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24 Visualization

The document discusses various techniques for visualizing different types of scientific data including scalar fields represented as height fields, contours, and volume renderings; vector fields visualized using hedgehogs and glyphs; and outlines challenges in visualizing large datasets commonly found in scientific and medical applications.

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ganesh
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29 views56 pages

24 Visualization

The document discusses various techniques for visualizing different types of scientific data including scalar fields represented as height fields, contours, and volume renderings; vector fields visualized using hedgehogs and glyphs; and outlines challenges in visualizing large datasets commonly found in scientific and medical applications.

Uploaded by

ganesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Visualization

Images are used to aid in understanding of data

Height Fields and Contours


Scalar Fields
Volume Rendering
Vector Fields
[chapter 26]
Tumor

SCI, Utah
Scientific Visualization
• Visualize large datasets in scientific and medical applications
• Generally do not start with a 3D model

CT Scan - whiter means higher radiodensity


Scientific Visualization

• Must deal with very large data sets


– CT or MRI, e.g. 512 512 200 50MB points
– Visible Human 512 512 1734 433 MB points

• Visualize both real-world and simulation data


– Visualization of Earthquake Simulation Data
– Visualizations of simulated room fires
– Fluid simulation
Types of Data
• Scalar fields (2D or 3D volume of scalars)
– E.g., x-ray densities (MRI, CT scan)

• Vector fields (3D volume of vectors)


– E.g., velocities in a wind tunnel

• Tensor fields (3D volume of tensors [matrices])


– E.g., stresses in a mechanical part

All could be static or through time


Outline
• 2D Scalar Field (Height Fields) z = f(x,y)

• 3D Scalar Fields v = f(x,y,z)

• Volume Rendering

Blood flow in
• Vector Fields human carotid artery
2D Scalar Field
• z = f(x,y)

1− x2 − y2 , if x 2 + y 2 < 1
f ( x, y ) = 0

How do you visualize this function?


2D Scalar Field
• z = f(x,y)

1− x − y ,
2 2
if x + y < 1
2 2
f ( x, y ) = 0

Contours

Topographical maps to indicate elevation


2D Scalar Field
• z = f(x,y)

1− x − y ,
2 2
if x + y < 1
2 2
f ( x, y ) = 0

Density plot
Density is proportional to the value of the function
2D Scalar Field
• z = f(x,y)

1− x − y ,
2 2
if x + y < 1
2 2
f ( x, y ) = 0

Gray scale density plot

z=0 => (0,0,0)


z = 0.25 => (0,0,1)
z = 0.5 => (1,0,0)
z = 0.75 => (1,1,0)
z = 1.0 => (1,1,1)
2D Scalar Field
• z = f(x,y)

1− x − y ,
2 2
if x + y < 1
2 2
f ( x, y ) = 0

Height plot
Shows shape of the function
Height Field
• Visualizing an explicit function

z = f(x,y)

• Adding contour curves

f(x,y) = c
Meshes
• Function is sampled (given) at xi, yi, 0 i, j n
• Assume equally spaced

• Generate quadrilateral or triangular mesh


• [Asst 1]
Contour Curves
1− x2 − y2 , if x 2 + y 2 < 1
f ( x, y ) =
0

• Contour curve at f(x,y) = c

• How can we draw the curve?

• Sample at regular intervals for x,y f<c

f>c
Marching Squares
• Sample function f at every grid point xi, yj
• For every point fi j = f(xi, yj) either fi j c or fi j > c
Ambiguities of Labelings
Ambiguous labels

Different resulting
contours

Resolution by subdivision
(where possible)
Cases for Vertex Labels
16 cases for vertex labels

4 unique mod. symmetries


Marching Squares Examples

Can you do better?


Interpolating Intersections
• Approximate intersection
– Midpoint between xi, xi+1 and yj, yj+1
– Better: interpolate
• If fi j = a is closer to c than b = fi+1 j then
intersection is closer to (xi, yj):

• Analogous calculation
xi xi+1
for y direction x
fi j = a < c c < b = fi+1 j
Marching Squares Examples
Marching Squares Examples

Adaptive Subdivision
Outline
• 2D Scalar Fields
• 3D Scalar Fields
• Volume Rendering
• Vector Fields
3D Scalar Fields
• Volumetric data sets
• Example: tissue density
• Assume again regularly sampled

• Represent as voxels

• Two rendering methods


–Isosurface rendering
–Direct volume rendering (use all values [next])
Isosurfaces
• Generalize contour curves to 3D

• Isosurface given by f(x,y,z) = c


– f(x, y, z) < c inside
– f(x, y, z) = c surface
– f(x, y, z) > c outside
Marching Cubes
• Display technique for isosurfaces
• 3D version of marching squares
• How many possible cases?

