Unti3-PUBLIC- 1] A public blockchain is a fully decentralized platform where anyone can read

and send transactions. The valid transactions are included in the ledger.2] A public blockchain is
a non-restrictive, permission-less distributed ledger system.3] Public blockchains are secured by
cryptoeconomics, a combination of economic incentives and cryptographic verification. The
degree of influence in the consensus process is proportional to the quantity of economic
resources brought in the system.4] Public blockchains are being used extensively in the mining
and trading of bitcoins in the modern day.5] Ethereum, provider of a decentralized platform and
programming language that helps running smart contracts and allows developers to publish
distributed applications.6] Public blockchains tend to have longer validation times for new data
than private blockchains. Example: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin. [PRIVATE]1] In a private
blockchain, write permissions are kept centralized to one organization. In this system the access
and permissions are tightly controlled and rights to modify are restricted to the central
authority. 2]Private blockchains are usually used within an organization or enterprises where
only selected members are participants of a blockchain network.3] Private blockchains are more
vulnerable to fraudulent activity and malicious actors. 4] Private blockchain networks are
deployed for voting, supply chain management, digital identity, asset ownership, etc. Examples
of private blockchains are; Multichain and Hyperledger projects (Fabric, Sawtooth), Corda, etc.
[HYBRID]1]Hybrid blockchains use both private and public blockchains, rather than being a
standalone solution.2]Hybrid blockchains are blockchains that are controlled by a single
organization but also have some supervision given by the public blockchain. This supervision is
required to carry out specific transaction validations, hence hybrid blockchains are important.
3]With hybrid blockchains, a company may put their data or transactions on a private
blockchain to keep the information confidential but put a digital fingerprint of the data on a
public blockchain to secure it. Example of a hybrid blockchain is Dragonchain. [Consortium
blockchain] 1] Consortium blockchains are permissioned blockchains governed by a group of
organizations, rather than one entity, as in the case of the private blockchain. 2]Consortium
blockchains, therefore, enjoy more decentralization than private blockchains, resulting in higher
levels of security.3] Consortium or federated blockchains operate with a particular group of
participants who control the blockchain, rather than a single entity. 4]This group sets the rules,
edits or cancels incorrect transactions and solicits cooperation among its members, according to
a Blockchain Council report. 5]However, setting up consortiums can be a fraught process as it
requires cooperation between a number of organizations, which presents logistical challenges as
well as potential antitrust risk.6] Consortium blockchains are only useful for smaller groups
where the identity of the participants can be determined. Examples of a consortium or
federated blockchain include Hyperledger, Corda and Quorum. [HYPERLEDGER]1]
Hyperledger is an open source project created to support the development of blockchain-based
distributed ledgers. Hyperledger consists of a collaborative effort to create the needed
frameworks, standards, tools and libraries to build blockchains and related applications.2]
Hyperledger Fabric is a blockchain that achieves data privacy via "channels", which enable
private communications between two or more network members. 3]It allows flexible network
permission setup, as well as helps you to create private systems with inaccessible blocks,
meaning third parties can't extract any data from them.4] Transactions can be made
confidential, only accessible to users with the necessary decryption keys.5] It can be utilized
using various programming languages, such as C++, JavaScript, Python, Golang, and Java.6]
Hyperledger Fabric is a block chain framework. It works together with other Hyperledger
projects such as Burrow and Sawtooth to provide a scalable data platform. Hyperledger Fabric is
a platform on which applications may be developed. [Proof of Activity] 1] Proof-of-Activity
(POA) is a blockchain consensus algorithm that facilitates genuine transactions and consensus
amongst miners. 2] That is a consensus algorithm combining proof-of-work and proof- of-stake.
