabolic equation is given by
0= 2 , u= √ = 8.94 .
3.12. A starts from rest and accelerates for Y= where y=
for 5s, then maintains that velocity for horizontal axis x= vertical axis Ө= angle of
10sec and then decelerates at the rate projection , u= initial velocity.
for 4s. What is the final speed of the car? , range is also given by R= where t =
SOLUTION time and = initial velocity , Note that
2m/s . Note from 0 to 4m/s
4m/s
is same as .
is accelerating and from RELATIVE VELOCITY : Two dimensional
5s 15s 19s ,the final velocity is relative velocity between two bodies
the difference in velocities of the accelerating moving along non – parallel lines it is given
and decelerating body = 4x5 = 20m/s.
= 2x4 = 8m/s, hence 20 8 = 14m/s. by = √ , the direction is given by
PROJECTILE MOTION Ө= .For one dimensional relative
A projectile is a body launched into the air, velocity (i) When they move in opposite
which moves under gravity in a parabolic path
directions their relative velocity is sum of
called it’s trajectory their velocities (ii) When they
Time to reach maximum move in the same direction their velocities is
usinӨ maximum Height height is given by t= . the difference in their velocities
(ucosӨ) range Total time of (iii) If the velocity of a body ‘A’ with respect
flight is twice the time to reach maximum to another body ‘B’ is = , then
height i.e. T= 2t = , maximum height is The velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’ is
=
given by Hmax = , note that is EXAMPLE 1: A cyclist A rides with a velocity
same as , Range is given by of 4m/s , ahead of another ‘B’ which chases
after him with a velocity 3m/s . Determine
R= , where u= initial velocity of
the (i) relative velocity of A to B (ii) relative
projection , g= gravity , Ө= angle of projection. velocity of B to A
Note that a projectile makes a vertical motion SOLUTION
( ) with constant acceleration and the It moves in the same direction and it’s a one
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 9
dimensional relative velocity hence = 2.185secs
= =4 3= 1m/s. (ii) B relative to A
= – = 21.053 10 2.185
using = = 4 3 = 1m/s.
EXAMPLE 2: An athlete walks 3m/s due south = 3.6m/s. from = √
of a golf hole while his coach walks at 1m/s
due west of it , determine the relative velocity =√ = 11.12m/s. the
of the athlete with respect to his coach and it’s direction is from Ө= = =
direction.
SOLUTION 4.2. A boy throws himself from the top of a
x 1m/s from = √ diving board with a horizontal velocity of
4m/s if he land in the pool 3m from the
3m/s =√ = 3.16m/s point vertically below his point of projection
the direction is given by how high is the diving board
y Ө= = = . SOLUTION
It threw himself from rest hence U= 0
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4
R= 3m , = 4m/s , from R= ,
4.1. A ball shot at an angle of to the
ground strikes a building 23m away at a point t= = = 0.75secs. we look for height
16m high . Find the magnitude and direction of 3m using S = , (we used
the final velocity of the ball as it strikes the
positive(+) in formular because it is not
wall.
acting against gravity, it is coming down)
SOLUTION
We are to find final velocity using S = 0xt+ x9.8x = 2.756 = 2.76m
4.3. What is the least velocity of projection
=√ , but we need to find ‘u’ using required to obtain a horizontal range of
100m and what will be the time of flight (g=
Y= , x= 23m , Ө=
10m/s)
, u= ? , y= 16m, g= gravity -10m/s. SOLUTION
16= The least velocity of projection is the
maximum range = 100m ,g= 10m/s ,
16=
U=? using = , U= √ =
16=
√ U= 31.6m/s. at maximum range
16= 39.837 , 16 = 39.87 Ө= .we find time of flight using T =
= 39.87 , 32 21160= T= = 4.47secs
4.4. Particle is fired of the cliff of 49m high,
= 21160 , u= √ = 21.053m/s.
with a speed of 14m/s at an angle to
from = because we are dealing the horizontal . Find the maximum height
with initial velocity hence we use in place reached and the point where the particle
of ) = = enters the sea.
= 10.5265m/s . using R= , t= = SOLUTON
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 10
Note that when particle enters the sea , it has U= 30m/s , Hmax = = 36.735m
a maximum height of (HEIGHT OF CLIFF AND
4.10. During a football match, the ball kicked
HEIGHT(DEPTH) OF SEA) ,hence you can use
at angle of elevation went just over the
this formular = +H goal post , height 2.4m. assuming the goal
for questions like this, where H= height of clif post height is the greatest, calculate (a)
= 49m , u = 14m/s , g = 9.8 Ө= speed at which the ball was projected (b) the
time taken to reach the greatest height (c)
= + 49 = 54m.
the horizontal distance between the point of
kick and foot of the goal post bar (neglect the
4.5. If a man on a train turns and walk 5km/h thickness of the bar)
in the direction opposite that of the train SOLUTION
moving at 20km/h . find the velocity of the because the goal post height is greatest We
man relative to a boy stand by the road are to find the initial speed or velocity u= ?
SOLUTION
we are not asked to find the relative velocity = 2.4m , Ө = , Hmax =
of the man to the train but of a man to a boy
U= √ =√ = 9.6995m/s
standing on the road , THE MAN IS MOVING
IN THE SAME DIRECTION WITH THE BOY (b) t= = t= = 0.495secs
hence for this reason we minus using rule (ii)
of one dimensional relative velocity we minus (c) the horizontal distance is the range
man= 5km/h , train = 20km/h. 20 5= 15km/h R= = R= = 9.6m
4.6. A car travelling at 80km/h on a level road 4.11. A swimmer swims north across a river
raining day. The trucks of the rain drops on a that flows at 0.20m/s from west to east . If
side window make an angle with the the speed of the swimmer is 0.15m/s
vertical. Neglecting the wind relative to still water, what is the swimmer’s
velocity , determine the velocity of the rain velocity relative to the river bank?
drops SOLUTION
SOLUTION 0.15m/s river This is a two dimensional
train 80km . where ‘’k’’ is the raindrop From 0.2m/still water relative velocity question
SOH-CAH-TOA Ө = =
=√ =√ = 0.25m/s. .
Ө k = ,V= = 138.6km/h
4.8. If a particle is projected with speed 30m/s the direction is from Ө=
at an angle , find the greatest height Ө= = = .
and the corresponding horizontal distance .
4.12 A ball is thrown horizontally , with a
Find also the time of flight .
sped of 15m/s from the top of a 6.0m tall hill.
4.9. When a stone is projected, it’s horizontal
How far from the point on the ground
range is 24m and greatest height 6m. Find it’s
directly below the launch point does the ball
velocity of projection
strike the ground
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Hmax = ,Ө= = 63.435. We are to find the range from R=
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 11
but we look for time first , Before the ball is given by a = ( ) , Tension in the
was at rest hence U= 0 , using S = , string is
6 , t= √ = 1.1secs. , glider is given by T= ( ) , force is
=15m/s , R= 15X1.1 = 16.5m = 17m given by F = 1.414T , where T=tension ,
4.13. A person riding in th =e back of a pick up Acceleration on a frictionless surface plane is
truck travelling at 70km/h on a straight , given by a = ( ) .Two bocks
level road throws a ball with a speed of resting on an inclined plane connected by a
15km/h relative to the truck in a direction light string , the acceleration is given by
opposite its motion. What is the velocity of
the ball (a) relative to a stationary observer by a= ( )
the side of the road (b) relative to the driver FRICTIONAL FORCE: frictional force when
of a car moving in the same direction as the object is accelerating is given =
truck at speed of 90km/h = applied force ,m= mass ,a= acceleration
SOLUTION When object is not moving the weight or
(a) Relative to a stationary observer (in same normal reaction is given by R=W= mg , note
direction hence we subtract) truck = 70km/h that normal reaction(R) and weight (W) are
ball= 15km/h ,V = 70 15 = 55km/h. equivalent to each other
R
(b) Note that the ball and the car (which is case (i)
moving in the same direction as the truck)
are moving opposite each other , hence we W
add car= 90km/h , V= 90 15= 105km/h. When object is on a horizontal plane , the
FORCE AND NEWTON’S LAW applied force is what cause the object to
move , the force need to be greater than the
(CHAPTER – 5) frictional force for the object to move.
momentum is given by P = MV , m= mass , v= Friction on a horizontal surface is given by
velocity . Impulse is given by I = FXT , f=force , =μmg , μ = co-efficient of friction.
t= time , force is given by F = , v= final case (ii) for a vertical surface i.e
velocity , u= initial velocity . Upward let’s assume that a block
is held vertically on a wall , the
acceleration of a lift is given by R = m(g + a)
applied force ‘ ’ is what keeps
Downward acceleration of lift is given by
wall the object on the wall , the
R

R= m(g – a) , True weight is given by W= mg .

