Scribbr Thesis Template

[THESIS TITLE: SUBTITLE]

by

[Your Name]

A Thesis
Submitted to [Name of Department]
[University Name]
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree [Degree Classification]
[Month Year]

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Acknowledgements

The acknowledgements section is where you thank those who have helped and supported you
during the research and writing process. This section is optional, and should be no longer
than one page.
Move from thanking the people most formally involved (supervisors, academics) to those
who have supported you in other ways (friends and family).
If you include acknowledgements, make sure to thank your supervisor!

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Abstract

The abstract is a short summary of your entire thesis. It concisely reports the aims and
outcomes of your research, and is generally around 150-300 words long, or no more than one
page. Write the abstract last, when you’ve completed the rest of the thesis.

State your research problem and objectives:

● Briefly describe the problem or question your thesis addresses.

● State your specific objectives.

● Use the present or simple past tense.

Describe your methods:

● Describe how data was gathered and analyzed.

● Use the simple past tense.

Summarize your key results or arguments:

● Highlight the most important findings here.

● Use the simple past tense.

Present your conclusion:

● State the answer to your main research question.

● Mention any important limitations or recommendations.

● Use the present tense.

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Table of contents

The table of contents lists every section that comes after it (i.e. not the title page,
acknowledgements, or abstract). A table of contents can be auto-generated in Word.

List of figures 5
List of tables 5
List of abbreviations 6
Glossary 7
Introduction 8
Literature review/theoretical framework 9
Methodology 10
Results 11
Discussion 12
Conclusion 13
Reference list 14
Appendix 1: [Title] 15
Appendix 2: [Title] 16

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List of figures

A list of figures is included if you’ve used a lot of figures (e.g. graphs, images, illustrations)
in your text. It lists the figures in the same numbered order as they appear in the text, and can
be auto-generated in the same way as the table of contents.

Figure 1: Caption…………………………………………………………………………….11
Figure 2: Caption…………………………………………………………………………….26

List of tables

Much like the list of figures, the list of tables is included if you have a lot of tables, and lists
them in numbered order as they appear in the text.

Table 1: Caption…………………………………………………………………………….10
Table 2: Caption…………………………………………………………………………….14

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List of abbreviations

The list of abbreviations is optional. It should be included if you use a lot of abbreviations
that are likely to be unfamiliar to readers. Present it as an alphabetized list or table, e.g.:

ACS Accrediting Commission for Schools

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Glossary

A glossary is optional. Include one if you use a lot of specialist terms (other than
abbreviations) that readers might not know. Present terms and their definitions in an
alphabetized list or table, e.g.:

Compound interest Interest calculated on the initial amount as well as on the

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Introduction

In the introduction, set up your thesis’ topic, purpose, and relevance, and tell the reader what
to expect in the rest of the text.

Establish your research topic:

● Introduce your broad topic in an engaging way.

● Provide relevant background information to contextualize your work.

Narrow down the focus:

● Go into more detail about the specific area you’ll be focusing on.

● Define the scope of the research.

Discuss existing research:

● Briefly discuss the current state of knowledge on your topic.

● Show your work’s relevance to a broader problem or debate.

Research questions and objectives:

● State the questions you set out to answer in your thesis.

● Describe your concrete objectives in conducting the research.

Overview:

● Give an overview of the structure of the rest of the thesis.

● Use the present tense, e.g. “Section 4 discusses…”

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Literature review/theoretical framework

In the literature review, you survey existing research on your topic, developing a coherent
structure and argument that leads to a clear basis or justification for your own approach.

Survey the literature:

● Describe how much research has been done into your topic, and what kinds.

● Synthesize key findings from relevant studies.

● Assess the strengths and weaknesses of previous research.

● Highlight any gaps or limitations in existing research.

Show how your research does one or more of the following:

● Addresses a gap in the literature.

● Takes a new theoretical or methodological approach to the topic.

● Proposes a solution to an unresolved problem.

● Builds on and strengthens existing knowledge with new data.

● Advances a theoretical debate.

Present the theoretical framework:

● Discuss the theory that informs your research.

● Define key terms and explain relevant concepts.