3]The mining process begins with the Proof-of-Activity blockchain consensus mechanism in the
same way as it does with the PoW algorithm. 4] For a prize, the miners must solve a complicated
puzzle.5] In a PoW network, miners create blocks with a completed transaction.Miners only
mine the block templates in Proof-of-Activity. 6] These templates contain two elements: the
header data and the reward address for the miners. [IOTA] 1]IOTA is a distributed ledger
developed to handle transactions between connected devices in the IoT ecosystem, and its
cryptocurrency is known as MIOTA. 2] IOTA uses a proprietary technology called the Tangle,
which is a consensus algorithm that requires users to validate two transactions in order to
complete their own IOTA transactions.3] IOTA doesn't use blockchain at least, not in the same
way as most other projects. IOTA had a vision of a different type of blockchain and set about to
design its own system of validator nodes, called Tangle.4] IOTA features feeless transactions,
tamper-proof data, as well as low resource demand. Its network can power the Internet of
Things (IoT) without heavy infrastructure investment requirements.5] The nonsequential
network of nodes that makes up Tangle is technically referred to as a Decentralized Acyclic
Graph (DAG). As a direct consequence of this, a single node in a Tangle may serve as a
connection to several other nodes.6] On the other hand, because there is only one path
between them, a node cannot refer to itself in that fashion. A conventional blockchain is already
a DAG due to the fact that is a sequentially linked collection. [Proof of Work] 1] Proof of Work
(POW), the first consensus mechanism ever established, is used by Bitcoin, Ethereum and a
number of other public blockchains. PoW was the first consensus mechanism ever devised. 2]
Even though it has a number of scalability issues, it is often thought of as being the most reliable
and secure of all the consensus systems. 3]Users compete against one another in points of work
to see who can solve the most challenging computational challenges using the most powerful
machines.4] The first user to produce a hash with 64 digits will be granted the right to create a
new block and verify transactions. This authority will also belong to them. 5] In addition, the
miner who successfully completes the block is entitled to a "block reward," which is a
predetermined amount of Bitcoin. 6] The Proof-of-Work algorithm is notorious for having
notoriously high operational costs because of the considerable amount of energy and
computing power that is required to generate new blocks. 7] This presents an obstacle for new
miners to overcome, which raises difficulties with centralised control and the scalability of the
system. [Proof of Stake] 1] Proof-of-stake is a cryptocurrency consensus mechanism for
processing transactions and creating new blocks in a blockchain. 2] Proof-of-stake reduces the
amount of computational work needed to verify blocks and transactions. Under proof-of-work,
it kept blockchain secure. 3] Proof-of-stake changes the way blocks are verified using the
machines of coin owners, so there doesn't need to be as much computational work done. 4] The
owners offer their coins as collateral staking for the chance to validate blocks and then become
validators. 5] With Proof-of-Stake (POS), cryptocurrency owners validate block transactions
based on the number of staked coins. 6] Proof-of-Stake (POS) was created as an alternative to
Proof-of- Work (PoW), the original consensus mechanism used to validate a blockchain and add
new blocks. 7] Proof-of-Stake (POS) is seen as less risky regarding the potential for an attack on
the network, as it structures compensation in a way that makes an attack less advantageous.
[Proof-of-burn] 1] Proof-of-burn (PoB) is a blockchain consensus mechanism with minimal
energy consumption, compared to Proof-of-Work (POW). 2] Decentralized platforms employing
the PoB method ensure miners reach a consensus by burning coins. Burning is the process of
permanently eliminating cryptos from circulation.3] Proof-of-Burn is a consensus mechanism
that is used by several cryptocurrencies, including Factom, Counterparty and Slimcoin (FCT). 4]
The burning is a loss. But the damage is temporary as the process will safeguard the coins in the
long run from the hackers and their cyber-attacks. 5] Moreover, the burning process increases
the stakes of the alternative coins. 6] Such a scenario increases the chance of a user to mine the
next block as well as increases their rewards in the future. So, burning could be used as a mining
privilege.

