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Application To Double Circuit Line

This document discusses the application of distance relays for protection of double circuit transmission lines. It begins by explaining the concepts of underreach and overreach in distance relays. It then describes issues with using only overcurrent and directional relays for protection of double circuit lines, such as delayed operation. Distance relays provide better protection as they are not dependent on fault current magnitude. The document notes that while positive and negative sequence currents in one circuit do not induce significant flux in the other circuit, zero sequence currents do induce significant mutual impedance between circuits. This must be accounted for in the apparent impedance calculations for distance relay applications on double circuit lines.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views16 pages

Application To Double Circuit Line

This document discusses the application of distance relays for protection of double circuit transmission lines. It begins by explaining the concepts of underreach and overreach in distance relays. It then describes issues with using only overcurrent and directional relays for protection of double circuit lines, such as delayed operation. Distance relays provide better protection as they are not dependent on fault current magnitude. The document notes that while positive and negative sequence currents in one circuit do not induce significant flux in the other circuit, zero sequence currents do induce significant mutual impedance between circuits. This must be accounted for in the apparent impedance calculations for distance relay applications on double circuit lines.

Uploaded by

sriface
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 16

Power System Protection

Professor. A.K. Pradhan


Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lecture No. 22
Application to Double Circuit Line

Welcome to NPTEL course on Power System Protection on distance relaying. In today’s


lecture we will go to application on double circuit line.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:37)

Our focus will be on protection aspects on double circuit line and then we will see how a
distance relay can be applied for such a transmission system protection.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:54)

Now before going to that let us be clear on two terms, the underreach and overreach of a relay.
So, what we see let us consider this transmission system and we have relay at the bus M. So,
consider distance relay in zone fault at F. So, it is inside the zone 1. Now if the relay now finds
the apparent impedance to be greater than the actual fault impedance, positive sequence fault
impedance then we call we consider this situation as underreach.

Once again a distance relay is said to be underreach when the impedance seen by it that is the
apparent impedance is greater than the actual impedance to the fault. The percentage of
Zset−Zapp
underreach is calculated in terms of the ( )100% . So, this you can say that when we say
Zset

this remain that at the reach of the relay what the corresponding apparent impedance is seen by
that.

So, if we use this one then we can see that what is the percentage of underreach. Here what we
like to see is that underreach implies that the relay we will see because of the apparent
impedance being higher values for the fault point so it will not reach up to the zone 1 setting
of this point. So, before that it will be observing the required impedance setting. In case of
overreach when the impedance seen by it is less than the actual impedance.

So whatever the actual impedance, if it see the lesser value than the corresponding situation is
called overreach situation. So, in that case this relay will see even the zone 1 beyond this also.
So again, the corresponding relation for overreach will be similar to that.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:34)


Now we will go in this lecture on double circuit line protection, application of distance relay.
Many lines in transmission level are being of double circuit in nature. We have discussed
something in the directional relaying application also. Now if you see the structure here in this
tower when we see the left hand side we have 3 bunch of conductors but they are each bundle
conductors and in the right hand side also we can consider that 3 a set of 3 conductors.

So, if you remember inductance calculation, capacitance calculation we use set of conductors,
multi conductor system AA’, BB’ and Cc’. Suppose this becomes A of one circuit, this become
A’ of another circuit, B, B’ and C, C’. So, this kind of transmission system having two circuits
we consider in terms of that and that we can say that not only gives us more power to be sent.

And also other advantages in terms of inductance reduction and so on. Now in such a case, we
see that on the same tower both circuit 1 and circuit 2 are available and that is we consider the
issue which arises and it need special attention on protection perspective we will see.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:22)

Now let us we will consider a simple double circuit system however, double circuit or otherwise
called also parallel lines can be can run on same tower, can be running on different towers and
the same nearby right up way they can be terminated at different nodes, they can have a
common bus also and the other bus may not be common. So, there can be different
configurations on double circuit line in a power system.

