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The document discusses infix and postfix notations for mathematical expressions. Infix notation writes expressions with operators between operands like "3 + 5". Postfix notation writes operators after operands like "3 5 +". The document then provides: 1) An algorithm for converting infix to postfix expressions using a stack. It scans the expression and pushes/pops from the stack based on operator precedence. 2) An example converting the infix expression "3 + 5 * (2 - 1)" to postfix "3 5 * 2 - 1 +". 3) Details on how postfix notation simplifies expression evaluation by eliminating ambiguity and allowing for efficient stack-based evaluation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
33 views9 pages

SecondY DSA

The document discusses infix and postfix notations for mathematical expressions. Infix notation writes expressions with operators between operands like "3 + 5". Postfix notation writes operators after operands like "3 5 +". The document then provides: 1) An algorithm for converting infix to postfix expressions using a stack. It scans the expression and pushes/pops from the stack based on operator precedence. 2) An example converting the infix expression "3 + 5 * (2 - 1)" to postfix "3 5 * 2 - 1 +". 3) Details on how postfix notation simplifies expression evaluation by eliminating ambiguity and allowing for efficient stack-based evaluation.

Uploaded by

mdwasim6123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT.

Introduction of INFIX.
In computer programming and mathematics, infix notation is a method of writing and
evaluating expressions that employs a unique arrangement of operands and operators. Unlike
prefix or postfix notations, which place operators before or after their operands, respectively,
infix notation situates operators between their operands. This approach is the most common
way humans express mathematical and logical operations, making it more intuitive for many
individuals.

In infix notation, expressions appear in a familiar and readable format. For instance, the
expression "3 + 5" is written with the operator "+" positioned between the operands 3 and 5.
This format mirrors the way we typically convey arithmetic operations in everyday language,
enhancing the comprehensibility of expressions. Additionally, parentheses are often used in infix
notation to establish the order of operations, ensuring that calculations are performed correctly.
For example, in the expression "3 + 5 * 2," the multiplication inside the parentheses takes
precedence, resulting in a value of 13, rather than 16 if the addition were performed first.

In programming languages like Python, C++, and Java, infix notation is invaluable for
expressing mathematical, logical, and relational operations. These languages rely on a set of
precedence rules to determine the order in which operations are executed when there are
multiple operators in an expression. This enables the creation of complex algorithms and
mathematical calculations, making infix notation an essential tool for software development.

In summary, infix notation is a widely-used method for writing and evaluating mathematical and
logical expressions. Its user-friendly format, resembling the way humans naturally express
operations, makes it a preferred choice for many programming languages and mathematical
applications. By following precedence rules and employing parentheses when necessary,
developers and mathematicians can harness the power and clarity of infix notation to create
efficient and readable code and mathematical expressions.
Introduction of POSTFIX.
Postfix notation, also known as Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), is an alternative method for
representing and evaluating mathematical expressions. Unlike the more common infix notation,
where operators are placed between operands (e.g., 3 + 5), postfix notation reverses this order
by placing operators after their operands (e.g., 3 5 +). This unique approach offers several
advantages, particularly in computer programming and calculators.

In postfix notation, expressions are written in a way that eliminates the need for parentheses and
complex rules of operator precedence. Each operator immediately follows its operands, making
the order of evaluation unambiguous. This simplifies the parsing and evaluation of expressions,
which is especially useful in programming languages and calculators where efficiency and
predictability are essential.

To evaluate a postfix expression, you can use a stack data structure. The algorithm is
straightforward: scan the expression from left to right, pushing operands onto the stack and
applying operators whenever encountered. When an operator is encountered, you pop the
necessary number of operands from the stack, perform the operation, and push the result back
onto the stack. This process continues until the entire expression is evaluated, and the final
result is left on the stack.

One significant advantage of postfix notation is that it eliminates the need for explicit rules of
operator precedence. In infix notation, you often use parentheses to clarify the order of
operations, but postfix notation inherently enforces a left-to-right evaluation without ambiguity.
This simplicity is why some calculators, especially older models, use postfix notation to process
arithmetic expressions efficiently.

Postfix notation has found applications in computer science, particularly in programming


languages like Forth and PostScript. These languages are stack-based and naturally lend
themselves to postfix notation for its simplicity and efficiency. Additionally, postfix notation can
be more straightforward to implement in a compiler or interpreter than infix notation due to its
unambiguous nature.

In conclusion, postfix notation, or Reverse Polish Notation, is a unique way to represent and
evaluate mathematical expressions by placing operators after their operands. It simplifies the
parsing and evaluation of expressions, eliminates ambiguity in operator precedence, and finds
utility in stack-based programming languages and calculators, where efficiency and predictability
are paramount.