[BITCOIN/Need to make] 1] A peer-to-peer internet currency that allow decentralized

transfers of value between individuals and business. 2] Bitcoin represents a digital, trustless
form of money, alongside a movement to decentralize financial services. Every Bitcoin
transaction happens in the bitcoin blockchain network, which is the digital space where bitcoin
mining and hash power generation occur. 3] Hashing power is the processing power used by
user computer or hardware to perform and solve various hashing algorithms. These algorithms
are used to create new cryptocurrencies and allow them to trade with one another. This process
is called mining. 4]Usually, bitcoin owners purchase their cryptocurrency supply through a
cryptocurrency exchange, a platform that facilitates transactions of Bitcoin and other
cryptocurrencies.5] The decentralized ledger is what makes the blockchain network. The latter
shows that Bitcoin is a piece of software, a set of processes in which participants perform
different tasks.6] A blockchain is a digital ledger of duplicated transactions distributed across the
blockchain's network of computer systems.7] Each new block includes a hash of the preceding
one, effectively chaining them together, which is why distributed ledgers commonly referred to
as blockchains. [Cryptocurrency] 1] Cryptocurrency is an encrypted data string that denotes a
unit of currency. 2] It is monitored and organized by a peer-to-peer network called a Blockchain,
which also serves as a secure ledger of transactions, e.g., buying, selling and transferring. 3] The
most popular cryptocurrencies, by market capitalization, are Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash
and Litecoin. 4] Cryptocurrency mining is the process by which recent cryptocurrency
transactions are checked and new blocks are added to the blockchain. 5] Cryptocurrency
requirements: a) Absence of any centralized authority and is maintained through distributed
networks. b) The system maintains records of cryptocurrency units and who owns them. c) The
system decides whether new units can be created and in case it does, decided the origin and the
ownership terms. d) Ownership of cryptocurrency units can be proved exclusively
cryptographically. e) The system allows transactions to be performed in which ownership of the
cryptographic units is changed. [Types of Cryptocurrency] 1] Bitcoin (BTC): One of the most
commonly known currencies, Bitcoin is considered an original cryptocurrency. It was created in
2009 as an open-source software.2] Ethereum (ETH): Created in 2015, Ethereum is a type of
cryptocurrency that is an open source platform based on blockchain technology. 3] Zcash (ZEC):
Zcash is a digital currency that was built on the original Bitcoin code base. 4] Ethereum Classic
(ETC): Ethereum Classic is a version of the Ethereum blockchain. It runs smart contracts on a
similar decentralized platform. Smart contracts are applications that run exactly as programmed
without any possibility of downtime, censorship, fraud or third-party interface.5] Bitcoin Cash
(BCH): Bitcoin Cash is a type of digital currency that was created to improve certain features of
Bitcoin. Bitcoin Cash increased the size of blocks, allowing more transactions to be processed
faster. 6] Ripple: Ripple is a distributed ledger system that was founded in 2012. Ripple can be
used to track different kinds of transactions, not just cryptocurrency. The company behind it has
worked with various banks and financial institutions. [Cryptocurrency Wallet]-A
cryptocurrency wallet is an online software program that stores private and public keys. It
allows user to access funds, make transactions, and check your balance. User can also generate
public and private keys for different cryptocurrencies. [types of wallet] 1] Software wallet can
again be divided into a) Desktop wallet b) Mobile wallet c) Online wallet. a) Desktop wallet:
Desktop wallet is one which is downloaded and installed on desktop or laptop. It can be only
accessed in the system in which it is downloaded. Desktop wallet also offers high end security
until the system is hacked. b) Mobile wallet: Mobile wallet is an app that runs on mobile phone,
which is more useful that they can be used anytime, anywhere. Mobile wallets are usually much
smaller and simple as only limited space is available on the mobile. c) Online wallet: Online
wallet runs on cloud storage and is accessible from any device conveniently. Online wallet stores
private and public key online which is controlled by third party. This makes it more harmful and
easily available for hackings and theft.

2] Hardware crypto wallet] The hardware crypto wallet stands apart from others as it keeps
private and public keys on a physical device. This can be compared to a flash drive, the kind
people still use to transport files from one computer to another. 3] [Paper wallet] Paper
wallet is one which provides high level of security to store cryptocurrency. This refer to a
physical copy or printout of the public and private keys. Paper wallet can be piece of software
that is used to securely generate a pair of keys which are then printed. [MetaMask] 1]
MetaMask is a cryptocurrency wallet that enables users to store Ether and other ERC-20 tokens.
2] MetaMask is a cryptocurrency wallet available as a browser extension for Chrome, Firefox,
Opera and Brave. 3] The wallet serves as a connection between your browser and the Ethereum
blockchain. 4}MetaMask also holds private keys in your browser. MetaMask uses open source
code and can only be decrypted with your MetaMask password and secret phrase. Features: 1]
It is a light node and allows users to fully interact with the network, without downloading the
entire blockchain. 2] Intuitive and easy to use user interface.3] Support multilingual Present with
18 national international language HD.4] Custom fee- For transactions within the ethereum
system. ERC20 tokens- can easily add ERC20 tokens in the MetaMask wallet. 5] Integrated with
crypto exchanges Allows users to buy ether from Coinbase and Shapshift network options. 6] A
fully-decentralized, secure wallet based on a 12-word "Secret Recovery Phrase." [Coinbase] 1]
Coinbase wallet is a standalone wallet that stores the private keys on the device it is installed
on, which means that it is as secure as the device. 2] The wallet uses secure element technology
to lock down the private keys on your smartphone, which is state-of-the-art security technology.