28 = 256
Marching Cubes
• 14 cube labelings (after elimination symmetries)
Marching Cube Tessellations
• Generalize marching squares, just more cases
• Interpolate as in 2D
• Ambiguities similar to 2D
Marching Squares Examples
Marching Squares Examples
Example (Utah)
Outline
• 2D Scalar Fields
• 3D Scalar Fields
• Volume Rendering
• Vector Fields
Volume Rendering
• Some data is more naturally modeled as a volume, not a surface
• Use all voxels and transparency (a-values)

Ray-traced isosurface Same data, rendered


f(x,y,z)=c as a volume
Why Bother with Volume Rendering?

• Not all voxels contribute to final image


• Could miss most important data by selecting wrong isovalue

• All voxels contribute to the image


– more informative
– less misleading (the isosurface of noisy data is unpredictable)

• Simpler and more efficient than converting a very complex


data volume (like the visible human) to polygons and then
rendering them
Surface vs. Volume Rendering
• 3D model of surfaces • Scalar field in 3D
• Convert to triangles • Convert to RGBA values
• Draw primitives • Render volume “directly”
• Lose or disguise data • See data as given
• Good for opaque objects • Good for complex objects
Sample Applications
• Medical
– Computed Tomography (CT)
– Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
– Ultrasound
• Engineering and Science
– Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – aerodynamic simulations
– Meteorology – atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed, wind
direction, humidity, precipitation
– Astrophysics – simulate galaxies

Simulate gravitational contraction


of complex N-body systems
A computer simulation of high velocity air flow
around the Space Shuttle.
Volume Rendering Pipeline
• Data volumes come in all types: tissue density (CT), wind
speed, pressure, temperature, value of implicit function.
• Data volumes are used as input to a transfer function, which
produces a sample volume of colors and opacities as output.
– Typical might be a 256x256x64 CT scan
• That volume is rendered to produce a final image.

Transfer function Rendering


Data sets Sample Volume Image
Transfer Functions
• Transform scalar data values to RGBA values
• Apply to every voxel in volume
• Highly application dependent
• Start from data histogram
Transfer Function Example

Mantle Convection

Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI)


University of Utah
Transfer Function Example

G. Kindlmann
Volume Rendering Pipeline
• Use opacity for emphasis

CT Scan - whiter means higher radiodensity


Volume Rendering

Transfer function Rendering


Data sets Sample Volume Image

• Three volume rendering techniques


– Volume ray casting
– Splatting
– 3D texture mapping
Volume Ray Casting
• Ray Casting
– Integrate color and opacity along the ray
– Simplest scheme just takes equal steps along ray,
sampling opacity and color
– Grids make it easy to find the next cell
Trilinear Interpolation
• Interpolate to compute RGBA away from grid
• Nearest neighbor yields blocky images
• Use trilinear interpolation
• 3D generalization of bilinear interpolation
Nearest
neighbor

Trilinear
interpolation
Trilinear Interpolation

Bilinear interpolation

Trilinear interpolation
Splatting
• Alternative to ray tracing
• Assign shape to each voxel (e.g., sphere or Gaussian)
• Project onto image plane (splat)
• Draw voxels back-to-front
• Composite (a-blend)
3D Textures
• Alternative to ray tracing, splatting
• Build a 3D texture (including opacity)
• Draw a stack of polygons, back-to-front
• Efficient if supported in graphics hardware
• Few polygons, much texture memory
3D RGBA texture

Viewpoint

Draw back to front


Other Techniques
• Use CSG for cut-away

not

and
head or
Acceleration of Volume Rendering
• Basic problem: Huge data sets
• Octrees
• Use error measures to stop iteration
• Exploit parallelism
Outline
• Height Fields and Contours
• Scalar Fields
• Volume Rendering
• Vector Fields
Vector Fields
• Visualize vector at each (x,y,z) point
– Example: velocity field
• Hedgehogs
– Use 3D directed line segments (sample field)
– Orientation and magnitude determined by vector
• Glyph
– Use other geometric primitives
– Cones

Blood flow in
human carotid artery
Vector Fields (Utah) Tornado
Glyphs for air flow

Magnetic field
Plasma disruption
More Flow Examples

Banks and Interrante


Interaction: Data Probe
SCI, Utah
Example of visualization application
University of Utah

http://www.sci.utah.edu/
Summary
• Height Fields and Contours
• Scalar Fields
– Isosurfaces
– Marching cubes
• Volume Rendering
– Volume ray tracing
– Splatting
– 3D Textures
• Vector Fields
– Hedgehogs
– Glyph
Announcements

• Course Evaluation is now open


• Until Monday, May 7th
• Please complete the evaluation

• We read it and listen to what you say

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