MEM16006A

Assessment 1

Diego Carlos

March 27, 2023

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CAD Office Procedures
A copy of a CAD office procedures manual produced by an Engineering firm has been
placed on the Canvas page under the Additional Resources link for this unit.

In Canvas title of the manual is: Example of an Engineering CAD Drafting Manual

Process;

(a) Access this manual and spend a considerable amount of time going through its
content so

that you understand what it contains.

(b) Summarize each section, identifying and expanding on essential points of

information from

section 3.1 through to section 3.8 and appendices A & B.

(c) Produce a conclusion that is in the format of a general summary of the manual as
a whole.

Submit your summary for assessment, it should be 2 to 3 pages long.

3. Civil Design Standards

3.1 Introduction

This section is a guide on how to produce standard drawings. The CAD manual sets
guidelines and procedures for the standard drawings.

These standards are utilized for Civil Design only and shall comply with the
Australian Standards (i.e., AS 1100.101-501) above all.

3.2 Seed Files

See Section 1 of this manual.

3.3 Self Referencing

See Section 1 of this manual.

3.4 Cell Libraries

Location for all cell libraries used in drawings by RailCorp Civil Design area is
available at: M:\Rail\ustn_wsV8\RC_Groups\Civ_des\cell

3.5 Levels, Level Symbology Overrides and Symbology ByLevel

This section describes all the procedures that must be followed according to the
manual and MicroStation, such as levels, in order to point out and differentiate
various characteristics.

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3.6 Drawings

The Civil Design area has made two types of drawings: standard drawings and
sketches.

3.6.1 Standard Drawings

These types of drawings avoid repetition by being more detailed and

accurate. They have the same treatment as regular drawings. For a project to
be complete, and show the full picture, it needs to have a set of standard and
regular drawings.

3.6.2 Sketches

Sketches include graphs to assist the final drawing. After that, they become
disposable and have little use.

3.6.3 Drawing Types List

The Civil Design department produces various technical drawings listed

below. They shall be assigned to their title block, respectively.

3.6.4 Alignments

In technical drawing, plan and longitudinal section views display a more

detailed structure.

3.6.4.1 Architectural Details

In general, an overview representation of a construction site.

3.6.4.2 Bar Shapes Diagram

Figure and measurements of reinforcement bars

3.6.4.3 Civil Works

Various drawings (i.e., plan, sections, etc.) frequently used in civil

engineering.

3.6.4.4 Concept Design

A project's rough drafts, just showing designs.

3.6.4.5 Concrete Details

Structural elements' features are slightly shown, the rest are located in
a separate sheet.

3.6.4.6 Cross Sections

Drawings about an area of ground on which works are leveled

differently.

3.6.4.7 Long Sections

A longitudinal section can be obtained by cutting along the line of the

long axis of something.

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3.6.4.8 Details

A more detailed drawing is often referenced numerous times

throughout the project. Thus, it's normally shown in the first pages,
after the general notes section.

3.6.4.9 Sections

To get a closer look of the principal features of something, a cutting

plane is used. Sections are represented by hatching the cut surfaces.

3.6.4.10 Details and Sections

Shows details and sections about other referenced drawings.

3.6.4.11 General Arrangement

In general, a quick look at the size of the project. It may contain

drawings to further enhance the understanding. Reference lists are
located according to the scales.

3.6.4.12 Layout

A full-size view on the extent of a project.

3.6.4.13 Marking Plan

To display a structural drawing in a CAD environment to explain how it

works.

3.6.4.14 Miscellaneous Details

A bunch of detailed drawings with no relationship between them,

gathered in one section.

3.6.4.15 Notes

Notes are usually shown in the first pages of a large project. They
provide critical information about later drawings.

3.6.4.16 Options

Displays a wide-range of design alternatives to choose from, within a

project.

3.6.4.17 Precast Concrete Details

An overview of precast structural concrete features, other details are

shown separately.

3.6.4.18 Precast Reinforced Concrete Details

Arranges precast concrete dimensions and details in one sheet of

paper.

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 3.6.4.19 Precast Reinforcement Details

Precast concrete reinforcement details are, exclusively, shown in a

drawing sheet.

3.6.4.20 Proposal

In bridge projects, design alternatives are brought in to be discussed.

3.6.4.21 Reinforced Concrete Details

Cast in-situ concrete dimensions and reinforcement details are

displayed in a drawing sheet.

3.6.4.22 Reinforcement Details

Cast in-situ concrete reinforcement details are displayed. Other details

are in the "Concrete Details" drawing.

3.6.4.23 Setting Out [and details (if required)]

For a drawing to be fully explained, it needs to show all its

characteristics (i.e., dimensions, coordinates, bearings, etc.).

3.6.4.24 Steelwork Details

Commonly steelwork details are shown (i.e., dimensions, fabrication

details, etc.).

