Starter

Grammar reference

Possessive adjectives Question words

Subject pronouns Question word Use
I you he/she/it we you they What An object
Possessive adjectives Where A place
When A time
my your his/her/its our your their Who A person
• we use possessive adjectives to say who something
Why
Which
A reason
To give options
belongs to
How The way to do something
This bag belongs to Helen. It’s her bag. How many A number

have got • the question word comes before the verb in Wh-
questions
Affirmative Negative What’s this? It’s a pineapple.
I/You’ve (have) got a dog. I/You haven’t (have not) got Where does he live? He lives in Mexico.
a cat.
He/She/It’s (has) got blue
eyes.
He/She/It hasn’t (has not)
got green eyes.
there is/there are
We/You/They’ve (have) We/You/They haven’t (have Affirmative Negative
got a pet. not) got a pet. There is an apple on the There isn’t any milk in the
table. fridge.
Questions Short answers There are 20 students in There aren’t any sandwiches
the class. on the plate.
Have I/you got a big Yes, I/you have.
family? No, I/you haven’t. Questions Answers
Has he/she/it got short Yes, he/she/it has. Is there a book on the Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
hair? No, he/she/it hasn’t. desk?
Have we/you/they got a Yes, we/you/they have. Are there any students Yes, there are. No, there
brother? No, we/you/they haven’t. in here? aren’t.

• we use have got to describe appearance and talk • we use there is/ there isn’t with singular nouns and
about possession there are/ there aren’t with plural nouns
She’s got brown eyes and long hair. • we use a/an with singular countable nouns
They haven’t got a dog. • we use some and any with uncountable nouns and
with plural countable nouns
like/love/hate + noun/-ing • we use some in affirmative sentences and any in
• we use the -ing form of the verb after love, like, don’t questions and negative sentences
mind, don’t like and hate There is some meat. There isn’t any meat.
My brother loves playing tennis. There are some potatoes. Are there any potatoes?
I don’t like playing the piano.
• we can also use love, like, don’t mind, don’t like and Object pronouns
hate with nouns Subject pronouns
My friends like video games. I you he/she/it we you they
They hate school lunches. Object pronouns
my you his/her/it us you them

• we use object pronouns when people or things are

the object of a sentence
What do you think of Shakira? I love her!
• object pronouns usually come after the verb
My dad gave me a new laptop for my birthday.

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 Grammar practice Starter

Possessive adjectives Question words

1 Complete the text with the correct possessive 4 Complete the questions with the correct
adjective. words.
This is a photo of 1 my family. My older 1 What is the answer to this question?
brother is on the sofa with my sister. She’s looking at 2 is your favourite actor?
2 phone as usual. I’m on the floor with
3 are you going after school today?
3 younger brother Dave. He’s playing
with 4 favourite toy. 5 4 are they so excited?
parents Mike and Sue are at the back. 5 is the last day of school?
6 parents, my grandparents, are not in 6 dress do you like?
the photo. What about you? Where’s 7
photo?
there is/there are
have got 5 Choose the correct option.
1 There are/There is over 7,000 languages used
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form around the world.
of have got.
2 There is/Is there a dictionary on the desk that
1 My boyfriend has got blue eyes and blond you can use.
hair.
3 There is/Is there a native English speaker here
2 My cousins three pets: a dog, a cat today?
and a rabbit.
4 I’m sorry, isn’t there/there isn’t time for any more
3 Our school an orchestra but there is questions.
a drama club.
5 I think there is/there are a spelling mistake in this
4 We two cars because both mum text.
and dad have to drive to work.
6 How many students there are/are there in this
5 She long, curly hair and she wears class?
glasses.
7 There aren’t/There isn’t copies for everyone.
6 you a pencil you can
lend me?
7 They green eyes, they’ve got brown
Object pronouns
eyes. 6 Complete the sentences with the pronouns in
the box.
like/love/hate + noun/-ing her him it (x2) me them us you
3 Use the emoticons to write sentences with the
correct form of the words in brackets. 1 Do you like my bag? My mum gave it
to me.
1 I hate eating (eat) bananas.
2 These biscuits are my favourite. I eat
2 I (listen to) salsa music.
whenever I can.

3 Our football coach wants to
3 My brother (take) photos but he (selfies). practise every day after school.
/
4 I don’t know where my shoes are. Can you help
 look for them?
4 I (go) to school, but I prefer to stay in bed. 5 What do you think of the new student? I like
 – he’s got a nice smile.
5 We (study) for exams, but we (good results). 6 Look! There’s Tom’s sister. Can you see
/ ?
 7 I didn’t know you had a piano. Can I play
6 My mum (cook) but my dad enjoys it. ?
 8 You look lost! Can I give directions?