friction on the vertical surface
ACCELERATION OF CONNECTED PARTICLES
is given by μ= , R= normal
ARE GIVEN BELOW . Acceleration of two
mg reaction . Take note of the two
smooth pulleys are given by a= ( ) .
cases.
are masses of pulleys. The tension in SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 5
The string is given by T= ( ) 5.1. A box of books of mass 2.0kg is sliding
Net force of the pulley system is given by across a level floor and its retardation is
Netforce= 2T . acceleration in air- track glider measured to be . Calculate the co-
efficient of kinectic friction . ( )
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 12
SOLUTION frictionless pulley system question =
m=0.2kg, a= , g= We find ‘μ’ 4.85kg , = 3.62kg = 0.84kg g=
using = ma , μmg= ma , μ= = = = 0.4 a= ( ) = 1.3 .
5.2. A body hangs from a spring balance (b) in each string we use T= (g + a) and
supported from the roof of an elevator . If the T= (g a) . T= 3.62(9.8 + 1.3) = 40.2N
elevator has an upward acceleration of T= 4.85(9.8 – 1.3) = 41.2N
and the balance reads 50N, what is 5.7. Two particles of masses 6kg and 14kg
the true weight of the body? ( ) are connected by the light string passing over
SOLUTION a smooth pulley ; what is the tension in the
R= 50N (normal reaction is same as tension in string?
the cord T) g= , a= , we are to SOLUTION
find the true weight from (w= mg) but we = 6kg , = 14kg , T= ( )
look for mass first from R= m(g + a)
m= = = 3.846N T=( )9.8 = 82.32N. Note that while
solving if you are not given ‘’g’’ always use
5.3. A 15kg block rest on the surface of a
smooth plane inclined at an angle to the 9.8 except when specified in the
horizontal . A light inextensible string passing question else you get a wrong answer.
over a small , smooth pulley at the top of the 5.11. If an air truck glider of mass 2kg is
plane connects the block to another 13kg connected to a mass of 5kg with a spring
block hanging freely . Find the acceleration of over a frictionless, massless pulley. What is
the resulting motion and the tension in the the force on the pulley
string . ( ) SOLUTION
SOLUTION = 2kg , = 5kg , g= It is an air
P’ R According to the question glider hence T= ( ) =( )10= 14.3N.
and this diagram you can force on air-track glider using F=1.414T
see that it is a frictionless F= 1.414X14.3 = 20.2N.
plane. = 15kg = 13kg 5.12. Two particles of masses 7kg and 9kg
, are connected by a light inextensible string
a= ? , hence using a = passing over a smooth fixed pulley. What is
a= 1.925 . the force on the pulley? (9.8 )
5.5. A 0.84kg glider on a level air truck is SOLUTION
joined by string to two hanging masses. = This is a pulley hence = 7kg , = 9kg , g=
4.85kg and = 3.62kg the string have ,It is an air glider hence
negligible mass and pass over light , T=( ) =( ) x9.8= 77.175N.
frictionless pulley . (a) find the acceleration of force on pulley using F=2T = 2x77.175
the masses (b) the tension in the strings F = 154.35N.
SOLUTION 5.14. Two blocks connected are connected
For question like this that has three masses by a cord on a horizontal surface . A force F
you use a= ( ) , Note that this is a pulls on the blocks as shown In the figure
below
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 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 13

25kg 15kg F= 120N AND GRAVITATION

SOLUTION (CHAPTER 6)
= 120N , m= 25 + 15= 40kg , a= ? , μ= 0.2 gravitational force of two bodies of masses
g= from = , a= and is given by = , orbital

a= = 1.04 . speed is given by V= √ =√ , where

5.13.A disk of moment of inertia 2x kg r= radius of earth ( = 6.4x ,it’s a
Is rotating freely about an axis through it’s constant) , G= gravitation constant
centre at 20rad/s . Calculate the new angular (6.67x ,it’s a constant ) , = mass of
velocity if some wax of candle 0.05kg is earth (6x ,it’s a constant ) , h= height
dropped gently on the disc 0.1m from the axis
.When object is above the earth surface , the
SOLUTION magnitude of gravitational force is given by
If some wax is dropped into the disk , the new
moment of inertia = moment of inertia of =√ , where m= mass . Centripetal
disk + that of wax .inertia of disk =
kg ,m= 0.05kg, r= 0.1m, moment acceleration is given by = , it is also
of inertia of wax = = 0.05x given by = and =vw , where v=
= 5x kg . new moment of inertia = velocity , r= radius , w = angular velocity .
+ 5x = kg acceleration is also given by a = , =
5.15. If an air-track glider of mass 5kg is displacement , centripetal force is given by
connected to a mass of 2kg with a string over = and = , m= mass , period
a frictionless and massless pulley . Calculate
the acceleration of the glider ( ) of satellite is given by T = 2π √
SOLUTION
period of satellite is also given by
= 5kg = 2kg , g= ,
a= ? a = ( ) =( ) = 2.86 T = 2π √ , period of circular motion is
5.16.Two blocks at rest on inclined frictionless given by T= , v= velocity , escape velocity
plane connected by light string passed
is given by V=√ . Note that r =
through a pulley . find the acceleration of the
Tension in string for a body moving
system if the first mass is 5kg at an angle of
and the second mass is 8kg at an angle of horizontally in a circle path is given by T=
( ) SOLUTION EXERCISE 6
SOLUTION 6.1. Calculate the force necessary to keep a
This is a question of two blocks resting on an particle of mass 0.2kg moving in a horizontal
inclined plane = 5kg = 8kg , g= circle of radius 0.5m with period of 0,5s .
What is the direction of the force?
, = , = a= ( )
SOLUTION
a= ( ) = 3.41 . m= 0.2kg , T= 0.5s, r= 0.5m , we are to find
the centripetal force which keeps the body
CIRCULAR MOTION moving in a circular path but we find ‘v’ first
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 14