We will consider a simple such a structure where we have the 2 bus M and N and in between
them we have 2 parallel lines or 2 circuits like the tower I showed you where we have two
circuits on the same tower. So, let us say fault happens to be there at F which is internal fault
in circuit 1. Now what is the issue with overcurrent and directional relay approach we will first
see and then we will proceed for the requirement of distance relay protection.

So, when a fall happens to be there we see there is a radial system. So, current fault current will
flow from this path and also fault current will flow from this path. So, in the directional relaying
lecture we mention that the where we essentially require a directional relay here in addition to
overcurrent relay and here for this breaker also we require additional directional relay with
overcurrent relay.

We have overcurrent relay this side and at for both the circuits breakers. So, the objective is
that for an internal fault in any of the line that line should be only out the other line scheme
should be functional this is from the selectivity point of view. So, for that in this case what will
happen whenever a fault happens to be there this side these directional relays sees forward
direction in the DR1.
And then the OC3 also we will see large amount of current so therefore this combination will
open the breaker at 3. Now, therefore the fault current path from this route now is no more
there. So, this OC2 at breaker 2 and OC4 at breaker 4 they will not see no more fault current.
So, therefore this circuit will remain intact because they will not operate the corresponding
breakers.

Now from this side at breaker 1 this fault is still we can say that continuing so this overcurrent
1 here we will see the large current and there is a coordination between OC1 and OC3 and OC2
and OC4 respectively. So, therefore in a delayed time OC1 will operate after the clearance from
the circuit breaker 3 side. So, this is what the parallel line linkage is being protected by
overcurrent and directional relaying combination.

But what we see from here that the breaker which is closer to this four sides substation side
otherwise is having we can say that a delayed operation so which is not a good thing from
protection point of view. So, therefore that is one perspective of the demerits of such a
protection philosophy. The second thing is that if the corresponding fault happens to be
resistive fault higher and higher resistive fault.

Then the current amount decreases and therefore, the overcurrent may find limitations in terms
of that or it may be delayed operation and so further delayed operation and so. So, with such
limitations of overcurrent principles here, there is alternative and the alternative we are talking
about here today is on distance relaying application.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:39)


How the distance relay can be applied to double circuit line more efficiently that we will like
to see, but before going to that there are issues so let us see that issue. We have circuit 1 circuit
2 or line 1, line 2. Fault happens to be there in one of the line then we have already analyzed
that this circuits fault analysis can be for this circuit can be analyzed in terms of positive
sequence, negative sequence and 0 sequence component and are associated impedances.

Now let us consider only the current part so when we say positive sequence current or negative
sequence current they are balanced. So, therefore in that faulted phase the positive sequence
current and the negative sequence current may be balanced. The associated current Ia1 + Ib1 +
Ic1 all the three phasors summation will be 0. So, therefore the corresponding flux which should
be out of this 3 lines, I am circling that one if you remember the inductance calculation. So that
becomes 0 because that circle and encircles summation of these 3 currents which happens to
be 0 for positive sequence current.

So, therefore the flux linkage from one circuit to the other one that becomes negligible.
Similarly, for negative sequence also that being balanced the associated flux linkage to the
other one also becomes negligible. That means that the positive and negative sequence
components of currents they have negligible mutual inductance, mutual impedance between
these two lines. Come to the 0 sequence component, 0 sequence as we have already seen 0
sequence component is IA0, IB0 and IC0 they lie in the same phase, same direction.

So, therefore the associated flux of any line or any circuit the corresponding contributed by the
0 sequence components they become additive. And that results in that the flux become
significant to link the other line conductors. So, therefore the corresponding associated 0
sequence mutual impedance become significant as compared to positive sequence and negative
sequence aspects. So, that cannot be neglected for different lines. And for example for a 132
kV line the data says that the 0 sequence component as you have already seen for the line
individual line becomes 0.25+j1 Ω/km.

Where the Z0m the mutual impedance per kilometer between these two lines that becomes
equal to 0.19+j0.5 Ω/km. So, we see here we can say that as compared to the 0 sequence
component of the line the mutual part is also significant. So, this says that from this that the 0
sequence current has a mutual impedance with the other circuit whereas the other sequence
component positive and negative they do not have and they are negligible such impedances.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:28)


So, this leads to our analysis for double circuit line little bit different then what we have derived
the apparent impedance calculation for single circuit analysis. Now, let us consider the double
circuit line here phase a-to-ground fault we have analyzed for other fault also similarly you can
analyze fault in circuit 1 and we have a zero sequence mutual impedance between these two
lines Z0m.