3] The Coinbase wallet supports Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, and many more
cryptocurrencies. 4] It is available as a mobile app and on the web. Coinbase wallet supports a
wide variety of features and allows user to store digital assets such as NFTs. 5] Coinbase wallet
is able to send BTC, BCH, ETH, ETC, LTC, and all your ERC-20 tokens to exchange wallets.
Features:1.Send, trade and receive cryptocurrency with an easy-to-use interface. 2.Includes the
ability to earn interest on your coins. 3.Robust customer support and help center. 4.Built-in
support for browsing DApps and digital marketplaces. [Binance] 1] Binance chain wallet is the
official Binance cryptocurrency wallet for accessing BNB Smart Chain (BSC), Binance Chain and
Ethereum.2] The Binance chain wallet currently supports Chrome, Firefox and Brave.3] Most
crypto wallets are able to generate one or more pairs of public and private keys. The public key
is used to generate wallet addresses, which are needed to receive payments. 4] The private
keys, on the other hand, are used during the creation of digital signatures and verification of
transactions. [Ethereum] 1] Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain platform that establishes a
peer-to-peer network that securely executes and verifies application code, called smart
contracts. 2] Ethereum is a decentralized, open source and distributed computing platform that
enables the creation of smart contracts and decentralized applications, also known as dapps.3]
Ethereum is an open-source operating system that deals with smart contract functionality. 4]
Ethereum is open source and used primarily to support the second- largest cryptocurrency in
the world known as Ether. 5] Ethereum is also a programming language that helps developers to
create distributed applications. 6] Ethereum aims to provide a system that gives users more
control over their data, and it also allows for applications to be built and run on the blockchain.
To run these applications and have this level of control on the Ethereum platform, it requires
Ether. [Ether] - Ether is the name of the crypto-currency used to pay for transactions on the
Ethereum network. Asides from paying for general transactions and services, Ether is also used
to buy gas, which in turn is used to pay for computation within the EVM. - Ether is the metric
unit and has a lot of denominations which help accurately pay for transactions and gas. The
smallest denomination a.k.a base unit is called Wei.

[Gas] Gas is used as a metric for paying for computational resources on the network. Every
contract on the network has a set maximum amount of gas that it can use for its computations.
This is known as the "Gas Limit". [Gas price] This is the cost of gas in terms of tokens like Ether
and its other denominations. To stabilize the value of gas, the gas price is a floating value such
that if the cost of tokens or currency fluctuates, the gas price changes to keep the same real
value. [Gas fee] This is effectively the amount of gas needed to be paid to run a particular
transaction or program. [EVM] 1] The Ethereum Virtual Machine or EVM is a piece of software
that executes smart contracts and computes the state of the Ethereum network after each new
block is added to the chain. 2] The EVM is Ethereum's native processing system that allows
developers to create smart contracts and lets nodes seamlessly interact with them. Ethereum
developers write smart contracts with Solidity, a programming language much like JavaScript
and C++. 3] These smart contracts written in Solidity can be read by humans but not computers.