using T= , v= = = 6.284m/s. (which is impulse)= M , where = initial

velocity .impulse= 50x4000= kg
using = = = 15.805N=15.81N h=500x = m.r=
6.2. A body of mass 0.2kg is whirled round in r=6.4x +5x = 6.9x m . g=
a horizontal circle by a string inclined by a
string inclined to the vertical calculate (i) =√ =√ = 7704.7m/s.
tension in the string (ii) speed of thr body in =M = 50x7704.7 = 385235kg
the circle
direction = , Ө=
SOLUTION
we are to find the Tension in string for a body Ө= .
moving horizontally in a circle path , m= 6.7. If a body of mass 0.5kg is whirled in a
0.2kg, Ө = , g= using T= horizontal circle at the rate of 1000
revolution per minute . Determine the
T= = 2.263N= 2.26N angular velocity
6.4. A pebble of mass , m is attached to one SOLUTION
end of a high inelastic string of length , L. The no of revolution = 1000rev/min to convert to
other end of the string is fixed. The string is Hz , t= 1min= 60sec, from f= =
initially held taut to the horizontal and the
f= 16.6666667Hz. from w=2πf=
pebble is then released . Find the values of
2x3.142x16.6666667= 104.7333335rad/s.
the following quantities when the string
6.8.(ii) A communication satellite in the orbit
reached the vertical position (i) The kinectic
is located at a height of 32000km above the
energy of the pebble (ii) The velocity of the
earth surface . What is the (a) speed of the
pebble
satellite in it (b) period of revolution of
SOLUTION
satellite.
K.E= mgh , , since h=l , K.E = mgl , SOLUTION
, = mgl , = 2gl . (ii) =√ m/s. (a). h= 32000km(to m)= 3.2x m.
6.6. A satellite is to be put into orbit 500km = 6.4x , G= 6.67x , = 6x
above the earth’s surface. If its vertical
V=√ =√ = 3228.3m/s.
velocity after launching is 4000m/s. Calculate
the magnitude and direction of the impulse
(ii) T = 2π √
required to put the satellite directly , into
orbit , if it’s mass is 50kg . Assume g=
T= 2x3.142√ = 74747.1sec.
, radius of earth R= 6,400km,
hint: at the parking orbit height , the vertical WORK , ENERGY AND POWER
momentum is = M , horizontal
momentum is given by = M where (CHAPTER-7
work is given by W=fxd , f=force , d= distance
=√ , = work is also given by W=fxd from
SOLUTION when an object is being
Impulse= FXT , (impulse)ft=mu . where ‘u’ is dragged or pulled on a
its initial velocity u=4000m/s , m= 50kg, horizontal floor or ground . Hook’s law
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 15
(extension) is given by F=kx , x= displacement under her weight . Find the force constant of
or extension , k= force constant . power is the spring and the total work done on it
given by P= , t= time , Power is also given during the compression.
SOLUTION
by P= FV , WHERE v= velocity f=force , work
f= 600N ,x= 1cm= 0.0m , we find ‘k’ first ,
done in spring is given by W= ,
from f= kx , k= = = 60, 000N/m , from
x=displacement , k= force constant , it is also
conservative energy of (K.E and P.E) by E= K.E W= = = 3J.
+ mgh . Relationship between work done and 7.4. A Chicago marathon runner with mass
kinectic energy is given by = . 50kg runs up the stairs to the top of a 443m
tall tower. In order to lift herself to the top
Relationship between work done and
15.0 minutes , what must be her average
potential energy (P.E) is given by fxd = mgh
power output in watts? In horse power
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 7
SOLUTION
7.1. Two tugboats pull a disabled supertanker
because she need energy to lift herself , the
. Each tug exerts a constant force of
energy is a potential energy , m= 50kg , g=
1.50x N, one north of west and other
south of west , as they pull the tanker , P.E = mgh power =
0.65km toward the west . What is the total power = = 241watts.
work they do on the supertanker? 1 horse power  746watts
SOLUTION x  241watts. cross multiply
Two force are pulling the super tanker at
x= = 0.323hp .
with the same force
hence the total force will 7.5. A motorcycle is times the mass of
be F F =2F the truck . How much faster than a speeding
d= 650m , f= 1.5x .workdone = 2F d truck must it moves to have the same
W.D= 2X1.5x X X650 = 1.87X J kinectic energy
7.2. To compress a spring 4cm from it’s SOLUTION
unstretched length , 12.0J of work must be = mass o motorcycle , = mass of truck
done. How much work must be done to = = . K.E = ,
stretch the same spring 3cm from it’s
unstretched length? K.E = , =
SOLUTION = ,we are looking for
The said spring hence x= 4cm (to m)= 0.04m.
the number of times is faster than
w= 12J , to find the work done if same string is
hence , cancelling terms =
stretched 3cm , we find ‘k’ . W= ,
k= = = 15000N . = 3cm(to m)= =√ = , =170 . hence 170
0.03m , W= = = 6.75J. times faster.
7.3. A woman weighing 600N steps on a 7.6. A man throws a ball that leaves his hand
bathroom scale containing a stiff spring. In at a speed of 32.0m/s. the mass of the ball is
equilibrium the spring is compress at 1.0cm 0.25kg . Ignore air resistance . How much
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 16
work has the man done on the ball in (CHAPTER 8)
throwing it?
SOLUTION Force is given by F= = ,
m = 0.25kg , v = 32m/s because it is moving momentum is given by P= mv ,
using kinectic energy , we use W= ELASTIC COLLISION: Two bodies in a elastic
collision bounce off after collision with their
W= = 128J. individual final speed given by
7.7. A baseball of mass 0.145kg is thrown = ,
straight up in the air , giving it an initial =are masses of body , =
upward velocity of magnitude 20.0m/s. Use are initial velocities , are masses
conservation of energy to find how high it of body , = final velocities
goes.Ignoring air resistance. INELASTIC COLLISION: The bodies stick
SOLUTION together after collision and move off with a
m= 0.145kg , v= 20m/s , in conservation of common velocity is given by
energy we have K.E and P.E because hence = ,
P.E = K.E , mgh= , h= ? . h = The ratio of the initial kinectic energy to the
final kinectic energy is given by
h= = 20.41m .
= , are initial and final
7.8. A 1000kg weather satellite was placed
kinectic energy of body respectively .Note
into a circular orbit 300km above the earth’s
momentum before collision = momentum
surface . What speed must it have?
after collision . K.E of two masses is given by
(Take = 6380km and = kg.
SOLUTION K.E = . note also the formuar
= 6380km= 6.38x m , = kg = , acceleration is given by
h=300km= 3x m. G= 6.67X from
a= , m= mass , f= force , co – efficient at
v= √ =√ = 7720.79m/s elastic collision of restitution is given by
7.9. A block of mass 0.5kg is forced against a e= ,at elastic e= 1
horizontal spring of negligible mass, SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 8
compressing the spring a distance of 0.2m . 8.1. High – speed photography reveals that
when released , the block moves on a when a bat strikes a baseball , a typical
horizontal table for 1.00 m collision time is about 0.25seconds, if a
SOLUTION speed of 35m/s is imparted to a ball of mass
= μmg, because it was a spring an has a 0.325kg , what average force is exerted by
distance hence μmg= , noting that is the bat ?
also a force . m= 0.5kg , k= 100N/m , x= 0.2m SOLUTION
m = 0.325kg , v = 35m/s , t = 0.25sec from
g= , d= 1m . μ = ==
f= = = 45.5N.
μ = 0.41 . (kinectic friction has no unit ) 8.2.A football of mass 90kg running back and
MOMENTUM moving with a speed of 5m/s , is tackled he-
ad on by a line backer of mass 120kg running.
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 17
4m/s . They stick together . How fast are they of 0.8m/s . It makes a head on collision with
moving just after the collision a 0.2kg glider that is moving to the left with a
SOLUTION speed of 2.2m/s. Find the final velocity
Note the word ‘stick together’ hence it is an (magnitude and direction) of each glider if
inelastic collision , it was stated that one was the collision is elastic.
running back, meaning they were running in SOLUTION
opposite direction , hence we use ( ) sign to It was stated that they moved in opposite
calculate , we find v = ? (the velocity after direction after collision , (it is an elastic
collision) . = 90kg , = 120kg collision ) = 0.3kg , = 0.2kg
= 5m/s , = 4m/s using = 0.8m/s , = 2.2m/s (it moved left in
= the negative direction ‘ ‘) using
, = , = ? using
= = 0.14m/s. =
8.3. A 2kg block of ice is moving on a =
frictionless horizontal surface. At t= 0, the 0.2 = ----------- > (1) also
block is moving to the right with a velocity of using e = , e= 1 , 1 = =
magnitude 3.00m/s. Calculate the velocity of 3= ----- > (2) solving equation 1 &
the block (magnitude and direction) after a 2 simultaneously ( check page 34 to see how
force of 5N directed to the right has been to solve simultaneous equations with
applied for 4 seconds. calculator ) we have = 1.6m/s (The
SOLUTION negative sign indicates left) . = 1.4m/s
f = 5N , t = 4sec , m = 2kg , u = 3m/s , v= ? (positive sign indicates right )
from ft = m(v –u) ,v= = = 13m/s 8.7.A rocket in deep outer space turns on it’s
8.4. An 18kg fish moving horizontally to the engine and ejects 1 percent (1%) of its mass
right at 3.2m/s swallows a 2kg fish that is per second with an ejection velocity of
swimming to the left at 7.4m/s . What is the 2200m/s . What is the initial acceleration of
speed of the large fish immediately after it’s the rocket?
lunch if the forces exerted on the fishes by SOLUTION
the water can be neglected? 8.7. The m = 1kg , the mass per second is
SOLUTION = = 0.01kg/s. v = 2200m/s ,using
You have to pay attention carefully it was f= = 0.01x2200 = 22N. from f = ma , a =
stated that a fish swallows another and
moves , therefore they ‘stick together’ . a= = 22 .
(inelastic collision ) . = 18kg , = 2kg 8.8. A rocket is fired in deep space, where
= 3.2m/s , = 7.4m/s (we used ‘ gravity is negligible . If the rocket has an
because it moves left in the negative direction initial mass of 7000kg and ejects a gas at a
using = relative velocity of magnitude 2000m/s , how
, = , much gas must it eject in the first second to
42.8 = 20 , = 2.14m/s. have an initial acceleration of 25 ?
8.5. A 0.3kg glider is moving to the right on a SOLUTION
horizontal , frictionless air track with a speed We are to find the mass of the ejected gas
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 18

per time i.e. = ? , mass of rocket = 7000kg 8.12. A single stage stationary in free space
a= , t = 1sec (from per second) has a total mass of 4x kg of which
v = 2000m/s , using f = ma = 7000x25 = 3.4x kg is fuel. If the velocity of the
exhaust gases relative to the rocket is at
175000N . using f = , = = ,
2km/s when the rocket engine is fired , what
= 87.5kg. is the final velocity of the rocket at burnout?
8.9. A truck moving with a velocity of 10m/s SOLUTION
to the right hits a bicycle also moving to the Final velocity of rocket burnout is given by
right with a velocity of 6m/s . After the V= ln . where = velocity of exhaust ,
collision , the truck and the bicycle move to
= initial mass , = final mass , =
the right with a velocity of 6m/s and 5.5m/s
respectively . What is the co – efficient of 2m/s , V = 2ln = 0.325m/s.
restitution of the collision? = 4x kg , = 3.4x kg ,
SOLUTION 8.13. A 1kg ball with a spee 4.5m/s strikes a
= 10m/s , = 6m/s , = 6m/s , = 5.5m/s 2kg stationary ball. (a) What are the speeds
e = ? (it is an inelastic collision) using of the balls after the collision? (b) What
e= = = 0.125 percentage of the initial kinectic energy do
8.10. (a) What is the magnitude of the they have after the collision (c) What is the
momentum of a 10000kg truck whose speed total momentum after the collision?
is 15m/s? (b) What speed must a 5000kg
truck attain in order to have: (i) The same SOLUTION
momentum? (ii) The same kinectic energy (inelastic collision ) . = 1kg , = 2kg
SOLUTION = 4.5m/s , = 0 ( art rest ) using
m = 10,000kg , v = 15m/s using P = mv =
P = 10000x15 = 1.5x kgm/s. (b) i. v = ? , m = , = , = = 1.5m/s.
5000kg , V = = 30m/s. (b) using = = = , in % ,
8.11. A 3.0x kg shuttle craft containing = 33.33 % . (c) from P = mv , we have two
50kg of fuel is located in deep space where masses , hence P =
the force of gravity can be neglected . If the P= = 4.5kgm/s. (we used the
fuel is consumed at a constant rate of 5kg/s total momentum after collision velocity as
with a constant exhaust velocity of 150m/s. stated)
What is ? (a) The thrust exerted on the shuttle 8.14. A rubber with a speed of 5.0m/s
craft and (b) The initial acceleration of the collides head on elastically with an identical
shuttle craft . SOLUTION ball at rest. Find the velocity of each object
(a) m of shuttle craft = kg , m of fuel = after the collision?
50kg . The thrust is the force exerted on the SOLUTION
shuttle m = = 3050kg. = 5kg/s. = 5m/s , = 0 ( because it at rest) using
v = 150m/s , using f = = 5x150 = 750N . (b) =? & = m .using
= . Note that
from f = ma , a= = = 0.246 this is an elastic collision because it was not
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 19
stated that they moved together. Total linear acceleration is given by
= , m5 = m ( ) =√ where = Tangential
= ----------- > (1) also acceleration given by = ⍺R , where R =
using e = , e= 1 , 1 = = radius , = centripetal acceleration given by
5= ----- > (2) solving equation 1 & 2 = Torque is given by 𝞽 = ⍺ , where =
simultaneously ( check page 00 to see how to moment of inertia , ⍺ = angular acceleration ,
solve simultaneous equations with calculator ) moment of the inertia of a body is given by
we have = 0 & = m/s. = M . moment of inertia of solid disk or
8.15. Two balls with masses of 2kg and 6kg
circular disk is given by = , I for a
travelled toward each other at speeds of
12m/s and 4m/s respectively. If the balls have cylindrical hoop is given by = M ,
a head-on inelastic collision and the 2kg ball moment of inertia for solid sphere is given by
recoil with speed of 8m/s , how much K.E is = , moment of inertia for through
lost in the collision ? one end and perpendicular to the rod is
SOLUTION given by
K.E lost = K.E of inelastic collision – K.E of = , l = length , m = mass . moment of
elastic collision , . = 2kg , = 6kg inertia of a uniform rod passing through the
= 12m/s , = 4m/s . (it was not stated if
centre is given by = , moment of
ball was elastic or inelastic hence to find the
K.E we assume it as elastic & solve and inertia in radius of gyration is given by
assume it as inelastic) , for inelastic = M , K= radius of gyration. Rotational
K.E = = = 256J kinectic energy is given by K.E = ,I=
K.E for elastic = 8m/s . we look for = ? moment of inertia , w = angular velocity .
= , = 5.333m/s . Note that 1rev/min = 0.1047rad/s . For thin –
K.E = = hallow spherical shell moment of inertia is
given by
= 149.3J.
= . Angular velocity is given by
K.E loss = 256 149.3 = 106.7 = 1.1X J
W= , v = velocity , r = radius , rotational
ROTATIONAL MOTION power is given by P = , note also this
(CHAPTER 9) formular = , = initial and
Angle of rotation in a circular path is given by final inertia , = initial and final
Ө = , s = arc length , r = radius , angular angular velocity . Inertia for a bowling ball is
velocity is given by W = , t = time , Note that given by = Also note this formulas
= 0.01745rad . Angular velocity is also = ⍺ ,
given by W = 2πf & W = , where f = = ⍺ ,Ө= ⍺ , these
frequency & T = period , angular acceleration three equations are equivalent to the
is given by ⍺ = = . = final and equations of motion. Note also that Ө = 2πn
initial angular velocity. T = time. Ratio of the earth orbital speed to it’s
rotational angular momentum is given by
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 20