● Present any relevant models that help interpret your findings.

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Methodology

The methodology section describes exactly how you collected and analyzed your data,
allowing your reader to assess the validity of your findings.

Introduce your overall approach:

● Is your research qualitative or quantitative (or a combination of both)?

● What type of research design did you use (e.g. longitudinal, experimental, case study,
ethnography…)?
● The specific terms you use to describe your approach should follow the conventions
of your field.

Give the details:

● Where, when, and with whom the research took place (including your sampling
methods if relevant).
● Your methods of collecting data (e.g. interviews, surveys, archives).

● Your methods of analyzing data (e.g. statistical analysis, discourse analysis).

● Tools and materials you used (e.g. computer programs, lab equipment).

Evaluate your methods:

● Discuss any noteworthy obstacles you faced in conducting the research and how you
overcame them.
● Assess whether your approach was effective overall.

● If you used novel or unconventional methods, justify why this was the best approach
to answering your research question.

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Results

The results section is where you list the findings of your research. Report the results
concisely and objectively, without interpreting their meaning.
In some types of qualitative research, the results and discussion sections may be combined.

Presenting quantitative results:

● Structure the results around your research questions or hypotheses.

● Report all results that are relevant to your questions, including any that didn’t fit with
your expectations.

For each question or hypothesis:

● Summarize the relevant results, including descriptive statistics and the results of any
statistical tests used.
● Briefly state how the result relates to the question or whether the hypothesis was
supported.
● Don’t give subjective interpretations or speculation.

Tables and figures:

● Include tables and figures if they help the reader understand your results.

● Tables can be used to present exact values in a concise overview.

● Graphs and charts can be used to visualize patterns and relationships.

● Refer to all tables and figures in the text, and give them clear titles and labels.

Presenting qualitative results:

● Structure the results around research questions or key themes.

● Make general observations about what the data showed.

● Mention recurring points of agreement or disagreement, patterns and trends.

● Highlight individual responses that were particularly noteworthy.

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● Support with direct quotations.

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Discussion

The discussion section is where you delve into the meaning and relevance of your results.
Give your own interpretations and cite relevant sources to put your results in context.

Interpret your results:

● What do the results tell us?

● Did they meet your expectations? If not, why might that be?

● Are there any alternative explanations for your findings?

Discuss the implications:

● Are the results consistent with previous studies?

● Do the results support or challenge an existing theory?

● Why do these results matter?

● Are there any practical implications?

Acknowledge the limitations:

● What can the results not tell us?

● Does the data have limited generalizability (e.g. due to your methods or sample size)?

● Are there any potentially relevant variables that you didn’t take into account?

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Conclusion

The conclusion is the last part of your main text. It’s where you wrap up your thesis,
summarizing your main findings and recommendations. No new information or arguments
should appear in the conclusion.

Answer the main research question:

● Clearly and concisely state the overall conclusion that your research has led you to.

Reflect on the research:

● To what extent was your approach effective in answering your questions?

● Did the research raise any new questions or unexpected insights?

Make recommendations:

● You can make recommendations for practice (e.g. in business or policy) or for future
research.
● Frame practical recommendations as suggestions, not instructions.

● Be specific about research recommendations, explaining how future studies can build
on your conclusions.

Emphasize your contribution:

● Show what new knowledge you have contributed.

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Reference list

The reference list (sometimes called a bibliography) lists full information on all of the
sources cited in your thesis.

Notes

● The format and exact information included vary according to the citation style used
(e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago).
● Scribbr offers free citation generators to easily create your reference list in APA or
MLA.

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Appendix 1: [Title]

Documents that do not fit into the main body of your thesis but that may be useful to your
reader (such as interview transcripts, full questionnaires, or tables with raw data) can be
added as appendices.

● Only include appendices that are referenced in some way in your main text.

● Refer to appendices in the text with statements like “see Appendix 1.”

● If you have just one appendix, no number is needed; otherwise, they should be
numbered Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc.
● Give each appendix a clear, descriptive name.

● Start a new page for each appendix.

● Introduce each appendix with a sentence or two explaining what it is.

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Appendix 2: [Title]

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