Note: this is a phase-a-to-ground fault. So, therefore, 𝑉𝑎𝐹 = 𝑉𝑎1𝐹 + 𝑉𝑎2𝐹 + 𝑉𝑎0𝐹 = 0. Now
voltage in phase-a at bus M the common bus for circuit 1 and circuit 2 relay bus. So,
𝑉𝑎𝑀 = 𝑉𝑎1𝑀 + 𝑉𝑎2𝑀 + 𝑉𝑎0𝑀 , but this individually we go to the sequence component the way
we did in the earlier lecture on apparent impedance calculation.

So this Va1M equals to Va1F plus this drop. So that is what this part and we are only looking at
circuit 1 now. So, therefore Va1F and Ia1M of circuit 1 and the corresponding impedance of that
part here to here it is xZ1MN, for Z1MN in the impedance of this line positive sequence impedance
of the line and x corresponds to the per unit fault point distance. Similarly, for the negative
sequence component Va2F plus this part. So, Va2F plus this drop.

Now you come to the zero sequence component Va0F plus this drop, but now consider that we
have in 0 sequence we have a mutual component. So, therefore for the circuit 2 the
corresponding line has a mutual component of xZ0m and then you can say that this xZ0m and
the corresponding current associated with the circuit in the second line. So, therefore this
(1)
corresponding relations becomes 𝑉𝑎0𝐹 + 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑥𝑍0𝑀𝑁 ). So this is the common like the earlier
positive and negative part, but there will be an additional component for the 0 sequence mutual
(2)
part 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑥𝑍0𝑚 ) of the circuit 2.

So, we are analyzing for the circuit 1 fault so relay at R1 for the circuit 1. So, for that the
corresponding mutual part has the other circuit 0 sequence current. So, this is the expression
for the voltage for bus M at the relay location for the phase a-to-ground fault and we are
analyzing the fault at phase voltage relation. This we see 𝑉𝑎1𝐹 + 𝑉𝑎2𝐹 + 𝑉𝑎0𝐹 = 0. So this one
this and this three becomes 0. Now we have all the other current components 1, 2, 3, 4 terms.

So, now similar to the earlier single circuit aspect, if we take the xZ1MN and we know Z1MN and
Z2MN they become same. So, therefore we can say that I1M and I2M and I0M similar to the earlier
expression this becomes that and this is nothing but your Ia component of IaM component phase
a current component during fault. Now if you go to the other components if we see here we can
(1) (1)
say that we have added and subtracted this part 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 and 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 this part like we did earlier case.

(1) 𝑍0𝑀𝑁 −𝑍1𝑀𝑁


So, this gives us 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑥𝑍1𝑀𝑁 ) ( ), but there is another additional term for this
𝑍1𝑀𝑁

(2) 𝑍
component. So this is what we consider +𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑍 0𝑚 ). So this Z1MN that we can say that we
1𝑀𝑁

will cancel out. So now we see here we can say that from this relation so that xZ IMN IaM this
𝑍0𝑀𝑁 −𝑍1𝑀𝑁 (1)
part remains this and we define we can say that 𝐾0 = ( ) 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑥𝑍1𝑀𝑁 ).
𝑍1𝑀𝑁

(2)
Now we can say that for this part we defined we can say 𝐾0𝑀 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 (𝑥𝑍1𝑀𝑁 ) term we are putting
𝑍
and we are putting we can say another factor 𝐾0𝑀 = (𝑍 0𝑚 ) where K0M is called the mutual
1𝑀𝑁
compensation factor mutual compensation factor and the reason behind that we have the 0
sequence mutual impedance between these two lines Z0m and that we can say that with respect
Z1MN that factor is called mutual compensation factor.