=( ) , where = 6.4x of 6.4m.N , what is the angular acceleration

of the pulley?
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 9
SOLUTION
9.1. The moment of inertia of a thin
m = 0.15kg , R = 0.075m . Inertia ‘ ’ of solid
cylindrical hoop is given as = . Calculate
its radius of gyration. disk is by = = by =
SOLUTION = 4.2x 𝞽 = 6.4mN. we find ‘⍺’
It was a cylindrical hoop , hence = using 𝞽 = ⍺ ⍺ =
= M , equating formulars =M ⍺ = 15238 = 1.5238x
taking the square – root of both sides R = K 9.9. A disk of moment of inertia
OR K = R 2x kg
9.3. The power on a medical centrifuge is rotating freely about an axis through its
rotating at 120000rpm is cut off. If the centre at 20rad/s . Calculate the new
magnitude of the maximum deceleration of angular velocity if some wax of candle 0.05kg
the centrifuge is 50 . how many is dropped gently on the disc 0.1m from the
revolutions does it rotates before coming to axis
rest ? SOLUTION
SOLUTION m = 0.05kg , r = 0.1m , inertia of disk =
n= 12000Rpm (to convert revolution per min 2x , Moment of ineria of
to sec , divide by t = 60secs , f = = = wax = M = 0.05x = 5x
200rev/s(Hz) . , we find using W= 2πf new moment of inertia = inertia of wax +
W = 2X3.142X200 = 1256.8rad/s. body came inertia of disk . hence new moment of
to rest = 0 , ⍺ = 50 . (we used ‘ ‘ = 2x 5x = 0.0205kg , using
sign because it’s a deceleration) we then look = , = = = 19.5rad/s
for Ө using = ⍺ ,because . 9.10. Compute the ratio of the earth’s orbital
0= 2x50xӨ , = 15795.46 , angular momentum and its rotational
angular momentum. Are these momenta in
also using Ө = 2πn , n = =
the same direction?
n = 2.5x revolutions. SOLUTION
9.5. The tangential speed of a particle on a
using =( ) , where = 6.4x
rotating wheel is 3.0m/s . If the particle is
0.20m from the axis of rotation , how long =( ) = 3.8x .
will it take for the particle to go through one
9.11. Calculate the radius of gyration of a
revolution ?
sphere of mass 45kg and radius 3m when it
SOLUTION
rotates about a diemeter.
v = 3m/s , r = 0.2m , we look for ‘w’ first ,
SOLUTION
from w = = = 15rad/s. then from W =
m = 45kg , r = 3m , Inertia of sphere =
T= = = 0.42sec.
= =162kg . , we find ‘k’ using
9.6. A fixed 0.15kg solid disk pulley with a
radius if 0.075m is acted on by a net torque =M ,K=√ =√ = 1.9m.
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 21

TEMPERATURE AND = ⍺ , (like theformer

) . you will understand better when you go
THERMOMETER (CHAPTER 10) through the exercises. . Temperature at triple
Fundamental intervals is the interval point is given by T = , =
between the two fixed point of a temperature
, Resistance thermometer formular is given by unkown temperature . = thermometric
property to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit or
INTERVALS FUNDAMENTAL Fahrenheit or Celsius is given by = , to
(i) Celsius: INTERVALS convert from Celsius to rankie or rankie to
higher point  (i) Celsius use = , To convert from
C Fahrenheit to kelvin or kelvin to fahrenheit.
lower point  C
Use =
(ii) Fehrenheit : (ii)
higher point  SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 10
C 10.1. A platinium wire has resistance of 2.56,
lower point  C 3.62 and 3.15ohms respecticely at C ,
(iii) Kelvin scale : (iii) C and C respectively . Calculate the
higher point difference between C and the
K corresponding platinum temperature.
lower point  SOLUTION
K Note that we have three temperature ,note
(iii) Rankin scale : (iv) that we also have 3 ohms carrying 3
higher point temperatures which will be ( C ), (
R C and ( C) from question hence
lower point  = 2.56Ω, = 3.15Ω and = 3.62Ω ,
R notice that the ohms were distributed
Resistance thermometer formular is given by according to the increase in temperature ,
= ⍺ β , Where ⍺ & β are we are to find the difference in temperature
constant s of platinum wire but we find ‘T’ first using =
= Resistance at steam temperature (t) , T=( ) =( )
= resistance at ice point , resistance
thermometer formular is given by T= C . Now we had C before , the
difference = = C.
= & = ⍺ This
10.2. The resistance of a platinum wire at
means t = C . hence = C, C and C is found to be 5.5,
⍺ , also if we have for 7.5 and 14.5 ohms respectively . The
instance we will have, resistance of a wire at a temperature C is
= ⍺ given by the equation = ⍺
(take not while solving). Liquid in glass Find the values of ⍺ and β.
thermometer formula is given by = SOLUTION
= ⍺ , This is quite similar to 10.1 in terms of the
way we distributed ohms among each
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 22
temperature , we have three temperatures to any other conversion , they is another
C, C and C , also we have formular you can use but you must know the
three ohms 5.5Ω, 7.5Ω and 14.5Ω and hence ice & steam point by drawing a quick sketch
we have 3 ohms ( C ), ( C) and e.g.P 490mmHg C You minus the middle

( C) , = 5.5Ω, = 7.5Ω and 315mmHg --------- C & upper fixepoin

= 14.5Ω , notice that ohms were 180mmHg C from the lower fixed

distributed according in increase in You minus the middle & upper fixed point
temperature. we find ⍺ & β by forming two = , = ,c= =
sulmultaneous equations using = 43.55 C. Note that you can use this method
⍺ ,7.5 = 5.5 ⍺ to do all conversions including C , F , K
7.5 = ⍺ , 10.6. At what temperature will the Celsius
2= ⍺ -------------(1) also scale read twice the Fahrenheit scale.
= ⍺ ,14.5= 5.5 SOLUTION
⍺ ,
C = 2F , hence from using = ,
14.5 = 5.5 1087180.4β
9= ⍺ --------(2) = , 18F = 5F 32 , 13F = 32
solving 1 & 2 sulmultaneously (use a F= = 2.46
calculator to solve the sulmultaneous
10.7. Convert rise in Celsius temperature
equation check page 34)
scale to Fahrenheit scale.
⍺=3.623547x & β = 1.28X .
SOLUTION
10.3. Which of the following is the closest to
C? C = C , using = , = ,
SOLUTION F= = .
= C , This is a conversion of to 10.9. convert (a) F (b) R to degree
using = , = ,F= Celsius C .
F= . We are to find the closest answer SOLUTION
hence D is the answer F= F , using = , = ,
10.4. A person running a fever has a body F= = .
temperature of C . what is this
10.10. The resistance of a certain platinum
temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
thermometer is 65.5Ω at C and 98Ω at
SOLUTION
C . If the resistance is 86.8Ω when
Similar to 10.3 , = C , from = placed in hot water , find the temperature of
= ,F= = hot water.
10.5. A constant volume gas thermometer SOLUTION
registers 180mmHg at C and 490mmHg at Same as 10.1 , ( C ), ( C) and
C . Find the temperature when the ( C) from question hence
pressure is 315mmHg. = 65.5Ω, = 86.8Ω and = 3.62Ω
SOLUTION = ,C=( ) =
When you are given to convert a temperature
( ) ,T= C.
to an unknown temperature or to pressure or
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 23