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1 Grammar reference

Present simple Present continuous

Affirmative Negative Affirmative Negative
I/you like school. I/you don’t (do not) go to I am playing. I’m not (am not) eating.
He/She/It eats toast. school. You are playing. You aren’t (are not) eating.
We/You/They take photos. He/She/It doesn’t (does He/She/It is playing. He/She/It isn’t (is not) eating.
not) play. We/You/They are We/You/They aren't (are not)
We/You/They don’t (do playing. eating.
not) enjoy cartoons.
• we use the present continuous to describe activities
• we use the present simple to talk about routines and that are happening now or temporary situations
habits and permanent situations
We like action films. He goes to school every day.
• we use 'm not, isn’t or aren’t before the main verb to
form the negative
• we use don’t or doesn’t before the main verb to form
• we usually use contracted forms in conversation and
the negative informal writing
• we usually use contracted forms in conversation and They aren’t watching at the moment.
informal writing She’s using her phone now.
She doesn’t use social media very often.
Questions Short answers
Questions Short answers Am I cooking lunch? Yes, I am.
Do I/you take lunch to Yes, I/you do. No, I’m not.
school? No, I/you don’t. Are you cooking Yes, you are.
Does he/she/it go to work? Yes, she/he/it does. lunch? No, you aren’t.
No, she/he/it doesn’t. Is he/she/it playing Yes, she/he/it is.
Do we/you/they play Yes, we/you/they do. football? No, she/he/it isn’t.
tennis? No, we/you/they don’t. Are we/you/they Yes, we/you/they are.

• we use do or does before the subject (I/you/he etc.) in

eating? No, we/you/they aren’t.
questions. The main verb doesn’t change form • we use be before the subject in questions
Does she check her email in the morning? Is he cooking dinner now?
• we don’t repeat the main verb in short answers • we don’t repeat the verb -ing in short answers
Do you have a laptop? Yes, I do./No, I don’t. Is he eating now? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.

Adverbs and expressions of Present simple and present

frequency continuous
less frequent more frequent • we use the present simple to talk about routines and
habits and permanent situations
always usually often sometimes hardly ever never
I always have a shower when I wake up.
• we use adverbs of frequency to say how often we do Lisa and Lena are German pop singers.
things
We hardly ever go out at the weekend.
• we use the present simple with adverbs of frequency
and time expressions such as every day
• adverbs of frequency usually go before the main I post something on my blog every day.
verb. This includes negative sentences
I often read but I don’t usually listen to music.
• we use the present continuous to describe activities
that are happening now or temporary situations
• adverbs of frequency come after the verb be He’s writing an email.
She’s never at home in the morning. • we normally use present continuous with time
• expressions usually go at the end of a sentence expressions such as now, at the moment
We check our favourite blogs every day. He’s giving a presentation at the moment.

• we ask questions using How often … ? • we don’t use the present continuous with some
verbs such as have got, like, love, prefer, want
How often does he send you a text?

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 Grammar practice 1

Present simple 4 Rewrite the sentences using the words in

brackets.
1 Choose the correct option. 1 I have a shower. (every morning)
1 In China they use/uses chopsticks to eat.
I have a shower every morning.
2 I don’t take/don’t takes a camera on holiday
2 They play badminton on Thursdays. (usually)
anymore.
3 She studies/study film at college.
3 We don’t do our homework in the morning.
4 All my classmates watches/watch science fiction
(always)
films.
5 He doesn’t watch/don’t watch a film every day.
4 Tim is unhappy. (never)
6 I always buys/buy popcorn at the cinema.
7 My sister go/goes to stay with her friend every
Friday. 5 I go to the hairdresser. (three times a year)

2 Write complete questions using the present 6 He doesn’t take photos at football practice.
simple. Then write short answers. (often)
1 you / like / documentaries (–)
Do you like documentaries? No, I don’t.
2 your brother / play / video games (+) Present simple and present
3 your classmates / like / the maths teacher (+)
continuous
5 Complete the text with the present simple or
4 your cousin / go / to university (–) present continuous form of the verbs.

be enjoy not like prefer read say study

5 you / write / a blog (–)
At the moment I 1 ’m reading a book called The
6 Anna / watch / Lisa and Lena (+) Knife of Never Letting Go. The author is Patrick Ness
and this 2 the first book of a trilogy. I
3 the book because it’s very exciting.
At school we 4 another book, Animal
Adverbs and expressions of Farm. It's interesting but I 5 it as much.
frequency The teacher 6 it’s a very good book but
I7 books with more action.
3 Order the words to write sentences.
1 watch / documentaries / once a week / I
6 Write complete questions in the present
simple or present continuous.
I watch documentaries once a week.
1 when / you / watch TV
2 my mum / goes / every day / to the gym
When do you watch TV?
2 your dad / cook dinner / every day
3 go / once a month / to the cinema / we

3 how often / you / read the newspaper

4 I / go / hardly ever / the supermarket / to

4 you / do homework / at the moment

5 often / they / talent shows / on TV / watch

5 what film / people / talk about / these days

6 sometimes / she / her homework / in the library /
does
6 they / play video games / now

7 I / have a shower / before / usually / to school / I

go

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2 Grammar reference

(there) was/were Past simple

Affirmative Negative Affirmative
I was I wasn’t (was not) I/You played
You were You weren’t (were not) He/She/It played
He/She/It was He/She/It wasn’t (was not) We/You/They played
We/You/They were We/You/They weren’t (were
not) • we use the past simple to describe finished actions or
There was/were There wasn’t/weren’t (was situations in the past
not/were not) I visited the Eiffel Tower last year.
Questions
Was I … ?
Short answers
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
• the form is the same for all subject pronouns