Note that to remember you that this K0 in the last lecture also we discuss about 0 sequence
compensation factor in some of the literature we will find this we can say that a factor of 3 in
the denominator and that is due to because the corresponding current that is being considered
is the neutral current or the Earth current. So, that becomes three times of Ia0 so therefore they
remain same you can say in terms of that.

Here we are considering Ia0 zero sequence current and that is why I can say that three term is
not here. So, from this one from this relations we say that the corresponding xZ1MN is a common
term in all the three term. So xZ1MN you can take it outside and then this becomes equals to
𝑉𝑎𝑀
(1) (1) (2) . So, in general we can conclude from this relation that these xZMN is
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 +𝐾0𝑀 𝐼𝑎0𝑀
nothing but the impedance up to the fault point positive sequence impedance up to the fault
point that is what we say here.

So, therefore that we can say we consider that in terms of the refer it as a Z apparent as
𝑉𝑎𝑀
calculated by the relay. So, 𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 = (1) (1) (2) . The circuit where the relay is looking
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 +𝐾0𝑀 𝐼𝑎0𝑀

(1) (2)
at +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 +𝐾0𝑀 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 . So, this term becomes an additional term and note that this requires
zero sequence current of the circuit 2.

So, for that the corresponding Ia, Ib, Ic of circuit 2 are required to obtain the corresponding zero
sequence current aspect. So, these derivation for the phase-a-to-ground fault reveals such that
for a double circuit line the corresponding expression for Zapp the first and these difference we
can say that is by this factor the additional factor here we can say that this perspective.

Now note that this Zapp now for this reason becomes modulated one as compared to this
perspective. What the modulation is being done by this double circuit line is that the zero
sequence current in the other line during that fault and this factor of K0M. So, this part with
regard to this part may be additive or subtractive depending upon the corresponding phase
relation after the I0M with respect to this part of the currents these two currents.

So, that means that we can say that the corresponding denominator becomes larger or smaller
depending upon the phase position of this I0M in terms of this two currents. So, that leads to
that if these value total value becomes smaller than this value than the corresponding
impedance will be larger and impedance is larger means that the corresponding situation will
be underreach situation.

And if this factor becomes additive and then this total impedance becomes larger as compared
to this value then the larger impedance means the corresponding value will be smaller and that
leads to an overreach issue. So, that we consider the consideration we can say that if we
consider only this part as usual which we have considered for the single circuit line.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:33)


Now, I will you can say that see this perspective of for the same circuit so if we consider the 0
sequence current of the other line and considering the mutual aspect we derive the equations
as you see the last slide. Now from these relation voltage relation and current relation now
suppose we do not take the corresponding current in the denominator the expression if the
corresponding current this part to get the corresponding xZ1MN.

And if we take only that the single circuit line what we have seen earlier we take the expression
𝑉
of (1) 𝑎𝑀 (1) then what happens you see here then dividing with this current these relation
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀
becomes xZ1MN which is the fault distance actual one plus there is another term
(2)
𝐼𝑎0𝑀
𝑥𝑍0𝑚 (1) (1) . So, this is additional term which you are getting for the double circuit line.
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀

If we use the same current relation and voltage relation for line-to-ground, phase-to-ground
fault in phasor-to-ground fault as you have seen in the single circuit case. So, this additional
term we can say that is if these becomes additive as I already say we can say that so that
becomes overreach or underreach depending upon the phasor position of Ia0 in the second line
or fault in first line.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:19)


Now let us go to an example so we have a double circuit line as shown radial systems and we
have Z0MF corresponds to the 0 sequence mutual impedance up to the fault point for this circuit
with the circuit 2. There is a 230 kV system 150 kilometer and we have line parameters z1, z0
and z0m the mutual 0 sequence impedance and the fault considered is being created at 100
kilometer.

So, therefore the corresponding Z1 positive sequence impedance of the fault point which the
relay is expected to obtain from the Z apparent becomes 100 into this per kilometer impedance
so that gives us 3.6+j51.27 Ω. Now we will calculate for this phasor-to-ground fault a
simulation was drawn for this circuit at 100 kilometer from this point and we will observe the
relay voltage and currents.