WORK DONE BY SYSTEM OF we are only dealing with one side in this
question ‘’heat gain’’ = 2100J/kg C ,
EXPANDING GAS AND = 4186J/kg C , = 2010J/kg C
CALORIMENTRY (CHAPTER 11) = 3.33X J/kg , = 22.26X J/kg
Power is given by P = , Quantity of heat Q = 10X200(0 ( 20) 10X3.33X
10X4186X(100 0) 10X22.226X
is given by Q = MC∆T , Specific heat capacity ,
10X2010X(120 100) = 3.1X J.
mass = mass , ∆T = Change in temperature ,
11.2. A 2kg steel block is originally at C.
latent heat is given by L = (J/kg) . Workdone 11.3. a heater supplies 240 Btu of energy
is given by W = , P = power , what is this in joules?
= volume of gases . Note that HEAT SOLUTION
GAIN = HEAT LOSS , MC∆T = MC∆T , Note that 1 Btu ------------- 252cal
change in temperature for heat gain = heat 240Btu ------------x
loss . = , hence , , = x = 240x252 = 60480cal.
temperatures in body 11.4. A student heats a thanks giving dinner
MC = MC where it that totaled 2800Kcal . He wants to use up all
involves latent heat of fusion that energy by lifting a 20kg mass a distance
M = of 1.0m (a) How many times must he lift the
= specific heat capacity of calorimeter . mass ?
= specific heat capacity of ice SOLUTION
= specific heat capacity of water (a) It takes potential energy to lift up the
= latent heat of fusion mass , hence energy = mgh , m = 20kg , h =
note also 1CAL(CALORIES) = 4.186J 1m , g = , energy = 20x1x9.8 = 196J.
1KCAL = 4186J OR 4.2KJ (KILOJOULES) note that we need to find how many joules
1BTU(BRISTISH THERMAL UNIT) = 252CAL are in 2800kcal hence,
1 CAL = 0.004BTU , where it involves latent 2800kcal = 2800000cal (K = 1000)
heat of vaporization 1cal---------------- 4.186J
M = 2800000 -----------X
= latent heat of fusion. X = 2800000X4.186 = 11720800J.
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 11 HENCE = 59600 TIMES .
11.1. How much heat energy is needed to (approximately 60, 000 times , we needed to
change 10kg of ice at C to steam at find how many 196J are in 11720800joules.
C , Take = 2100J/kg C , = 11.5. A 0.250kg cut at C is filled with
4186J/kg C , = 2010J/kg C 0.250kg of boiling coffee . The cup and the
= 3.33X J/kg , = 22.26X J/kg coffee came to theme equilibrium at C.
SOLUTION If no heat is lost , what is the specific heat of
To find ‘Q’ wr need to all up al quantities that the cup material? [hint : consider the coffee
caused the heat change Q = to be essentially boiling water].
SOLUTION
= 10kg , we only have one mass, = Heat gain = Heat loss , = 0.250kg , if we
10kg , always note that heat gain = heat loss consider the coffee to be boiling water, the
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 24
coffee = 4200J/kg C. (always use this for C= = = 45J/kg.k
water when ‘C’ is not given) . = 11.9. A 60g of water at C is poured into a
0.250kg , we are to find the ‘c’ of the cup, calorimeter containing 20g of water at C
using = C, = C (boiling water ‘T’ The temperature of the mixture will be.
is C because we were told to consider SOLUTION
the coffee as boiling water . = C . (The = C, = C, = C
final temperature using =
= 0.06x x =0.02x x
0.25x x(80 20) = 0.25x4200x(100 80) 0.06 = 0.6 , = C.
15 = 21000 , = 1400Jkg C .
11.6. A gas is expanding against a constant
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
pressure of 1atm from 10 to 16 litres , what is MATTER (CHAPTER 12)
the work done by the gas [take 1 lit.atm = Linear expansivity is given by ⍺ = =
101.33J] .
SOLUTION , ∆ = increase in length ,
p = 1atm , = 10litres , = 16litres . = length of first object , = change in
W= = 1x = 6lit.atm. temperature . Area expansivity is
1 lit.atm -------------- 101.33 given by β = = = , Area
6 lit.atm -------------- x
expansivity is also given by β = 2⍺ , cubical
xx1 = 6x101.33 = 607.98joules .
volume is given by γ ⍺ Apparent
11.7. A water fall is 500m high . If the water
expansion is given by
retains 65 per cent of the heat generated at
the end of the fall, calculate the change in =
temperature due to the fall. (specific heat = , density relationship
capacity of water = 4200J/Kgk).
SOLUTION between density & temperature is given by
h = 500m , c = 4200J/kgk , g = , note = where &
that it was heat energy , it transferred to = are densities γ = cubical or volume
potential energy at end of fall expansivity , young modulus is given by
Heat energy = Potential energy , E= = , real expansion =
mc∆t = mgh , ∆t = = = = apparent expansion , γ = cubical
∆T = 1.1666666667 C = 1.2 C . expansion(volume expansion) Note that
11.8. An electric heater of 60w is used to heat stress = & strain = , relationship between
a metal block of mass 20kg for 5 minutes . volume & temperature is given by
Calculate the specific heat capacity or metal = , Force due to expansion
block if the rise in temperature is C is given by F = EA⍺∆Ө , E = young modulus ,
SOLUTION A = area , ⍺ = linear expansivity . ∆Ө = change
p= 60W , t= 5minx60 = 300sec. m= 20kg , in temperature .Note that γ = 3⍺
c = ? , they said the temperature , hence they SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 12
gave us the change in temperature 12.1. The density of iron at C is 4.8g/
‘’∆T’’ = C , from pt = mc∆t , What is the density at C if the linear
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 25
expansivity of iron is 1.2x /K We are to find ‘∆ ’ , = 1000cm , = C
SOLUTION = C , from ⍺ = ,
= 4.8g/ , =?, = C, = C
∆ =⍺ = 1.2x
⍺ = 1.2x /K , γ = 3⍺.note tha t we are to
nd = 0.6cm.
find the 2 density
12.5. Referring to question (4) above , how
using = , = much force is associated with the expansion
⍺
= = 4.79g/ of the steel bar if it’s cross-sectional area is
100 and young’s modulus=2.0x N/
12.2. (b) A dteel rod of length 2000cm and
SOLUTION
uniform cross-sectional area 3x at
F = EA⍺∆Ө , E = 2.0x /K ,
C is heated to C . Find the change in
A =100 , . F = 2.0x X10 X
length and the force due to the expansion
1.2x X = 1.2X N.
exerted 1.2x /K d by the rod take: ( linear
12.6.If the length of a cylindrical solid metal
expansivity of steel , young modulus of steel =
is Lcm at C and the linear expansivity is ⍺
2.0x N/ .
, then the ratio of the new volume to the
SOLUTION
initial volume at C is.
We are to find ‘∆ ’ , = 2000cm , = C
SOLUTION
= C , from ⍺ = , we are to find the ratio of to , =
∆ =⍺ = C, = C , ⍺ = 1.2x /K ,
1.2x 2000 = 0.41cm. = , = ⍺
from F = EA⍺∆Ө , E = 2.0x /K ,
A =3x , . F = 2.0x X3x X , = 1+3⍺(70 30) = 1 120⍺.
1.2x X = 1.224X N. 12.7. Everything about water expansion has
12.3. A wire of length 5m and uniform been explained in the theoretical chapter
circular cross-sectional of radius 1.4mm was KINECTIC THEORY AND
extended by 2mm by tension of 110N .
Calculate the average strain per unit volume THERMODYNAMICS
hint:strain average per unit volume= ( ) (CHAPTER 13)
SOLUTION Mayer’s formula is given by R = ,
F =110N , = 5m , radius = 1.4x m (to m) = amount of specific heat capacity when
e = 2x m , it’s a circular wire , hence pressure is constant , = amount of
A= π = 3.142x = 6.16x specific heat capacity when volume is
constant , heat removed in a system is given
from question using AV= ( )
by dQ = dW + dU , dU = internal energy , dw
AV = ( ) = 3571.43J= 3.52KJ = work done on a system .FOR ISOTHERMAL
12.4. What is the increase in length of a steel PROCESS dQ = dw , FOR ADIABATIC
bar that is 1000cm long at C when its PROCESS du = dw , FOR ISOBARIC
temperature rises to C. [for steel, PROCESS dQ = dU .The internal energy of an
⍺ = 1.2x ] isothermal process is zero when dU = 0 ,
SOLUTION Work done in an isometric process is
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 26
zero dW = 0 , for adiabatic system dQ = 0 , in to the silk at C . How many calories per
adiabatic process = constant , T = second must it take from the reservoir in
temperature , v = volume , note that = order to produce useful work at the rate of
, carnot efficiency is given by 750watts
=1 , Thermal efficiency is given by by SOLUTION
= ? , p= 750watts , t = 1sec,
= , = relative efficiency . ratio
Work done =pt = 750x1 = 750J , = 800
of two root mean squared is given by
= 400 , using = , =
= √ , root mean – squared speed is
= = 1500J .
given by =√ . m = mass , R = 0.0821 1cal --------- > 4.186J
Xcal ---------- > 1500J, = = 358.34cal.
T = Temperature , root –mean squared can
t = 1sec,per sec will be = 358.34cal/sec
also be given by =√ & =√
k = botmann constant ( given by 1.38x )
HEAT TRANSFER (CHAPTER 14)
An extensive explanation of theoretical
e = density .
aspect of heat transfer , conduction,
PAST QUESTION 2013/2014 (Q 31)
convection , convection e.t.c. has been done
What is the average (RMS) speed of a helium
in chapter 16. Heat flux is given by
atom (He) in a helium ballon at room
temperature (take the mass of the helium to H = KA. , K = thermal conductivity , A =
be 6.6x kg . area , Temperature gradient =
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1.
k = 1.38x , T = room temperature = C. If 1.2x J of heat energy is given off in
T = 20 + 273 = K. m = 6.6x kg 1sec from a vessel maintained at a
using =√ =√ temperature gradient of 30k , The
surface aea of the vessel is? (Thermal
= 1355.7m/s = 1.3557km/s conductivity of the vessel = 400W .
Note that for MONOATOMIC GAS the total SOLUTION
internal energy is U = , n = no of moles , H = 1.2x J, = 30k , K=
for diatomic gas total internal energy
400W , A= ? using H = KA.