It, therefore, has to be converted into low-level machine instructions called opcodes, which the
EVM can easily understand and execute. 4] It's important to know every Ethereum node has its
own EVM. 5]When a person sends a transaction to a smart contract deployed on Ethereum,
every node runs the smart contract and the transaction through their own EVM. 6] EVM works
with a word size of 256 bits and has several addressable data components: 1. An immutable
program code ROM, loaded with the bytecode of the smart contract to be executed. 2. A
volatile memory, with every location explicitly initialized to zero. 3. A permanent storage that is
part of the Ethereum state, also zero-initialized. [Smart Contracts] 1] A "smart contract" is
simply a program that runs on the Ethereum blockchain. It's a collection of code (its functions)
and data (its state) that resides at a specific address on the Ethereum blockchain. 2] A smart
contract is a term commonly used to describe computer code protocol intended to digitally
facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of an agreed transaction. A smart
contract in its simplest form is really an if-then statement that runs on a blockchain. [Smart
Contract Types] 1] Smart legal contracts: These contracts are legally enforceable and require
the parties to satisfy their contractual obligations. Parties may face strict legal actions if they fail
to comply. 2] Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO): -For a DAO, the backbone is its
smart contract. The contract is bound to specific rules that are coded into blockchain contracts
blended with governance mechanisms. -DAOS are open-source and also feature transparency
and in theory, are incorruptible. Plus, any action taken by the community members gets
replaced by a self-enforcing code.3] Application Logic Contracts (ALC): -Another type of smart
contract in blockchain is Application Logic Contracts (ALCs), which allow devices to function
securely and autonomously. Plus, ALCS ensure greater automation, cheaper transactions, and
scalability. -These contracts contain an application-based code, which typically remains in sync
with other blockchain contracts. It enables communication across different devices, such as the
IoT merger with blockchain technology . [Solidity] 1] Solidity is the main programming language
for writing smart contracts for the Ethereum blockchain. It is a language. 2] Solidity is an object-
oriented programming language created specifically by the Ethereum Network team for
constructing and designing smart contracts on blockchain platforms. 3] It is a high-level
programming language that looks a lot like JavaScript, Python, and C++. 4] It's designed to run
on the Ethereum Virtual Machine, which is hosted on Ethereum nodes that are connected to the
blockchain. It supports all the common data types seen in other OOP languages, such as, a)
Boolean - The Boolean data type returns '1' when the condition is true and '0' when it is false,
depending on the status of the condition. b) Integer - You can sign or unsigned integer values in
solidity. It also supports runtime exceptions and the 'uint8' and 'uint256' keywords. c) String -
Single or double quotes can denote a string. d) Modifier - Before executing the code for a smart
contract, a modifier often verifies that any condition is rational. e) Array - The syntax of solidity
programming is like that of other OOP languages and it supports both single and
multidimensional arrays.
[SWARM] 1] Swarm is a decentralized storage, service, and communication platform designed
to deliver permission less, censorship resistant infrastructure for the deployment of dApp code.
Swarm's decentralized storage system is built on the following components: a. Chunks: Data
stored on swarm is split up into smaller blocks called chunks no larger than 4 KB. Chunks are
identifiable via a 32byte hash of the content they contain. b. Reference: A unique file identifier
that facilitates the retrieval of data stored in chunks for clients. c. Manifest: A data structure
that allows for URL-based content retrieval. 2] Swarm is Ethereum’s implementation of a
decentralized file storage network. This one is reinforced by the Ethereum Geth client and
interrelating with the storage network is closely linked to the Ethereum blockchain and requires
an Ethereum account. [Whisper] 1] Whisper provides, decentralized peer-to-peer messaging
capabilities to the Ethereum network. In essence, Whisper is a communication protocol that
DApps use to communicate with each other. 2] The data and routing of messages are encrypted
within Whisper communications. Whisper makes use of DEVp2p wire protocol for exchanging
messages between nodes on the network.3] It is designed to be used for smaller data transfers
and in scenarios where real-time communication is not required. 4] Whisper is also designed to
provide a communication layer that cannot be traced and provides dark communication
between parties. 5] The main topics used by the whisper protocol are: partitioned topics,
contact code topic, negotiated topic and negotiated topics. 6] Contact code topics are envelopes
that begin communication between two parties. For example, if user 1 wanted to chat with user
2, user 1 would first send a contact code message to user 2. [BT App in Banking and
Finance] 1] The banking and finance sector can be drastically improved by blockchain. Digital
financial institutes have the most benefits when it comes to smart contracts. 2] The benefits
come from digital assets, programmable money and smart contracts. There are plenty of use-
cases that can be used in the banking and finance sector. 3] Especially, trade finance blockchain
has gained a lot of traction in recent times. 4] There are few business benefits, including: a)
Authenticity: It helps finance institutes to bring data integrity and ensure proper authenticity in
their systems. b) Streamlined process: It improved operational efficiency, including the ability to
do a real-time settlement, reporting, and audit. c) Programmable capabilities: The entire
business logic can be coded including data privacy, compliance, identity and so on. d) Economic
benefits: Better operational cost, fewer infrastructure costs, and transactional costs. [BT App
in Retail Banking] Blockchain technology can be used in retail banking more effectively and
efficiently. 1] Remittances: Cross-border payments are increasing day by day. What's more is
that the market is about to expand its growth 3% per year. However, traditional payment
processing tends to be opaque, highly mediated, and clunky, which results in higher fees.
However, blockchain technology can help to reduce this effect. 2] ID fraud prevention:
Blockchain technology has also been tested and rolled out for effective ID fraud prevention and
detection. With private key management, blockchain technology can help the customers to
share and control their data without any intermediary. 3] Risk assessment with the use of
customer data: Retail banking companies can use blockchain technology to gather a large
volume of data that can be protected and anonymized by the encryption protocols of ledgers.