Were you … ? Yes, you were. No, you • the regular past simple ending is -ed
weren’t. travel  travelled, surf  surfed
Was he/she/it … ? Yes, he/she/it was.
No, he/she/it wasn’t. • many common verbs are irregular (see the irregular
Were we/you/they … ? Yes, we/you/they were. No, verb list on page 80)
we/you/they weren’t. go  went, have  had
Was/Were there … ? Yes, there was/were. No
there wasn’t/weren’t. Negative
I/You didn’t (did not) find
• we use there was/wasn’t with singular nouns He/She/It didn’t (did not) find
There was a lot of space in the gym. We/You/They didn’t (did not) find

• we use there were/there weren’t with plural nouns • we use didn’t (did not) before the verb to form the
There weren’t any shops open last night. negative
We didn’t see the Tower of London on our trip.
could Questions Short answers
• we use could for ability and possibility in the past Did I/you eat? Yes, I/you did.
She could ride a bicycle when she was four years old. No, I/you didn’t.

• The form is the same for all subject pronouns Did he/she/it eat? Yes, he/she/it did.
No, he/she/it didn’t.
I could play the piano when I was young.
Did we/you/they eat? Yes, we/you/they did.
She could ride a horse when she was three. No, we/you/they didn’t.
They could speak German when they were five.
• The negative form of could is couldn’t (could not)
• we use did + subject + infinitive to make questions
Did they go to the Natural History Museum?
He couldn’t swim until he was ten.
• We never use to after could/couldn’t
used to
Past time expressions • we use used to to talk about states in the past
I used to be scared of spiders but now I quite like them.
• we often use time expressions with the past simple
• we also use used to to talk about habits in the past
I wasn’t at school yesterday.
My uncle used to work in a shop but now he works at
It was their birthday party a week ago.
home.
• we only use used to in the past simple
• after used to we write the verb in the infinitive
• the negative form of used to is didn’t use to
You didn’t use to live in Spain.
• the question form of used to is Did + subject + use to
+ infinitive
Did they use to live on a lake?

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 Grammar practice 2

(there) was/were Past time expressions

1 Complete the sentences with was, were, 4 Choose the correct option.
wasn’t or weren’t. 1 We moved house last/in the last year.
1 My friends weren’t at the party last night. 2 Our cousin sailed around Mallorca in/on 2018.
(–) 3 I read a book on the Aztecs for three months
2 I in Hong Kong last summer. (+) ago/three months ago.
3 There any sandwiches left after 4 I forgot it was John’s birthday in/on Friday.
lunch. (–) 5 They went shopping the last/last week.
4 After his tennis match he very tired. 6 Did he win his match yesterday/the last day?
(+)
5 My friend at school today
because she felt sick. (–)
Past simple
6 There lots of young children at the 5 Complete the sentences with the past simple
show (+) of the verbs in brackets.
1 We watched a great programme on TV last
2 Order the words to make sentences and
night. (watch)
questions.
2 She skiing in Canada over
1 you / asleep / were / at / midnight ?
Christmas. (go)
Were you asleep at midnight?
3 You home until quite late last night.
2 yesterday / was / it / cold ? (not come)
 4 They the mountain last weekend
3 was / he / for his / doctor’s appointment / late due to bad weather. (not climb)
 5 you pancakes for
4 there / a city / was / on a lake / in 1300 ? breakfast? (have)
 6 Complete the text with the past simple of the
5 successful / the Aztecs / town planners / were verbs in brackets.
 César Barrón 1 was (be) a Mexican wrestler.
6 Montezuma / emperor / was / of the Aztecs ? He 2 (have) two brothers and a sister.
 He 3 (not live) in Mexico all the time
because of his job. He 4 (travel) to
other countries such as the USA and Japan. His stage
could name 5 (be) Silver King. He
3 Complete the sentences with could or couldn’t 6 (not be) an actor but he
and the verbs. 7 (play) a wrestler in the film
Nacho Libre with Jack Black.
eat go play sing speak walk
used to
1 She could play the violin when she was seven.
(+) 7 Complete the sentences with used to or didn’t
2 We Spanish and English when we use to and the verbs in the box.
were four. (+)
be like love play watch
3 He for a walk because it was raining.
(–) 1 I used to love cartoons, but now I find them
4 They cakes because they were on a boring.
special diet. (–) 2 When I was ten I the piano every day.
5 I all the Madonna songs when I 3 My grandmother TV because she
was at school. (+) didn’t have one.
6 She to school when she lived in 4 There only five channels on TV.
Edinburgh. (+)
5 My dad reading books on an
eReader but now he thinks it’s great.

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3 Grammar reference

Past continuous Past simple and

Affirmative Negative past continuous
I was working. I wasn’t (was not) working. • we often use the past continuous with the past
You were playing You weren’t (were not) simple in the same sentence
games. playing games. I was cycling in the park when I had an accident.
He/She/It was sleeping. He/She/It wasn’t (was not)
sleeping.
• we use the past continuous to describe activities
which were in progress
We/You/They were We/You/They weren’t (were
I was cycling in the park …
taking photos. not) taking photos.

• we use the past continuous to describe activities in

• we use the past simple to describe an action which
interrupted the activity
progress at a specific time in the past
when I had an accident.
I was practising the piano at four o’clock yesterday
afternoon.
when and while
• we use subject + was/were + verb -ing
• we use when before the past simple and while before
He was watching TV until 11 o’clock last night.
the past continuous
• we use not to form the negative She was washing the dishes when she broke a plate.
She wasn’t listening to music earlier. While she was washing the dishes, she broke a plate.
Yes/No questions Short answers
Was I wearing a hat? Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
Were you having lunch? Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
Was he/she/it walking? Yes, she/he/it was.
No, she/he/it wasn’t.
Were we/you/they Yes, we/you/they were.
eating? No, we/you/they weren’t.