U= , polyatomic gas internal energy is
1.2x = 400XAX30 , A = = 100 .
U= , The formula for heat engine is
Radiant flux is the rate of emission of radiant
given by = , W = work done , = heat per unit time , it is given by Stephan –
Heat absorbed from the reservoir , = boltzmann’s law, The heat flux is given by
Temperature of reservoir(hot) , = H = 𝜎Aℰ , 𝜎 = Stephan –boltzmann’s
Temperature of silk(cold) . constant , A = area , ℰ = emissivity , T =
PAST QUESTIONS 2014/2015 (Q 14) temperature .
A reversible engine takes in heat from a EXAMPLE 2
reservoir of heat at C and gives out heat The temperature of a tungsten filament bulb
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 27
C , and it’s emissivity is 0.47 , find the calculations. If you are able to get up to 10
surface area of the bulb of power 80W , question correctly in theory and able to get
(Take Stephan –boltzmann’s constant 25 question out of 40 in calculations , that is
= 5.67x W/ ). an ‘A’ already because you need to get at
SOLUTION least 35 correctly to get an ‘A’ , just make
H = 80W , ℰ = 0.47 , T = C (to K ) sure you take the theory aspect serious as
T = 200 + 273 = k,𝜎 = 5.67x W/ well as the calculations if you want an easy
using H = 𝜎Aℰ ‘A’.In this material I was able to put together
A= = = 0.059974 300 theory questions, Let’s begin.
ℰ
MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS , VECTORS,
PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER MECHANICS , PROJECTILE MOTION
(CHAPTER 15) 1. The accuracy of a stop watch is 0.1S
2. The world most accurate time-keeping
Share modulus is given by S.M= &
device is the? ANSWER - ATOMIC CLOCK
shear stress = , Shear strain = , e = 3. The inner diameter of a thin wire can be
extension ( or displacement) , = length measured by means of
PAST QUESTION 2014/2015 ( Q 15) ANSWER - MICROMETER SCREW GUAGE .
A sheer force of 2x N is applied to one Thin wires and objects of such
force of an aluminum cube with sides of 15cm dimensions are measured with the most
. What is the resulting relative displacement ? precise length-measuring instruments-the
(share modulus of aluminum 2.5x N ) micrometer screw guage
SOLUTION 4. The inner diameter of a test tube can be
F = 2x N , length of cube = 0.15m measured accurately using
(converted to m) , area of cube A = = ANSWER - A PAIR OF CALLIPER . Vernier
A = 0.0225 , share modulus =2.5x N calipers have inner and outer jaws for
measuring inner and outer diameters
= 0.15m , using shear stress = =
respectively . The micrometer screw guage
shear stress = 8.89x N/ , using can only measure an outer diameter.
S.M= , strain= 5. SPRING BALANCE measures the earth
gravitational pull on a body . The spring
strain = = 3.556x , we find ‘’e’’
balance measures weight i.e the earth’s
using Shear strain = , e = 3.556x x gravitational pull on the body
0.15 = 5.33x m. 6. The physical quantity that has the same
dimension as impulse is MOMENTUM
THEORETICAL ASPECT OF . Impulse is equal to change momentum . If
PHY111 (CHAPTER 16) they are equal , they also have the same
Some students think that the theory aspect dimension
of physics in exams are not too important but 7. VOLUME is a property of steel that can be
the truth is that in uniben physics exam you measured in terms of the dimension of
will be given at least 10 theory question out length only .
of 50 question , the remaining 40 will be 8. NOT a vector quantity ?
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By Kaymath (call 08068552755 28
ANSWER – ALTITUDE EQUALS INSTANTANEOUS SPEED . In
ALWAYS REMEMBER DAVIM TUT FOR FORM uniform
FILL MANAGEMENT WORK . to know vectors motion, average and instantaneous speeds
and scalars easily . are the same. If velocity is uniform , then
9. The magnitude of the resultant of the two direction is the same.velocity depends
forces is greatest when the angle between the direction
forces is ? ANSWER - . Magnitude is 17. Which of the following statements is true
highest when vectors are parallel. of a body which sis moving in a straight line
10. If the angle between two vectors P and q with uniform acceleration ? The velocity of
is , the vectors are said to be the body . ANSWER – WILL INCREASE WITH
ANSWER – PARALLEL TIME IN THE DIRECTION OF THE
11. Rectilinear motion implies ACCELERATION . For a body that moves with
ANSWER – MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE uniform acceleration , velocity increases
Rectus means straight line and linear means equally with time . If velocity increases , then
line. Rectilinear motion means motion along a it is non- uniform . Velocity becomes uniform
straight line. or remains constant when the body stops
12. The motion of the center of a ball rolling accelerating . It is zero only when the body is
in a straight line, on a smooth level ground is at rest.
ANSWER – TRANSLATIONAL . The center of 18. A moving body accelerates when it
the ball moves from one point to another , ANSWER – CHANGES ITS DIRECTION AT
along a straight line as the balls rolls, thus its CONSTANT SPEED. When a body changes
motion is translational. Every other point direction at constant speed, it also changes
performs a rotational motion as the ball rolls velocity depends on direction . A change in
13. The balance wheel of a wrist watch velocity means the body is accelerating . This
performs . ANSWER – VIBRATORY MOTION condition is seen in uniform circular motion.
The balance wheel of a watch oscillates or constant linear speed implies no
vibrates about a fixed position. acceleration. Equal distances covered in
14. Which type of motion do the wheels of a equal time means constant speed , which
moving car undergo? ANSWER – implies no acceleration . Balanced forces
TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION yield no net force and hence no acceleration.
. They move from one point to another in 19. A horizontal line in a distance –time
straight line and they also rotate as they do so graph shows . ANSWER – SATIONARY BODY
15. A body moving in a uniformly accelerated 20. The motion of a projectile ------
motion in a straight line would NOT ANSWER – IS INFLUENCED BY GRAVITY.
ANSWER – CHANGE IN THE RATE OF Projectile motion is a two dimensional
VELOCITY INCREASE . Uniform acceleration is motion- the vertical and horizontal motions.
constant rate of change of velocity with time . It has one acceleration i.e. g and its trajectory
Thus the body wouldn’t change in its rate of is parabolic.
velocity increase. 21. To get a maximum range at given initial
16. In a motion at uniform velocity in a velocity , the launcher must project at ?
straight line . ANSWER – AVERAGE SPEED ANSWER - C.
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 29
FORCE AND NEWTON’S LAW , CIRCULAR circular motion at uniform velocity.
MOTION AND GRAVITATION , WORK 29. The force necessary to keep an object
ENERGY AND POWER , MOMENTUM moving in a circle is known as the
ROTATIONAL MOTION ANSWER – CENTRIPETAL FORCE
22. Uniform circular motion implies circular 30. In a simple harmonic motion
motion at . ANSWER – UNIFORM SPEED . ANSWER – FORCE IS OPPOSITE IN
uniform circular motion is motion round a DIRECTION TO DISPLACEMENT .
circular path at uniform speed. 31. The product of the period and frequency
23. A body in a uniform circular motion would of a harmonic oscillator is always equal to
NOT .ANSWER – CHANGE IN SPEED . The ANSWER – 1
speed is constant in uniform circular motion , 32. The period of oscillation of a simple
thus it would not change in its speed. pendulum is independent of
24. Which of the following is TRUE of a body ANSWER – MASS OF THE BOB . The mass of
in uniform circular motion? the pendulum does not affect its period.
ANSWER – ITS DIRECTION CHANGES AT ANY 33. The amplitude of a simple harmonic
NEW POSITION . Direction changes leading to oscillator may be defined as
change in velocity , which is acceleration. The ANSWER – THE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT .
speed is constant . 34. The gradual decrease in amplitude of a
25. For a body moving with constant speed in swinging pendulum bob is called
a circular track ---NO WORK IS DONE ON THE ANSWER --- DAMPING
BODY , THE CENTRIPETAL FORCE IS DIRECTED 35. Marching soldiers crossing a suspension
TOWARDS THE CENTER. bridge are advised to break their steps to
26. A body moving in a circle at constant avoid collapse due to
speed has --- A VELOCITY TANGENTIAL TO ANSWER – RESONANCE
THE CIRCLE , CONSTANT KINECTIC ENERGY . 36. Forced oscilliaton is when an external
In uniform circular motion , speed is constant force maintains vibrating system. At
. Kinectic energy depends on speed not on resonance , the amplitude of the vibrating
velocity. Thus , kinectic energy is also body . ANSWER --- MAXIMIZES. amplitude
constant. Note that kinectic energy is a scalar is maximum at resonance.
quantity , just like speed. 37. A non- contact force is
27. An object moves with uniform speed ANSWER – MAGNETIC
round a circle. Its acceleration has 38. The time rate of change of momentum is
ANSWER – CONSTANT MAGNITUDE AND ANSWER – FORCE.
CONSTANT DIRECTION. Centripetal 39. Impulse is dimensionally consistent with
acceleration has constant magnitude and ANSWER – MOMENTUM.
direction while tangential acceleration has 40. In a perfectly elastic collision , which of