Additionally, to make better risk-management decisions, banks can view data theoretically that
any bank has uploaded on the network. The result would be in the form of more efficient
processes, potential for more informed credit allocation process as well as faster decision. [BT
in Government Sector] 1] Record management: -National, state and local governments are
responsible for maintaining individuals' records such as birth and death dates, marital status or
property transfers. Yet managing this data can be difficult and to this day some of these records
only exist in paper form. -And sometimes, citizens have to physically go to their local
government offices to make changes, which is time consuming, unnecessary and frustrating.
Blockchain technology could simplify this recordkeeping and make the data far more secure.
2] Identity management: Proponents of blockchain technology for identity management claim
that with enough information on the blockchain, people would only need to provide the bare
minimum to prove their identities. 3] Voting: Blockchain technology has the ability to make the
voting process more easily accessible while improving security. Hackers would be no match to
blockchain technology, because even if someone were to access the terminal, they wouldn't be
able to affect other nodes. [BT in Healthcare] 1] Blockchain is an emerging enabling
technology that can provide solutions for real world problems including healthcare which is
considered as one of the basic human rights. 2] The stakeholders are more involved in
discussing and questioning blockchain as a platform rather than focusing on healthcare issues
that can be solved by blockchain. 3] Blockchain must be transparent in the field of healthcare
and scalable, secure and data privacy must be protected. 4] The healthcare blocks primarily
contain health documents, images, and documents. 5] This includes a network of hospitals
funded, managed, and controlled by a central organization. 6] Data from patients are one of the
most informative and important factors of healthcare. 7] The medical record of a patient is
usually spread over many networks owned and operated by one or more health providers.

Benefits: i] By making electronic health records (EHRS) more accessible, more accurate, more
secure and less expensive to create and maintain. ii] By allowing medical researchers to share
their work, collaborate, and gain consent for data collection and access. iii]By protecting a
healthcare system's data from ransomware and other cyberattacks. iv] By making healthcare
supply chains more reliable, easier to manage, and less expensive to operate. [BT in IoT] -The
uses of blockchain IoT depend importantly on the three basic qualities of blockchain technology
in the form of a data structure. -The three basic properties of blockchain technology that could
benefit IoT use cases include, 1. Distribution 2. Decentralization 3. Immutability. 1] Distribution:
With blockchain, the data does not stay in a single place and is distributed throughout different
computers on the network. As a result, it is quite difficult to hack the surveillance system with
multiple target devices. In addition, the redundancy in storage offered by blockchain improves
security and data access. How? Users in the IoT ecosystems could easily submit and retrieve
their desired data from various devices effortlessly. 2] Immutability: The blockchain IoT use
cases are also evident in examples where the burglar might claim that video evidence recorded
by surveillance cameras is forged. In such cases, the immutability of blockchain comes to mind.
It implies the detection of any changes in the stored data. As a result, the court could verify the
burglar's claim by searching for attempts to modify the data.3] Decentralization: Although
immutability and distribution safeguard the integrity of IoT device data on blockchain networks,
decentralization could be a prominent setback. Decentralization could open up sensitive data of
users to third parties. However, it is possible to find a way around such setbacks. The IoT
blockchain use cases could involve the storage of access logs and permissions as a preferred
solution. [BT in Smart City] 1] The primary objective in defining the concept of a smart city is
to improve the quality of life of people through conventional infrastructure development by
utilizing cutting-edge technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), etc.
2] which are being used to create a user-friendly environment that enables interaction with a
wide range of digital services and devices. 3] The main pillars of a smart city are comprised of
physical infrastructure, institutional infrastructure, social infrastructure and economic
infrastructure.4] In a smart city, the institutional infrastructure takes decisions from the
perspective of sustainability by incorporating the opinions of citizens and stakeholders, which
are then utilized to define objectives and identify solutions by satisficing. [BI in Energy and
Utilities]1.Peer-to-Peer energy trading: Peer-to-Peer energy (P2P) trading allows consumers to
buy and sell excess energy amongst themselves. And credit to distributed ledger technology,
blockchain is enabling this by removing mediators, allowing for a truly peer-to-peer
exchange.2.Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs),3.Automatic settlement of trades 4.Microgrids