3.6.4.25 Structure Diagrams

Shows above-the-head wires, dimensions, uncommon details and

references to RailCorp standard drawings.

3.6.4.26 Suggested Construction Sequence

Appropriate procedures for construction staging.

3.7 Drawing Standards

Drawings must follow conventional standards from section 1, unless told otherwise.

3.7.1 Title Blocks

Filling out title blocks shall be in accordance to Figure 21, used as an

example. Further information is placed in Section 1.11.2.

3.7.2 Setting Out of Drawings

3.7.2.1 Coordination With Other Sections

Whenever drawings need to be produced, coordination between

draftspersons of all disciplines is key to ensure a job well-done.
Scales, sheet sizes and more, should be the same.

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3.7.2.2 Orientation

Oriented drawings shall comply with these CAD manual guidelines,

unless it could cause confusion instead of the opposite. If another
system is used, it must be clearly identified.

3.7.2.3 Coordinates & Bearings

The grid system should be pointed out within the drawing itself. For
coordinates, shall be written with up to three decimal places, and, in
correspondence with an appropriate grid system.

3.7.2.4 Track Kilometrages

Normally, track kilometrages measurements are taken from Sydney

along the middle of the track, 54.321km. However, for set out reasons,
it could be 54.321 789km.

3.7.2.5 Layout

For a technical drawing to be understood perfectly, it needs to have

highly-detailed features. To give an example, hidden lines should be
use only if it's not clear enough what the other views show.

3.7.2.6 Headings

For clarity purposes, headings need to be underlined. Then, about

sections and details, a graphical depiction is required to explain how
the references are linked together within the project.

3.7.2.7 Sections

The view of an object at the cutting plane, which has to pass through
its principal characteristics. To specify the location of the plane,
section arrows, located in the Civil Design CAD cell library, are used.
Then, sections are represented as in Figure 22. Letters such as I, O
and Q can't be section letters.

3.7.2.8 Details

Sometimes, a section view can't be enough to clearly comprehend a

particular area of interest. Thus, details become a more suited option
for doing so.

3.7.2.9 Materials Symbology

For materials, symbols must be used for each one. Those are located
in the Civil Design cell library. E.g., wouldn't be needed for
reinforcement sections, unlike, plain concrete areas.

3.7.2.10 Scales Of Drawings

Scales will vary according to how detailed an element must be.

They're placed in the title block of each drawing. Most commonly

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 employed are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:100, 1:500, "NTS" (Views not
drawn to scale).

3.7.2.11 Notes and References

Notes and references occupy a space above the title block, for A1
sheet, 140 mm, and, for A2 or A3 sheets, 125 mm. However, they can
be grouped together under one heading, on a particular topic.

3.7.2.12 Notes

Notes shouldn't be use, frequently. However, drawing-wise, it's better

for them to be near the highlighted features. As long as for materials,
specifications must be given through notes. Usually for larger projects,
written notes are common for later drawings, hence, its placement is
at the beginning, usually.

3.7.2.13 References

Placed below notes, enough referenced drawings ensure satisfactory

manufacturing. Only necessary ones are needed for a certain job.

Other references, across disciplines, parts as well of the project, have

to be listed.

3.7.2.14 Product Specification

In setting out a drawing, when performance requirements have been

requested, product specifications play a major role in it. Within the
drawing, should be stated the products needed for that part of the
work.

3.7.2.15 Location Plans & Detailed Site Plans

Information about Location Plans and Detail Site Plans can be found
in the CAD and Drafting Manual All Design Areas - Section 2.

3.7.3 Structural Steelwork Drawings

3.7.3.1 Designation Of Steel Sections

Reference letters and dimension are used together to identify rolled

steel sections.

3.7.3.2 Welding Symbols

Everything about welds (i.e., size, type, position, etc.) is given within
the drawing itself, through symbols. These are set by AS 1101 Part 3,
and found in the Civil Design cell library.

3.7.3.3 Marking Plans

Gives an overall view of the size of the project. It's useful for getting a
more accurate drawing. Its features need to be highlighted (e.g.,
dimensions, member sizes, levels, forms, etc.).

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3.7.3.4 Marking Of Members

Within a marking plan, members' identification marks should use

prefixes. Its placement is on the top left-hand corner of the marking
plan.

Also, steelwork sections are shown in the marking plan (i.e., item,
mark and section).

3.7.3.5 Detail Setouts

Prior to do a detailed drawing, a setout is required for some features.

It should have a considerable scale for dimension input. Rectangular
joints are an exception on this.

3.7.3.6 Projection & Views

Unless told otherwise, all views shall comply with the third angle
projection specifications.

3.7.3.7 Steelwork Details

States the specifications about how materials and products should be

carried out, in order to achieve a high-quality result, overall.