constant magnitude but varying direction. the following are conserved? . ANSWER –
28. A satellite in circular motion around the MOMENTUM AND KINECTIC ENERGY
earth doesn’t have 41. is NOT a fundamental force
ANSWER – A UNIFORM VELOCITY . It has a of nature. ANSWER – TENSION FORCE.
uniform speed but not uniform velocity. 42. Impulse is equal to
Please note that there is no such thing as
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ANSWER – CHANGE IN MOMENTUM. centripetal force that maintains the moon in
43. In a perfectly elastic collision its orbit.
ANSWER -- TOTAL MOMENTUM IS 55. If the force of attraction between the sun
CONSTANT and the planet is removed , the planets will
44. INELASTIC COLLISION IS MORE ANSWER – CONTINUE TO MOVE AT
DESTRUCTIVE TO THE BODIES INVOLVED. TANGENT TO THEIR ORIGINAL ORBIT. The
45. If the total force acting on a particle is orbital speed is directed at tangent to orbital
zero, the linear momentum will circumference . Thus , if the force of
ANSWER – BE CONSTANT. In the absence of attraction of a planet to the sun is removed,
force , there is no change in momentum . The it continues its motion at tangent to its orbit.
velocity and hence the linear momentum will 56.The force with which an object is
be cosntant attracted to the earth is called its ?
46.IN A CLOSED SYSTEM , THE TOTAL ANSWER – WEIGHT . An object is attracted
ENERGY IS CONSTANT towards the center of the earth by its own
47. Which of the following sources of energy weight .
is renewable? . ANSWER – SUN. 57. IN FRICTION i. THE FORCE OF KINECTIC
48. Which of the following has the same units FRICTION IS LESS THAN THE FORCE OF
as energy? ANSWER – WORK. STATIC FRICTION ii. THE FORCE OF KINECTIC
49. The energy in the nucleus of atoms FRICTION BETWEEN TWO SURFACES IS
produce heat which can be used to generate INDEPENDENT OF THE AREAS IN CONTACT
ANSWER – ELECTRICAL ENERGY . PROVIDED THE NORMAL REACTION IS
50. A MAN CLIMBING UP A STAIRCASE is a UNCHANGED iii. FRICTION MAY BE
condition that agrees with the condition of REDUCED BY LUBRICATION.
work done. 58. The frictional force between two bodies
51. is a conservative field force? . ANSWER – HAS ALL OF THESE
ANSWER – GRAVITY CHARACTERISTICS .
52. When a stone is taken from the earth’s 59. When the brakes in a car are applied , the
surface to the moon, its mass frictional force on the tyres is ?
ANSWER – REMAINS CONSTANT. Mass ANSWER – AN ADVANTAGE BECAUSE IT IS
remains constant in all places but weight IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF MOTION
varies with variation in acceleration due to OF THR CAR . On application of brakes , it
gravity. opposes the tyres.
53. A satellite is in a parking orbit if its period 60. The co- efficient of friction between two
is ANSWER – EQUAL TO THE PERIOD OF THE perfectly smooth surfaces is
EARTH . ANSWER – ZER0 .
54. The force responsible for holding the 61. The frictional force between a body and
moon in its orbit around the earth against the its resting surface and the normal reaction it
gravitational pull of the earth is ? receives can be rightly described as
ANSWER – CENTRIFUGAL . The gravitational ANSWER – PERPENDICULAR
pull of the earth on the moon is the 62. The surfaces of conveyer belts are made
rough so as to
ANSWER – PREVENT THE LOAD FROM
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SLIPPING . Roughness improves friction as the temperature at which
between belt and load allowing for better grip ANSWER – THERMAL MOTION CEASES . The
and to prevent slipping. absolute zero temperature is characterized
63 . The effect of a particle in a fluid attaining by . i. zero kelvin or celsius ii.
its terminal velocity is that the Temperature of minimum volume and
ANSWER – WEIGHT IS EQUAL TO THE pressure . This volume and pressure is
RETARDING FORCE. At terminal velocity , theoretically zero. iii. Lowest possible
weight is equal to retarding force temperature. Temperature is measure of
64. The terminal velocity of a ball – bearing average kinectic energy and hence thermal
falling through a viscous fluid is reached when motion of molecules cease completely.
the . ANSWER – VELOCITY IS UNIFORM 69. A clinical thermometer is different from
65. A parachute attains a terminal velocity other mercury-in-glass thermometers owing
when . ANSWER – THE VISCOUS FORCE OF to . ANSWER – THE CONSTRICTION OF ITS
THE AIR AND THE UPTHRUST COMPLETELY STEAM .
COUNTERACT ITS WEIGHT . 70. The temperature and pressure where
TEMPERATURE AND THERMOMETER, WORK solid, liquid and gases of a particle substance
DONE BY SYSTEM OF EXPANDINGGAS AND are in
CALORIMETRY , THERMAL PROPERTIES OF equilibrium is known as
MATTER , KINECTIC THEORY AND ANSWER – TRIPLE POINT
THERMODYNAMICS 71. A short response time is obtained in a
ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER- While liquid-in-glass thermometer when the
most other liquids expand with temperature ANSWER – BULB IS THIN-WALLED AND
rise and contract with its fall , water contracts LIQUID IS A GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT.
from C to C (rise) and expands from C 72. Water is considered a poor thermometric
to C(fall) . This is abnormal expansion and liquid because it . ANSWER- EXPANDS
contraction. Thus , anomalous expansion of NON-UNIFORMLY , HAS A SMALL RANGE OF
water occurs between C to C EXPANSION, WETS GLASS.
66. The difference in temperature between 73. The qualities of a good thermometer are
the upper fixed point and the lower fixed ANSWER- HIGH SENSIVITY , EASY
point is the READABILITY , ACCURACY OVER A WIDE
ANSWER – FUNDAMENTAL INTERVAL RANGE OF TEMPERATURE. Thermal capacity
67. A liquid-glass thermometer should quickly is the quantity of heat required to raise the
register temperature changes . This achieved temperature of a substance by 1K . A good
by choosing a liquid that thermometric substance should have low
ANSWER – HAS A HIGH THERMAL thermal capacity so that amounts of heat will
CONDUCTIVITY . means the thermometer cause appreciable temperature change giving
substance is a good conductor of heat. Thus, it a high sensivity.
small changes in temperature produce 74. The qualities of a good thermometer are
marked changes in the thermometric ANSWER – REPRODUCTIVITY , SENSITIVITY ,
property. This is called sensitivity HIGH ACCURACY.
68.The absolute zero temperature is defined 75. One special advantage of alcohol over
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755 32
mercury as thermometric liquid is its heat poorly, it takes much time for heat to be
ANSWER – LOW FREEZING POINT conducted from the interior wall to the
76. The thermometric property of a constant exterior of the glass . Thus , the interior wall
volume thermometer is expands than more than the exterior. This
ANSWER – CHANGE IN PRESSURE. For a uneven expansion is what the glass to crack.
constant-volume gas thermometer , pressure It is more marked in thick than thin glass
varies with temperature and for constant- tumbler.
pressure gas thermometer , volume varies 83. During summer, the balance wheel of a
with temperature. They operate on clock expands. What effect does this have on
Amonton’s law (pressure law) and charles’s the accuracy of the clock? .
law respectively . ANSWER – THE CLOCK LOSES TIME
77. The thermometric property of the 84. The design of the thermostat of the
termocuople is that electric iron is based on the
ANSWER – E.M.F CHANGES WITH ANSWER – INCREASE IN SIZE OF METALS
TEMPERATURE . WHEN HEATED. Thermostats work on
78. The thermometric substance of an bimetallic . The metal with greater
absolute thermometer is expansivity expands faster than the other
ANSWER – HELIUM . Absolute or thereby increasing the band or coil of the
thermodynamic thermometers are gas strip and triggering a switch mechanism.
thermometers. They function as standard 85. An ice cube floats in a glass of water filled
thermometers. Helium and hydrogen are to the brim. What happens when the ice
mainly used. melts? . ANSWER – THE WATER LEVEL IN
79. What type of energy does a thermopile THE GLASS OVERFLOWS.
use in detecting and measuring temperature. 86. If a container is filled with ice to the brim
ANSWER – RADIANT ENERGY , what happens to the level of water when
80. What is likely to happen if the glass of a the ice completely melts? . ANSWER – THE
thermometer expands more upon heating LEVEL OF WATER DROPS .The level of water
than the liquid inside? resulting from melted ice will fall below for
ANSWER – THE LIQUID WILL GO DOWN IN two reasons; I. ice occupies more volume
THE STEM. If glass expands more than the than its water due to anomalous expansion
liquid; the liquid will go down the stem. The ii. The blocks of ice used to fill the container
apparent cubic expansivity will be quite low must leave some air spaces between them.
compared to the real expansivity. When they melt , the water occupies the
81. The sagging of overhead electric cables is entire space thereby falling below the brim
the consequence of . ANSWER – LINEAR level.
EXPANSIVITY . They sag because they extends 87. A quantity of water at C is heated to
in length. about C At each degree rise in
82. Which of the following explains why is temperature , its density will
poured into it? ANSWER – UNEQUAL ANSWER – RISE THEN FALL
EXPANSION OF THE INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR 88. THE DENSITY OF A LIQUID DECREASES