So, this is the set of voltage phasors during fault and this is set of current Iabc for circuit 1 and
this is set of current Iabc for circuit 2. In circuit 1 the phasor current is significant as compared
to the other two phases in circuit 2 the corresponding phase current we see here there, there is
no significant change like in case of circuit 1 for this case. Now we see here we require not
only this first circuit currents we require second circuit current to calculate the zero sequence
current of the second line.

So this task is to calculate the apparent impedance seen by the relay at M. Now two approaches
we will see as already we discussed earlier that only using the circuit 1 current and voltage and
𝑉𝑎𝑀
also using the circuit 2 currents also. So, the simple relations of and the other one
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀
𝑉𝑎𝑀
we can say that 𝐼1 1 2 .
𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀 +𝐾0𝑀 𝐼𝑎0𝑀
So, for the solutions we will find the corresponding zero sequence current for circuit 1 from
this relation Ia, Ib plus Ic upon 3 and we got the corresponding of this for the circuit 2 also we
got like this. Note that the 0 sequence current here they are close to each other then the
corresponding they are almost in phase kind of thing that results in an additive factor in the
denominator as we have discussed earlier.

𝑍0𝑀𝑁 −𝑍1𝑀𝑁
The 𝐾0 = , already in this single circuit we have analyzed this, this becomes equals
𝑍1𝑀𝑁
𝑧0−𝑧1
to if we divide by the kilometer distance length of the line 150 kilometer then we got the .
𝑧1

This small perspective is nothing, but in terms of the per kilometer basis this values which are
provided here. So, K0 is considered as a complex number obtained.

𝑍0𝑚 𝑧0𝑚
Now, K0M for the mutual perspective is so that can be also divided by the length of
𝑍1𝑀𝑁 𝑧1

the line so that comes out to be complex numbers. So, these two factors are having complex
terms. Now, we will apply the two approaches without considering mutual coupling means
without considering the second line currents. So, this considering a single circuit approach
𝑉𝑎𝑀
.
𝐼𝑎𝑀 +𝐾0 𝐼𝑎0𝑀

So, this becomes equals to substituting the value we got this to be 6.95 + 𝑗52.93 Ω. So these
says that this value is higher than this actual positive sequence fault impedance up to the fault
point from the relay that is what our comparison 3.6 + 𝑗51.27 Ω so this should be higher value.
So, that means that if we use this formula like the single circuit approach, then this relay will
underreach this relay will underreach.

Now, if we consider the mutual coupling between these two and use the second circuit current
to obtain the 0 sequence current for that circuit and use the formula like which you have derived
so then VaM upon this then this becomes 3.6 + 𝑗51.27 Ω which happens to be exactly equal to
Z1MF the positive sequence impedance up to the fault point from the relocation. So, that means
that this relations which we have derived is an agreement with the corresponding positive
sequence impedance actual one and if we use this relations using the current from the second
line then we will be getting more accurate apparent impedance.

So, there will be no issue of underreach or overreach whereas we neglect that part then there
will be in this case we observe that this will underreach, but again the corresponding this current
becomes its phasor position with respect to this becomes deviate significantly then we can find
we consider this also the other way considered overreach phenomena overreach issue also.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:06)

So, with these we see we can say that zero sequence mutual coupling is of significance to
distance relay apparent impedance calculation also. Now we will see consider what are the
different challenges associated with the circuit operation. One is that a double circuit line what
you have seen in the earlier diagrams that at times if these line may be out of service due to
maintenance and so.

So, generally what is being done that the line at the both end both ends they are being grounded,
but with that grounding what happens that the corresponding if the faults happens to be in this
circuit 1 if a faults happens to be in the circuit 1 and circuit 2 is grounded non operational then
this point will look like this through ground. So, therefore there will be zero sequence induced
voltage in this circuit and that zero sequence induced voltage we circulate current in this one.

And that current will be in the opposite direction that what we have seen in the earlier case. So,
in that case it is being said that the relay has a tendency to overreach. So, therefore care should
be taken for the zone 1 setting for this kind of situations to overcome this many recommend
we can say that not 80% of zone 1, 65% of the positive sequence impedance of zone 1 for such
condition only.