Conversion of Infix to Postfix Expression an Example.


Converting an infix expression to a postfix expression involves rearranging the operators and
operands to follow the rules of postfix notation (Reverse Polish Notation, RPN). This
conversion typically uses a stack data structure to keep track of operators and ensure the correct
order. Let's walk through an example to illustrate the process:

Infix Expression: 3 + 5 * (2 - 1)
Step 1: Initialize an empty stack and an empty postfix expression.

Step 2: Scan the infix expression from left to right, one character at a time.

 Token: 3
- Since it's an operand, add it to the postfix expression: "3"

 Token: +
- Since it's an operator, check the stack. There are no operators in the stack, so push "+" onto
the stack.

 Token: 5
- Operand, so add to postfix: "3 5"

 Token: *
- Operator "*", has higher precedence than "+", so push it onto the stack: "3 5 *"

 Token: (
- Open parenthesis, push it onto the stack.

 Token: 2
- Operand, add to postfix: "3 5 * 2"

 Token: -
- Operator "-", has lower precedence than "*", so we need to pop "*" from the stack and add it
to the postfix expression. Then, push "-" onto the stack. The stack now contains "-": "3 5 * 2 -"

 Token: 1
- Operand, add to postfix: "3 5 * 2 - 1"

 Token: )
- Close parenthesis. Pop operators from the stack and add them to the postfix expression until
an open parenthesis "(" is encountered. In this case, pop "-" and add it to the postfix expression.
The stack is now empty.

Step 3: Continue scanning until there are no more tokens.

- At this point, the stack is empty, and the postfix expression is "3 5 * 2 - 1 +".

Final Postfix Expression: 3 5 * 2 - 1 +

So, the infix expression "3 + 5 * (2 - 1)" is converted to the postfix expression "3 5 * 2 - 1 +".
This postfix expression can be evaluated efficiently using a stack-based algorithm, as explained
in a previous response.

About of Conversion of Infix to Postfix Expression.


Conversion of infix expressions to postfix expressions is a fundamental process in computer
science and programming. It involves rearranging a mathematical expression from a format that
places operators between operands (infix notation) to one that positions operators after their
operands (postfix notation or Reverse Polish Notation, RPN). This conversion is essential for
simplifying the evaluation of mathematical expressions, making them more manageable for
computers and calculators to process. Here are some key points about the conversion of infix to
postfix expressions:

1. Operator Precedence: In infix expressions, operators have different precedence levels (e.g.,
multiplication before addition). Converting to postfix notation ensures that the order of
operations is preserved without the need for parentheses.

2. Stack-Based Approach: The conversion process often uses a stack data structure to manage
operators and their precedence. The stack helps maintain the correct order of operators when
converting from infix to postfix.

3. Left-to-Right Scanning: The infix expression is scanned from left to right, one character or
token at a time. Tokens can be operands (numbers or variables) or operators (+, -, *, /, etc.).
4. Shunting Yard Algorithm: One commonly used algorithm for converting infix to postfix
notation is the Shunting Yard Algorithm, developed by Edsger Dijkstra. It employs a stack to
track operators and operands and effectively reorders the expression.

5. Parentheses Handling: The algorithm takes care of parentheses as well. When an open
parenthesis is encountered, it's pushed onto the stack, and when a closing parenthesis is
encountered, operators are popped from the stack and added to the postfix expression until the
corresponding open parenthesis is reached.

6. Operator Precedence and Associativity: The conversion algorithm considers the


precedence and associativity of operators to ensure that the postfix expression accurately reflects
the original expression's semantics.

7. Output Format: The resulting postfix expression is often space-separated or represented as a


string of tokens, making it easy to parse and evaluate.

8. Efficiency: Postfix expressions are generally easier for computers to evaluate efficiently since
there's no need to manage operator precedence or parentheses during the evaluation process.

9. Use Cases: Postfix notation is commonly used in stack-based programming languages like
Forth and in calculators due to its simplicity and ease of evaluation.