• in yes/no questions we use was/were before the

subject
Were you carrying the camera yesterday?
Was Nina working yesterday?
• we don’t repeat the verb -ing in short answers
Were they talking in class?
No, they weren’t.
Was it raining yesterday?
Yes, it was.
• with wh- questions the word order is wh- question
word + was/were + subject + verb -ing
What were they talking about?
Where was she staying in Paris?

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 Grammar practice 3

Past continuous Past simple and

1 Complete the sentences with the past past continuous
continuous form of the verbs in the box. 4 Choose the correct options.
cook listen not drive not walk 1 You were visiting/visited your friend when
read ski watch I saw/was seeing you last week.
2 My friends weren’t doing/didn’t do their
1 I was reading a science fiction story in bed at homework when I called them last night.
10:00 pm.
3 You wore/were wearing that dress when I saw
2 My friends down the mountain. you at Nick’s party last week.
3 My sister the car, my mum was. 4 While I waited/was waiting at the train station
4 You to Adele’s new album. I was noticing/noticed this advert.
5 My dad dinner for the whole family. 5 I carried/was carrying the shopping when
6 We very fast so it took a long time I dropped/was dropping the eggs.
to climb the hill. 6 Were you walking/Did you walk home when
7 Carlos vloggers online. I saw you?

2 Order the words to make yes/no questions. 5 Correct one mistake in each of the sentences.
Then write short answers. 1 Was Jason swim in the afternoon?
1 in the afternoon / was / surfing / Jamie (+) Was Jason swimming in the afternoon?
Was Jamie surfing in the afternoon? Yes, he was. 2 Rafa was study in the library.
2 texting / Nina / at 4:00 pm / was / you (–) 
3 We didn’t feeling well after lunch.
3 you / were / sleeping / at 8:00 am / yesterday (+) 
4 What were you do yesterday afternoon?
4 Grant and Archie / hockey / playing / at 12 o’clock 
/ yesterday / were (–) 5 Did you making dinner when I called you?

5 your cousin / visiting / was / last weekend (+) 6 You weren’t dance all night at the party.

6 were / at 9:00 am / you / making breakfast (–) 7 You were went on holiday to Rome last month.

3 Write complete questions with the
past continuous. when and while
1 what / music / you / listen to 6 Complete the sentences with when or while.
What music were you listening to? 1 I was dancing with Rick when the music
2 where / they / travel to stopped.
2 They heard loud music they were
3 who / the teacher / talk to walking in the city centre.
3 I was cleaning my room, I found the
tickets.
4 what / you / eat / last night
4 I was talking to Sara the teacher
came in.
5 where / she / fly to
5 My mum met some good bands
she was organising the festival.
6 who / use / the computer / last night 6 my brother got home, my parents
were sleeping.

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4 Grammar reference

Quantifiers: a lot of (lots of), Comparative and superlative

some, any, not much/many adjectives
• we use some, any, a lot of (lots of ), much and many to Syllables Adjective Comparative Superlative
talk about quantities of things
One short shorter the shortest
• we use some in affirmative sentences with plural Two windy windier the windiest
countable nouns and uncountable nouns to talk ending -y
about a medium quantity
Two or comfortable more the most
We’ve got some time so we don’t need to hurry. more comfortable comfortable
• we use a lot of (lots of) in affirmative sentences with Irregular good better the best
plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns to talk bad worse the worst
about a large quantity far farther/further the farthest/
Phil’s got a lot of different ideas about the trip. furthest

• we use many in negative sentences with plural • we use comparative adjectives to compare two things,
countable nouns to talk about a small quantity places or people
They haven’t got many books to choose from. • we form comparative adjectives by adding -er to
• we use much in negative sentences with uncountable adjectives with one syllable or -ier to adjectives with
two syllables ending in -y
nouns to talk about a small quantity
The children don’t get much pocket money. This house is lovelier than the last one.

• we use any in negative sentences with plural • for adjectives with more than one syllable, we usually
countable nouns and uncountable nouns to talk use more + adjective
about zero quantity The train is more comfortable than the bus.
We didn’t get any pocket money when we were young. • we use than after the comparative adjective
• we also use any in questions about quantity Berlin is colder than Barcelona.
Have you got any old clothes to donate? • we use superlative adjectives to compare more than
two things, places or people
too much/many, (not) enough • we form superlatives by adding -est to adjectives with
• we use too much/many to say we have more than one syllable or -iest to adjectives with two syllables
ending in -y
necessary
There are too many people in here. Adam is the shortest person in the family.
You gave me too much money, please take some back. • For adjectives with more than one syllable, we use
• We use enough to talk about the right amount of
most + adjective
This is the most important book you will read this term.
something
I think we have enough water for the hike. • we use the before superlative adjectives and we use in
• We use not enough to say we have less than we want
after the adjective
This is the smallest table in the school.
of something
He hasn’t got enough money to pay for a taxi. • good, bad and far are irregular adjectives and they
have different comparative and superlative forms
This school is better than that one. My school is the best
in the city.