So, in case of only single circuit is operation for a double circuit line because of this mutual
effect. However, such a fault for a single circuit operation during the other line not being
analyzed is very rare. So, many utilities they do not consider this lower setting of positive
sequence, lower setting of the zone 1. They continue they consider the normal setting of 0.8 to
0.9 we consider that of the Z1MN.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:25)

Another challenge is the cross country fault so what do you mean is that suppose line 1 as you
can say that phasor-to-ground fault and associated with this arcing and so. A fault may be
triggered in the other line or circuit in another phase like here in this case we have shown phase
b-to-ground. So, what will happen that both we consider distance relay at this point and this
point or from the other side also in the network that they will see significant current in phase
A and phase B.

What I mean to say is that a fault is there in ag and therefore we can say that phase a current
will be significant. Now a fault again falling again it trigger in phase B of the other circuit. So
therefore from this we can say a part considered from the phase B part we can say that goes to
this. So, in phase B current also at this we can say relay position also will become significant.
So, that results in the corresponding relay at this point distance relay at this point will see the
fault as not easy fault.

We will see the fault as abg fault. Now if the relay sees this abg fault then it will use the
corresponding relay we can say that (Va–Vb)/(Ia – Ib) not Va/ (Ia + K0I01 + K0I02). So, that means
what do we see that this is a situation of cross country fault and such a fault produced fault
current contribution in both the circuits for phase and this. A multiple phase consider fault
causes phase tripping what I mean to say that if this corresponding relays is the corresponding
fault to be the phase abg fault, then the autoreclosing business it will be considered as a three
phase tripping aspect.

Whereas only a single phase to ground fault is happens to be there. If single phase can be
removed and here also single phase can be removed in phase b they also we can say that the
system can run and then I can say again we can revoke the systems after sometimes. So, this is
what we consider about parallel line brings issues you can say that to distance relay based
protection scheme.

(Refer Slide Time: 34:58)

Now we discuss on the issues on compensation factor the zero sequence compensation factor
contributed by the other line, other circuit. So, we discussed mostly on zone 1, but in many
aspects for zone 2 we can say that the corresponding impedance setting is not being taken care
in general because zone 2 setting we have extended is there from 120 percent to 150 percent of
the corresponding line being protected.

So, that factor of larger value of we can say that zone 2 to take care of the whole line of zone
1 gives having sufficient safety margin. So therefore we can say that on this perspective that
the zone 2 may not be in trouble. Zone 3 however is a breaker protection for the subsequent
line, for the remote bus. So, therefore there must be a check whether this mutual factor is of
significance in terms of that.

And that may be that zone 3 setting should be of concern and so therefore, a mutual aspect
must be considered for the double circuit line. Note that as already mentioned in the earlier the
lines may be partially coupled. It means that they may have a common person and the right of
way for the part of the line then that becomes we can say that more introduced as more
complexity in the system depending upon the fault position and so.

Current information of the second line may not be available because they may not be having a
common bus at the relay side. So, if the corresponding two buses are of distance apart, then we
cannot get the corresponding currents from the second line. In distance what we have seen the
compensation for the mutual compensation is applied in case like for sufficient reach of the
break up zone would otherwise not be possible.

Like if we say a short line followed by long double circuit line. So, short line we know issue
considered its breaker protection zone 2 of the first line may be double circuit line longer line
make go beyond the zone 2 of the subsequent short line. So, that may be issue so that is why
we can say that it may be critical in that perspective and if that is important from that
perspective as a backup protection then this may be followed.

Otherwise using the relation for the apparent impedance calculation using the compensation
factor, the zero sequence compensation factor considering the other line current is not quite
they being used in the industry because of this complexity of so many issues, configuration
issues and single circuit operation and so and so. However, for other applications like fault
location and so, the zero sequence current of the other circuit becomes useful to proper
impedance calculation and so. So, in that case that can be successively used.

So, this is what we learn on how for the double circuit line the distance relaying can be applied
and the associated issues and the corresponding practice in the industry. Thank you.

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