In summary, the conversion of infix to postfix expressions is a crucial step in simplifying the
evaluation of mathematical expressions in computer programming and mathematics. It involves
a systematic rearrangement of operators and operands while preserving the order of operations,
making it easier to evaluate expressions programmatically. The Shunting Yard Algorithm is a
popular method for performing this conversion, and the resulting postfix notation is especially
useful in stack-based languages and calculator applications.
Algorithm and Program of Conversion of Infix to Postfix Expression
As WELL AS postfix to infix.
Certainly, I can provide you with a basic algorithm and code examples in the C programming
language to perform the conversion of infix expressions to postfix expressions and vice versa
(postfix to infix). Let's start with the conversion from infix to postfix:

Conversion from Infix to Postfix:

Algorithm:
1. Initialize an empty stack to hold operators.
2. Initialize an empty string to store the postfix expression.
3. Scan the infix expression from left to right.
- For each character in the expression:
- If it's an operand (digit or variable), append it to the postfix string.
- If it's an open parenthesis '(', push it onto the stack.
- If it's a close parenthesis ')', pop operators from the stack and append them to the postfix
string until an open parenthesis '(' is encountered. Pop and discard the open parenthesis.
- If it's an operator, pop operators from the stack and append them to the postfix string
while they have higher or equal precedence than the current operator. Push the current operator
onto the stack.
4. After scanning the entire expression, pop any remaining operators from the stack and append
them to the postfix string.
5. The postfix string now contains the converted expression.

C Program (Infix to Postfix):

c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX_SIZE 100

int isOperator(char c) {
return (c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '*' || c == '/');
}

int precedence(char c) {
if (c == '+' || c == '-')
return 1;
if (c == '*' || c == '/')
return 2;
return 0; // For '('
}

void infixToPostfix(char infix[], char postfix[]) {


int i, j = 0;
char stack[MAX_SIZE];
int top = -1;

for (i = 0; infix[i] != '\0'; i++) {


if (infix[i] == ' ')
continue;
if (isdigit(infix[i]) || isalpha(infix[i])) {
postfix[j++] = infix[i];
} else if (infix[i] == '(') {
stack[++top] = '(';
} else if (infix[i] == ')') {
while (top >= 0 && stack[top] != '(') {
postfix[j++] = stack[top--];
}
if (top >= 0 && stack[top] == '(') {
top--;
}
} else { // Operator
while (top >= 0 && precedence(stack[top]) >= precedence(infix[i])) {
postfix[j++] = stack[top--];
}
stack[++top] = infix[i];
}
}

while (top >= 0) {


postfix[j++] = stack[top--];
}

postfix[j] = '\0';
}

int main() {
char infix[MAX_SIZE], postfix[MAX_SIZE];

printf("Enter an infix expression: ");


gets(infix);

infixToPostfix(infix, postfix);

printf("Postfix expression: %s\n", postfix);

return 0;
}

Now, let's proceed to the conversion from postfix to infix:


Conversion from Postfix to Infix:

Algorithm:
1. Initialize an empty stack to hold operands.
2. Scan the postfix expression from left to right.
- For each character in the expression:
- If it's an operand (digit or variable), push it onto the stack.
- If it's an operator, pop the top two operands from the stack, form a new expression by
placing the operator between the operands, and push this new expression back onto the stack.
3. After scanning the entire expression, the stack should contain the fully converted infix
expression.

C Program (Postfix to Infix):

c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define MAX_SIZE 100

typedef struct {
char data[MAX_SIZE];
int top;
} Stack;

void init(Stack *s) {


s->top = -1;
}

int isEmpty(Stack *s) {


return s->top == -1;
}

void push(Stack *s, char c) {


if (s->top == MAX_SIZE - 1) {
printf("Stack overflow!\n");
exit(1);
}
s->data[++s->top] = c;
}

char pop(Stack *s) {


if (isEmpty(s)) {
printf("Stack underflow!\n");
exit(1);
}
return s->data[s->top--];
}

void postfixToInfix(char postfix[], char infix[]) {


Stack s;
init(&s);
int len = strlen(postfix);
int i, j = 0;

for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {


if (isalnum(postfix[i])) {
push(&s, postfix[i]);
} else {
char operand2 = pop(&s);
char operand1 = pop(&s);
char temp[MAX_SIZE];
snprintf(temp, MAX_SIZE, "(%c%c%c)", operand1, postfix[i], operand2);
for (int k = 0; temp[k] != '\0'; k++) {
infix[j++] = temp[k];
}
push(&s, temp[0]);
}
}

infix[j] = '\0';
}

int main() {
char postfix[MAX_SIZE], infix[MAX_SIZE];

printf("Enter a postfix expression: ");


gets(postfix);

postfixToInfix(postfix, infix);

printf("Infix expression: %s\n", infix);

return 0;
}

Please note that these are simplified examples and may not cover all edge cases or error handling
scenarios. Depending on your specific use case and requirements, you may need to further
enhance these programs. Additionally, using `gets()` to read input in C can be risky due to
potential buffer overflows; it's recommended to use safer input methods.

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