(not) as + adjective + as
• we use as + adjective + as to say that two things are
similar to each other
New York is as big as London.
• We use the structure not as + adjective + as to say that
something is less than something else
This chocolate cake is not as expensive as the vanilla cake.

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 Grammar practice 4

Quantifiers Comparative and superlative

1 Complete the sentences with a lot of, many, adjectives
much, some or any. 4 Write the comparative and superlative form
1 I don’t spend much time shopping of the adjective.
because it’s boring.
1 small smaller smallest
2 We never buy clothes online, we
2 big
prefer going to the shops.
3 cheap
3 I’ve got money I can lend you.
4 busy
4 This art gallery hasn’t got pictures
to look at, so we won’t be long. 5 expensive
5 You’ve got seven bags of shopping! You bought 6 sunny
food at the supermarket! 7 difficult
6 We haven't got money, so let’s just 8 heavy
get a sandwich for lunch. 9 good
7 Is there food left for me? 10 bad

2 Choose the correct option. 5 Write complete sentences with the correct
1 We’ve got some/any/much laptops in our form of the adjective.
classroom. 1 my shoes / comfortable / my boots
2 My printer hasn’t got any/many/some paper in it. My shoes are more comfortable than my boots.
3 We have five bags of pasta – that’s some/a lot of/ 2 a salad / healthy / a burger
many pasta!

4 Do you have lot of/many/much things to buy?
3 cheetahs / fast / humans
5 Are there some/much/any biscuits in the

cupboard?
4 the blue whale / big / animal in the sea
6 My phone battery doesn’t have many/some/
much charge left. 
7 Can I have some/much/many water? 5 I think / a Bugatti / beautiful / car / in the world

too much/many, (not) 6 we / good / students / in our school

enough
3 Complete the sentences with too much/many (not) as + adjective + as
or (not) enough.
1 I don’t like it here, it’s too busy and there are
6 Rewrite the sentences using (not) as … as.
too many people. 1 A cinema ticket is cheaper than a theatre ticket.
2 There are ten people and eight sandwiches. There A cinema ticket is not as expensive as a
are sandwiches. theatre ticket.
3 We can’t stay here, this hotel costs 2 Glasgow is colder than Madrid in the summer.
money. Glasgow is
4 There is time to catch the four 3 Alex and James are very similar in intelligence.
o’clock train. We’ll have to wait until five o’clock. Alex is
5 I don’t know which one to buy, there are 4 The red shoes are €20 and the black shoes are
to choose from. €20. They are both cheap.
6 Do you have money to buy that? The red shoes are
7 I don’t drink water. 5 The film Captain Marvel was less successful than
8 €100 is money for a sweater so I the film Avengers: End Game.
won’t buy it. The film Captain Marvel was

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5 Grammar reference

will for predictions: affirmative First conditional

and negative Situation Consequence
Affirmative Negative If he cuts down these the garden will look terrible.
trees,
I/You/He/She/It will go I/You/He/She/It will not
(won’t) go If we don’t recycle we’ll have a huge
We/You/They will take We/You/They will not (won't) more rubbish, environmental problem.
take Consequence Situation

• we use will/won’t + infinitive without to to make

She won’t be happy
They will save
if you don’t clean your room.
if they don’t use the air
predictions
electricity conditioning.
He will be a successful doctor.
They won’t live in a big city. • we use the first conditional to talk about possible

• we often use the expressions I think, I expect, I guess to

situations and their consequences
introduce predictions • to form first conditional sentences we use if + subject
She thinks she’ll fail the exam. + present simple (for the situation), subject + will/
won’t + infinitive without to (for the consequence)
• we often use these time expressions with will: one
• if the situation comes first, we need a comma
day, one day soon, soon, tomorrow, next year, when I’m
older, when (I finish school) If you plant flowers, the garden will look nice.
I’ll live in a flat on my own when I leave school. • we don’t use a comma if the consequence comes
first
will for predictions: questions I’ll go for a walk if it stops raining.

Questions and short answers

Will I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they go?
Zero conditional
Yes, they will. No, they won’t. Situation Consequence
• to form yes/no questions we put will before the If you take ice cream
out of the freezer,
it melts.
subject
Will he be at home later? If it doesn’t rain, the plants don’t grow.
Consequence Situation
• we don’t repeat the infinitive in short answers
They get angry if you don’t put your rubbish
Will he be at home later? Yes, he will. in the bin.
• to form wh- questions we put will after the wh- You feel weak if you don’t eat all day.
question word and before the subject
Where will you go in the summer? • we use the zero conditional to talk about real
situations and their consequences
If you mix red and white, you get pink.
might
• we use will to talk about something that is definite in • to form zero conditional sentences we use if +
subject + present simple (for the situation), subject +
the future
present simple (for the consequence)
They will build more houses outside the city.
• we use might to talk about things that are a
• if the situation comes first, we need a comma
If you recycle your rubbish, you help the environment.
possibility in the future
We might buy one of the new houses. • we don’t use a comma if the consequence comes
first
I take my umbrella if it rains