WALLS OF THE CUP. Because glass conducts WHEN IT EXPANDS.
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 33
89. expansion of solids is a disadvantage in TO THE BARE FEET WHILE THE CONCRETE
ANSWER – THE BALANCE WHEEL OF FLOOR EXTRACTS HEAT FROM THEM.
WATCH. Expansion of balance wheel causes Concrete is a better conductor of heat than
the watch to lose time. mat. Thus heat from the feet is quickly
CONDUCTION – In condition , heat is conducted away by the concrete floor
transferred between adjacent molecules due making the feet cold while the mat poorly
to their vibration about rest position. conducts it away (it retains the heat) making
Conduction is seen mainly in solids. Solids the feet warm.
that allow hear pass through them such as 95. When equal weight of iron and water are
metals are good conductors of heat while subjected to an equal supply of heat , it is
those do not such as glass, ceramic, air, gases found that the piece of iron becomes much
are insulators of heat. hotter than that of water after a short time
CONVECTION: In convection , heat is because . ANSWER – THE SPECIFIC HEAT
transferred by the migration of molecules. OF WATER IS HIGHER THAN THAT OF IRON.
This mode of heat transfer is seen in liquids Specific thermal capacity is the amount of
and gases. Both of which are collectively heat required to raise the temperature of
called fluids. 1kg by 1K , poor conductors of heat have
89. Thermal equilibrium between to objects high thermal capacities while good
exist when . ANSWER – THE TEMPERATURE conductors have low thermal capacities
OF BOTH OB JECTS ARE EQUAL. Thermal 96. Cooking pots are usually made of metals
equilibrium means equal temperatures not because metals . ANSWER –ARE GOOD
equal heat content CONDUCTORS OF HEAT.
90. is a good conductor of heat 97. The following modes of heat transfer
ANSWER – MERCURY . requires a material medium.
SODIUM IS A CONDUCTOR ANSWER- CONVECTION AND CONDUCTION
91. The time rate of loss of heat by a body is 98. the chief mode(s) of heat transfer to
proportional to the ANSWER- bread placed in pan in an oven
DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN ANSWER – CONVECTION AND
THE BODY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. CONDUCTION.
92. The mechanism of heat transfer from one 99.HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
point to another through the vibrations of OCCURS ONLY IN SOLIDS. Conduction also
the molecules of the medium is occurs in liquids but to a much lesser extent
ANSWER – CONDUCTION than it occurs in solids. Thus, liquids are poor
93. The blade of a hoe feels colder to touch conductors of heat.
in the morning than the wooden handle 100. Heat transfer by convection in a liquid is
because the . ANSWER – BLADE IS A due to the . ANSWER- VARIATION OF THE
BETTER CONDUCTOR OF HEAT THAN THE DENSITY OF THE LIQUID. Cool water is
HANDLE. denser than warm water . When it receives
94. Which of the following is a reason why a heat, its density decreases , thus the warm
concrete floor feels colder to the bare feet water is displaced by cooler ones establishing
than a mat on the same floor during the a convection current which transmits heat..
rainy season? . ANSWER –MAT LOSES HEAT
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1 1 Cool bree e blows a ross a sandy bea h 11 converts heat energy to electrical
in a sunny afternoon be ause energy . ANSWER – THERMOCOUPLE
ANSWER – WARM AIR ON THE BEACH IS 116. Tea pots are silver –coated to prevent
REPLACED BY COOLER AIR FROM THE SEA. heat loss by . ANSWER: RADIATION ONLY.
102. In the formation of sea breeze wind silver-coating reduces heat loss by radiation .
blows from .ANSWER- SEA TO LAND 117. The main reason for making the cover of
103. The heat from a heater in a room is a vacuum flask tight is to prevent heat loss by
transmitted to various parts of the room ANSWER – EVAPORATION. Poor closed cover
primarily by . ANSWER- RADIATION will lead to evaporation of the molecules of
104. Black and dull colored clothes are better the content. Evaporation causes cooling mof
not worn in a sunny afternoon [ the content because the vapour molecules
105. BLACK SURFACE REDIATE HEAT ENERGY drae their latent het of vaporization from the
BEST. content thereby cooling it.
106. Shiny and silvery surfaces are 118. The thermos flask is designed to .
ANSWER – GOOD REFLECTORS OF HEAT ANSWER – PREVENT HEAT LOSS OR GAIN BY
107. A hot metal ball is suspended in the CONDUCTION , CONVECTION AND
open air. As it cools, it loses heat by RADIATION. Thermos flask prevents both
ANSWER – RADIATION. heat loss and heat gain via 3 modes of heat
108. Heat is radiated by all hot objects in the transfer . It keeps a hot content hot or a cold
form of . ANSWER – INFRARED RAYS. content cold.
109. A DULL SURFACE IS A GOOD EMITTER 119. The cork in a vacuum flask reduces heat
OF HEAT. loss due to . ANSWER – CONDUCTION.
110. A hot metal ball is suspended in the 120. In a good thermos flask , the main cause
open air. As it cools , it loses heat by . of heat loss is . ANSWER – CONDUCTION
ANSWER – RADIATION THROUGH THE CORK .
111. THE RADIATOR OF A MOTOR CAR IS 121. If a given mass of gas at constant pressu
COOLED BY CONVECTION re obeys the relation--volume is proportional
112. Two similar kettles containing equal to the absolute temperature—the gas is said
masses of boiling water are placed on a to obey . ANSWER – CHARLES’ LAW
table. If the surface of one is highly polished 122. If the volume of a fixed mass of gas is
and the surface of the other is covered with kept constant , the pressure of the gas
soot THE KETTLE COVERED WITH SOOT ANSWER- IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO
COOLS DOWN MORE QUICKLY BECAUSE IT IS ITS ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE.
A GOOD RADIATOR OF HEAT. 123. A balloon inflated with helium gas at
113. The major component of the sun’s ground level is released. As it rises through a
electromagnetic spectrum that carries heat constant temperature atmosphere
energy to the earth is the ANSWER – THE PRODUCT OF PRESSURE AND
ANSWER – INFRARED RAYS. VOLUME REMAINS CONSTANT. The pressure
114. The intensity of heat radiated by a of the atmosphere decreases as the balloon
surface depends on . THERMAL goes upwards. According to boyle’s law, this
CONDUCTIVITY . fall in pressure is accompanied by
 By Kaymath (call 08068552755) 34
proportionate rise in volume at a constant IF THE MOLECULES OF THE GAS MOVES
temperature rise in volume at a constant FASTER.
temperature – both are inversely WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
proportional. CALCULATORS TIPS AND HINTS
124. The average kinectic energy of the (CHAPTER 17)
molecules of a perfect gas is directly Calculators can be be used for solving
proportional to the questions and getting answer for equations
ANS-KELVIN TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS like quadratic , simultaneous , fractions ,
Average kinectic energy of gas molecules is permutation, combination, and complex
proportional to the kelvin temperature of the number , vectors e.t.c. but for the sake of
gas molecules. this course we will focus on quadratic and
125. One valid assumption of the kinectic simultaneous equations only . Simple hints
theory of gases is that are
ANSWER – THE MOLECULES OF GAS ARE ALL QUADRATIC EQUATION: e.g
IDENTICAL AND ARE VERY SMALL IN SIZE . SOLUTION
126. Why are collisions between gas PRESS MODE · 5 · 3 , then input values e.g a
molecules said to be elastic? . ANSWER – NO = 1 b = 5 , c = 6 , and PRESS = , you get x =
LOSS OF TOTAL ENERGY AFTER COLLISION 3 or x = 2. CALCULATOR TO NORMAL MODE ,
127. On the basis of the kinectic theory , an PRESS MODE · 1
in crease in the temperature of a fixed SULMULTANEOUS EQUATION: PRESS AC TO
volume of an ideal gas causes. CLEAR SCREEN . e.g. 5x + 4y = 13 , 6x + 8y = 4
ANSWER – AN INCREASE IN THE AVERAGE SOLUTION
SPEED OF THE GAS MELOCULES. PRESS MODE · 5 · 1 , a = 5 , b = 4 , c = 13 and
128. According to the kinectic theory of gases for 2nd equation , a = 6 , b = 8 , c = 4 input
, the collision of gas molecules with the walls
values and PRESS = , you get & , TO
of their containers is mainly responsible for
ANSWER – PRESSURE OF THE GAS TAKE CALCULATOR TO NORMAL MODE ,
129. If the air inside a rigid box is heated , the PRESS MODE · 1 .
AVERAGE SPEED OF THE MOLECULES GET OTHER COPIES OF MATERIALS BY
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130. Which of the following correctly
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describes events at absolute zero YOU ARE TO JOIN ONLY ONE BUT IF YOU SEE THAT
temperature? . THE FIRST ONE IS FULL , JOIN THE 2ND AND SO ON
ANSWER – THERMAL MOTION CEASES. whatsapp group link
Absolute zero is zero kelvin (0K) not Celsius whatsapp group 1 whatsapp group 2
.At this temperature , average kinectic https://bit.ly/3a35eEk https://bit.ly/37PGnSG
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energy of gas molecules is theoretically zero
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such that their motion ceases completely. whatsapp group 5 whatsapp group 6
131. The pressure exerted by a given mass of https://bit.ly/2FEJ9hl https://bit.ly/36NtEQf
gas in a container . ANSWER – INCREASES THE END