3.7.3.8 Steelwork Dimensioning

About dimensions, lines shall be continuous, with text above it, placed
in the middle, between the arrows. Rolled steel sections allow for
variations in "Rolled Steel Sections + Lengths" by leaving out the
"closing dimension". Note variations happen due to rolling and cutting
tolerances of the steel.

3.7.3.9 Steelwork Scales

In general, scales will vary, for example, detailed drawings use a scale
of 1:10. Meanwhile, for small details, 1:5. On the other hand, large
members are drawn with up to three different scales, 1:20, 1:25 and
1:50.

For truss and brace drawings, two scales have been used
simultaneously in the same drawing. one for centre lines, one large for
showing parts. Both scales should be clearly noted.

3.7.3.10 Marking Of Steelwork Details

To ease erection, marking of members shown in flanges is a

recommended alternative. Marks should be placed in the drawing,
underneath each member.

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 Monorail beams must be written with capital letters, 75 mm high.

3.7.3.11 Steelwork Connections

In welded connections, its category and extent of examination need to

be noted in the drawing. Site welding of connections wouldn't be used
frequently. Also, weld preparation will be shown where required.

In bolted connections, it should be widely-known about bolts put-to-

use and its various types as well as tensioning methods. Holes are
required to be placed on gauge lines, for structural steel sections.

3.7.3.12 Allowance For Erection Clearances

The diagonal length of a beam is shorter than the face-to-face

distance among members. But, sometimes, since wide connection
details are required, it may exceed the face-to-face distance, so, it
needs to be shortened.

Then, studies have to be made to find out the ideal clearance for
erecting beams. Usually, the diagonal length should be, at most, 3
millimetres less than the face-to-face distance between members
(e.g., column, girder web, etc.).

3.7.4 Reinforcement Drawings

Shows the characteristics of bars inside a structure (e.g., grade, diameter,

location, etc.). Needs to provide sufficient information to be manipulated for
design purposes, considering possible problems during work. And, it should
be simple to look at due to its minimalist details.

3.7.4.1 Layout Of Drawing

Bars are drawn to scale lengthways, in their correct position, making

use of this CAD manual line weights and showing two views, at
minimum.

Overall outlines on reinforcement drawings should be drawn to scale.

Dimensions and details don't have to be repeated if they've been
shown before. Embedded items, cut in sections, are drawn to scale,
no dimensions.

3.7.4.2 Bar Detailing

In bar detailing, leaders are drawn near the bars, highlighting its
notation.

3.7.4.3 Bar Notation

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 Bar notation classifies a bar in accordance with its quantity, mark,
grade and diameter. The bar mark can be omitted if the reinforcement
drawing is simple. The full bar notation should be shown once, in the
view in which extent lines are displayed.

3.7.4.4 Reinforcement Laps & Cogs

Laps and cogs shall be dimensioned within the reinforcement drawing.

If it's the same for both, a brief description must be given. On the
contrary, if that isn't the case, it should be stated in the bar notation.

3.7.4.5 Steel Location Abbreviations

The table provides known abbreviations to locate reinforcements in a

bar notation.

3.7.4.6 Steel Mesh

Welded wire mesh extend needs to be shown along with its type,
"SL62". Needs to be detailed about where the main wires will be.
Heavy lines shall be used in doing so.

3.7.4.7 Precast Concrete Drawings

In the same drawing, precast concrete units and cast in-situ concrete
elements will be clearly spotted from each other.

In heavily loaded structures, reinforcement patterns should cover all

opening or blockouts. For wall and slabs, otherwise, an overview of
the main reinforcement will be necessary, without details.

3.8 Order of Sheets in a Set of Bridge Drawings

For a set of bridge drawings, the sheet arrangement is displayed in a logical

manner, led by construction procedures.

Appendix A Civil Design Cell Libraries

A list of cell libraries employed by the RailCorp Civil Design area or third-party drafters to
make drawings.

Appendix B Civil Design Level Structure

Level Symbology Overrides, Symbology ByLevel and other elements will be used in
conformity with the tables shown.

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Conclusion
Overall, the CAD and drafting manual establishes standard procedures to produce adequate
drawings. For a newcomer, it becomes predominant to know the basics of the profession.
The CAD manual provides consistency in quality when working for an organization. Thus,
helps to increase productivity in making CAD drawings, that is, to accelerate the workflow
process. What’s more, speeds up exchanging CAD documents between multiple disciplines
(e.g., engineering, architecture, etc.) while working on a project. It is critical for a drafter to
comply with the standards of the CAD manual and all the systematic practices within a
drafting firm.

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Reference List
CAD AND DRAFTING MANUAL – CIVIL DESIGN – SECTION 3 (2010) Available at:
https://canvas.tastafe.tas.edu.au/courses/2228/files/146599/download?wrap=1
(Downloaded: 20 March 2023).

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