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 Grammar practice 5

will for predictions: affirmative First conditional

and negative 4 Write complete sentences with the first
1 Complete the sentences with will or won’t and conditional.
the verbs in the box. 1 If / Jenny / pass / her exams / her parents / buy / a
new phone
be (x2) eat travel work If Jenny passes her exams, her parents
will buy her a new phone
1 Tom will be an engineer when he’s older. (+)
2 my mum / be / pleased / if / I / tidy / my room
2 I married when I’m 35. (+)

3 She as a vet because she doesn’t
like animals very much. (–) 3 if / Dad / not come / home soon / I / cook /
dinner
4 We lots of pasta when we go to
Italy. (+) 
5 They by plane because it’s very 4 we go / for a hike / if / the weather / is good /
expensive. (–) 
5 I / not have / a good time / if / my friends / not be
will for predictions: questions / at the party

2 Look at the information in the table about
four people’s futures. Write complete
questions and answers.
Zero conditional
Nico Julia Joe and Liz
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in the box.
Transport bus electric car bicycle
Job engineer web blogger add melt not be not recycle not taste
designer
Home Hong Kong Los Angeles Berlin 1 If you don’t add sugar, it doesn’t taste sweet.
2 If plastic enters the sea, it good for
1 Nico / take the bus / work ?
the environment.
Will Nico take the bus to work? Yes, he will. 3 If you snow, it turns to water.
2 Joe and Liz / live / in Berlin ?
4 My dad gets angry if we plastic
bottles.
3 where / Nico / live ? 5 You need to some sugar if you
make lemonade with fresh lemons.
4 Joe and Liz / travel / by taxi ?
6 Find and correct the mistakes.
1 If we turn off the air conditioning, it get hot.
5 Julia / live / Buenos Aires ?
If we turn off the air conditioning, it’ll get hot.
2 If we will use more renewable energy, we’ll use
fewer fossil fuels.
might 
3 Choose the correct option. 3 If you’ll add herbs, it tastes better.
1 Gus is 14 now, so he will/might be 15 next year. 
2 It’s April and I’m in Scotland so it will/might rain 4 It is good for the environment if the government
today. passes this law.
3 Today is Thursday which means tomorrow 
will/might be Friday. 5 If we won’t light the fire, we’ll get cold.
4 I don’t know what this book is about but it 
will/might be interesting.
5 I can't read Chinese but I think that sign
will/might mean exit.

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6 Grammar reference

Present perfect: affirmative Present perfect: questions

and negative Questions Short answers
Affirmative Contracted form Have I seen … ? Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
I have seen ’ve seen
You have seen ’ve seen Have you seen … ? Yes, you have.
He/She/It has seen ’s seen No, you haven’t.
We/You/They have seen ’ve seen Has he/she/it seen … ? Yes, she/he/it has.
No, she/he/it hasn’t.
Negative Contracted form Have we/you/they seen … ? Yes, we/you/they have.
I have not eaten haven’t eaten No, we/you/they
haven’t.
You have not eaten haven’t eaten
He/She/It has not eaten hasn’t eaten • the word order is different in questions
We/You/They have not eaten haven’t eaten She has ridden a horse.

• we use the present perfect to talk about experiences

Has she ridden a horse?
or actions in the past when we don’t mention (or we • we don’t repeat the past participle in short answers
don’t know) the exact time Have you swum near a shark?
I have decided to have a birthday party soon. Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
• we form the affirmative of the present perfect with
have/has + past participle of the verb ever and never
You have done this kind of work before.
• we use ever in questions to mean ‘at any time in your
• we form the negative with haven’t/hasn’t + past life’
participle of the verb Have they ever seen a kangaroo?
He hasn’t used this app before. Has she ever visited the Great Wall of China?
• the regular past participle ending is -ed • we use never with an affirmative verb in statements
organise  organised or answers to mean ‘at no time in your life’

• the past participles of irregular verbs are all different No, they’ve never seen a kangaroo.

• see p80 for a list of irregular verbs

No, she’s never been to the Great Wall of China.

been and gone

• go is an irregular verb and it has two past participles:
been and gone
• we use been in sentences where the subject went
somewhere and returned
She has been to Spain several times.
• We use gone in sentences where the subject went
somewhere and is still there
They have gone on holiday to Greece.

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 Grammar practice 6

Present perfect: affirmative 5 Write short answers to the questions in

exercise 4.
and negative
1 (–)
1 Write the past participles of the verbs. No, I haven’t.
1 organise organised 7 see 2 (+)
2 try 8 act
3 have 9 take 3 (–)
4 eat 10 swim
5 do 4 (–)
11 use
6 lose 12 make
5 (–)
2 Write sentences in the present perfect.
1 they / write / a brilliant book (+)
6 Write present perfect questions with the
They’ve written a brilliant book. subject and verbs in brackets.
2 my aunt / start / a new business (+) 1 Have you seen this film?
(you / see)
3 my friend Nick / finish / his geography project (–) 2 out? What time will
she be back? (your mother / go)
4 they / do / extreme mountain biking / before (+) 3 a bungee jump
before or is this their first time? (they / do)
5 you / visit / any cities / in Asia (–) 4 this recipe before?
(we / use)
5 the castle down by
the river? (you / visit)
been and gone 6 a famous musician?
3 Complete the sentences with been or gone. (you / meet)
1 I’ve been to the US three times now.
2 Joe isn’t here. He’s to see Mike. ever and never
3 My brother and I have to see this 7 Order the words to make sentences or
film five times now – we love it! questions.
4 They’ve to the Ed Sheeran concert, 1 I / to Thailand / been / never / before / have
so they’ll be back late.
I have never been to Thailand before.
5 We’ve never to the science
2 you / swum / ever / in a lake / have ?
museum in Glasgow.

3 to India but / never / she’s / an elephant / been /

Present perfect: questions she’s / ridden
4 Order the words to make questions.
1 you / have / ever / a camel / ridden ? 4 your father / been / ever / really angry / has / with
Have you ever ridden a camel? you ?
2 tried / you / have / ever / go-karting ?
5 your friends / ever / tried / have / surfing ?
3 your dad / ever / eaten / insects / has ?
6 we / flown / to Asia / never / before / have
4 have / you / been / to / ever / China ?

5 ever / they / a video / made / have ?

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7 Grammar reference

Present perfect with for and Time expressions

since Present perfect Past simple
for since all my life in August
for a week last spring*
five minutes 2018 for two years last year
a long time 12 o’clock since Monday in 2017
two years June since I was 12 yesterday
many years I was four one year ago
four weeks lunchtime
ages Thursday * we can use since last spring/year with the present
we arrived perfect, and we can use for a week/two years with the
past simple
• we use How long with the present perfect to ask
• we use expressions that specify a period of time such
about the duration of an activity
as for a week with the present perfect
How long have you lived in this house?
I haven’t eaten meat for three months.
• when answering How long questions, we often use I’ve been allergic to peanuts all my life.
the present perfect with for or since
• we use for when the action is unfinished and to
• we always use since with the present perfect to
describe the start of an unfinished action
describe the duration of time
We haven’t seen you since last month.
I’ve lived in this house for three years.
• We use since to describe when the activity began
• we use expressions that specify a time such as
yesterday and words like ago with the past simple
I’ve lived in this house since I was 10. We ate pizza yesterday.
I met Jane two days ago.
Present perfect and past
simple
• we use the present perfect to talk about actions that
started in the past and are not finished yet
I’ve been a lawyer for five years now.
• we use the present perfect to talk about actions that
happened at an unspecified time in the past
I’ve never been to Spain but I’ve been to Portugal.
• we use the past simple to talk about completed
actions in the past
When did you go to Portugal? I went two years ago.
• we use the present perfect to ask questions about
past experiences
Have you ever eaten sushi?
• we use the past simple to ask for more information
about the experience
Where did you eat it? Did you like it?

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 Grammar practice 7

Present perfect with for and Present perfect and past

since simple
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Choose the correct option.
1 I haven’t received any emails since yesterday/ 1 My mum has collected/collected plates from
two days. every country she’s been to.
2 They’ve been at the same school for 2 Mark didn’t go/hasn’t been to the skatepark
five years/last summer. yesterday.
3 We haven’t seen you for 2018/a long time. 3 We have had/had this desk since we moved here
4 You’ve lived in Peru since last year/a few years. in 1995.
5 I haven’t had anything to eat since 4 She’s got so many photos. She has taken/took
two days/eight o’clock. this one last summer.
6 She hasn’t spoken English since 5 When did you buy/have you bought the new
she arrived/months in Taiwan. car?
6 How long were you/have you been here?
2 Look at the information in the table about
three people. Write questions and answers in 5 Complete the text with the correct form of the
the present perfect with for and since. verbs in the box.

Lisa Bill and Rob Diego appear become have not want play see
skateboarder vloggers video gamer
she was 10 last year six years ago Emma Watson is a successful British actress who we
many years six months six years 1 have seen on film screens worldwide since
2001 when she 2 Hermione Granger
1 how long / Lisa / skateboarder
in the first Harry Potter film. She 3 in
How long has Lisa been a skateboarder? all eight Harry Potter films over the next decade.
She’s been a skateboarder since she was 10. After Harry Potter, she 4 to stop
She’s been a skateboarder for many years. acting, so she starred in films like Noah and Beauty
2 how long / Bill and Rob / vloggers and the Beast. However, since finishing Harry
Potter she 5 more than one career:
she 6 a successful model and UN
ambassador as well.

3 how long / Diego / video gamer Time expressions

6 Choose the correct time expression.
1 We moved to a new city two years ago/since
two years.
3 Correct one mistake in each sentence. 2 I’ve been a fan of salsa music last week/all my
1 My dad has studied Chinese since over five years. life.
My dad has studied Chinese for over five years. 3 They got their exam results last week/since
Tuesday.
2 My sister has collected dolls for she was six.
4 You’ve had those trainers a year ago/for over a
year. I think it’s time for a new pair.
3 How long been you had all these old photos?
5 She bought her first bike for many years/in
2017.
4 They haven’t visited their grandparents since a
long time.

5 I haven’t ridden a horse for my accident last year.

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8 Grammar reference

have to will
Affirmative Affirmative Negative
I/You/We/You/They have to make the bed. I/You/He/She/It will buy. I/You/He/She/It will not
He/She/It has to make the bed. We/You/They will send. (won’t) take.
We/You/They will eat.
• we use have to when something is necessary
Questions Short answers
• the form is subject + have/has to + infinitive without to
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, they will.
We have to pay for the tickets here. you/they go? No, they won’t.
He has to finish his homework tonight.
• in the affirmative, the meaning of have to and must
• we use will to talk about spontaneous decisions
made at the time of speaking
are similar
We have to/must do our homework today. • the form is subject + will + infinitive without to
I’ll come with you, just let me get my coat.
Negative
I/You/We/You/They don’t have to study today.
• the form for will questions is will + subject + infinitive
without to
He/She/It doesn’t have to study today. Will he come to the party with us?
• we use don’t have to when something is not necessary
He doesn’t have to finish the book today. going to
• the form is subject + don’t/doesn’t have to + infinitive Affirmative Negative
without to I’m (am) going to visit I’m not (am not) going to
We don’t have to wait for them, they will follow later. London. stay in a hotel.

• in the negative, don’t have to does not have a similar You’re (are) going to visit
London.
You aren’t (are not) going to
stay in a hotel.
meaning to must not which means something is
prohibited He/She/It’s (is) going to He/She/It isn’t (is not) going
visit London. to stay in a hotel.
You don’t have to water the plants. (it isn't necessary)
We/You/They’re (are) We/You/They aren’t (are
You mustn’t water the plants. (it is not allowed) going to visit London. not) going to stay in a hotel.

have to: questions Questions Short answers

Am I going to go for a Yes, I am.
Questions Short answers walk? No, I'm not.
Do I/you/we/you/they have Yes, I/you/we/you/they Is he/she/it going to go for Yes, he/she/it is.
to go now? do. a walk? No, he/she/it isn’t.
No, I/you/we/you/they
Are we/you/they going to Yes, we/you/they are.
don’t.
go for a walk? No, we/you/they aren’t.
Does he/she/it have to go Yes, he/she/it does.
now? No, he/she/it doesn’t. • we use be + going to for future plans and intentions
What do I/you/we/you/they
have to do?
• the form is subject + be + going to + infinitive
without to
What does he/she/it have
to do? I’m going to play tennis this afternoon.

• the word order is different in questions • the form for going to questions is be + subject +
going to + infinitive without to
• to make yes/no questions, we use Do/Does + subject Are you going to watch TV?
+ have/has to + infinitive without to
Do we have to go so soon?
Present continuous for plans
• we don’t repeat the verb in short answers
• we can use the present continuous to talk about
• to make wh- questions, we use wh- + do/does + more definite future plans
subject + have/has to + infinitive without to I’m meeting my friends at 4 o'clock on Saturday.
Why do we have to go so soon?

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 Grammar practice 8

have to will and going to

1 Complete the sentences with the affirmative 4 Choose the correct option.
or negative form of have to and the verbs. 1 My cousin is going to/will study medicine at
university.
do go see tidy wear 2 Today we ’re going to/will study a new book.
3 He doesn’t look well. I ’m going to/’ll look after
1 I have to tidy my room every weekend. (+)
him. You call the doctor.
2 At home, we the washing up after
4 They aren’t going to/won’t go away for the
breakfast. (–)
weekend because Pete has a football match.
3 You the teacher in her office after
5 We ’re going to/’ll get bored sitting here doing
class. (+)
nothing. Let’s go outside.
4 Olivia glasses so she can see better.
(+) 5 Complete the short dialogues with the correct
5 You to the party if you don’t want form of the verbs in brackets.
to. (–) 1 A: I ’m going to go to the library later. (go)
B: Great! I'll come with you. I need to
2 Choose the correct option. collect a book. (come)
1 Students in Taiwan have to/has clean their
2 A: We haven’t got any salad for dinner.
classrooms.
B: It’s ok. I some on my way home.
2 I have to/don’t have help my mum at home. (buy)
3 We have/don’t have to go to bed at 11:00 pm at 3 A
 : we out tonight?
the weekend, but if we’re tired, we do. (go)
4 Your aunt do have to/doesn’t have to take you B: Yes, we are. We in a minute.
to school because you take the school bus. (leave)
5 They have/don’t have to do an exam on 4 A: Where they on
Monday. holiday this year? (go)
B: I’m not sure. I think they to
3 Look at the information in the table and write Turkey. (fly)
questions and answers.
6 Write complete questions with the correct
Chores Amy Josh and Ben form of the verbs in brackets and will or going
Make her/their bed ✓ ✓ to.
Make breakfast ✗ ✓ A: 1 Are you going to go (go) to Pete’s party
Lay the table ✓ ✗ tomorrow?
Do the washing up ✗ ✗ B: Yes, I am. I 2 (go) with
Marie and Stevie. What about you?
1 Amy / make breakfast ?
A: I think so, but I have to play tennis first.
Does Amy have to make breakfast?
I3 (play) in the final!
No, she doesn’t.
B: Wow! Good luck! When 4
2 Amy / lay the table ? (play) the match?
A: I can't remember the time. I
3 Josh and Ben / make breakfast ? 5 (play) it tomorrow, that’s
for sure.
4 Josh and Ben / lay the table ? B: That's great, I 6 (come)
and watch your game if you like. Anyway, we
7 (meet) at my house and
5 what / Amy, Josh and Ben / all / do ?
go to the party from there. You should come!
A: OK, that 8 (be)
6 Amy / do the washing up ? great, thanks! I 9 (go)
with you after the game as well. And I
7 Josh and Ben / do the washing up ? 10 (tell) you what time the
match is when I know.

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